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Bengal
The full name of the country is the People's Republic of Bangladesh.
Physical geography is located in the lower reaches of Ganges River and the delta impacted by Brahmaputra River in the northeast of South Asia subcontinent, between 20034'-26038' north latitude and 8800 1'-9204 1' east longitude. It borders Myanmar in the southeast, India in the east, west and north, and the Bay of Bengal in the south. Most of them are fertile and flat alluvial plains. With dense rivers and fertile land, it is very suitable for agriculture and fisheries. But it is easy to flood in rainy season. More than 80% of the area is Ganges River and Yarlung Zangbo River Delta; Waterways are vertical and horizontal, rivers are developed, and rivers and lakes account for about 10% of the national area. There are many small islands and sandbars along the coast. The southeast end is Chittagong Mountain, with an altitude of 300-600 meters, and the highest Kaio Craton Peak is 1 229 meters. Most areas have subtropical monsoon climate, while coastal areas have monsoon savanna climate. The monthly average maximum temperature is 40.5℃, and the rainfall increases from west to east. The annual rainfall is 1, 300-500mm. June-10 is the rainy season, and the rainfall accounts for 80% of the whole year. Tropical hurricanes often occur. Mineral resources include natural gas, coal, titanium, zirconium and so on.
Northern border: India (Bengal and Megara yabang)
West: India (Bengali)
East: India (Tripura and Assam) and Myanmar.
South: Bay of Bengal.
Area 147570 km2, water area 12 nautical mile. 85% of the area is low alluvial plain, and the southeast and northeast are hilly areas. The average elevation is less than 10 meter.
Its capital is Dhaka, with a population of about100000 and an area of 14 16 square kilometers.
Related links (Bangladesh website)
Time difference between standard time and Beijing:-2.00; GMT+6 hours
Telephone code 880
Population1380,000 (World Bank data in 2003), of which rural population accounts for about 80%. Most of them are Bangladeshis. 85% believe in Islam, and the rest believe in Hinduism or other religions. Speak Bengali.
The population growth rate is 1.74% (World Bank data in 2003).
The population density is 9 16 people/km2 (FY 2004), which is one of the highest in the world.
Life expectancy is 62 years.
In 2000, the World Bank's "upper poverty level" for the poor: 50%; "Low poverty level": 34%.
The infant mortality rate is 51per thousand people (1year, 2000).
The adult literacy rate is 64% (200 1 year,1year).
Bangladeshis account for 98%, and there are more than 20 ethnic minorities.
Bengali 95%, other dialects 5%. English is widely used.
Religious Muslims (88.3%), Hindus (10.5%), Buddhists (0.6%), Christians (0.3%), q animists and tribal believers (0.3%).
Taka (abbreviated as TK), 1 USD is about 60 taka.
Climate subtropical monsoon climate. Hurricanes in the Bay of Bengal often hit the mainland, causing disasters.
Seasonal winter (11-February) temperature: the highest on average is 290C, and the lowest on average is1/0 C; Summer (March-June) temperature: the average maximum is 400C, and the average minimum is 265,438+00 C; Rainy season (July -65438+ 10). Winter is the most pleasant season in a year, with the lowest temperature of 4℃, the highest temperature of 45℃ in summer and the average temperature of 30℃ in rainy season.
The rainfall is 1 194-3454 mm (average in rainy season from June to August).
Vegetation grassland, evergreen trees.
The food is rice, bread, vegetables, peas, fish and meat.
Crops and fruits: rice, wheat, jute, tea, tobacco, sugarcane, peas, oilseeds, spices, potatoes, vegetables, bananas, mangoes, coconuts, Mupolo, etc.
International airports Dhaka Airport (Zia International Airport), Chittagong International Airport and Osmani International Airport (Sylhet).
Chittagong, Mongolia
The main river is called "the hometown of Shui Ze" and "the country of ponds". There are more than 700 rivers (including tributaries) in China, which are mainly divided into Ganges River, Brahmaputra River and Megner River. The main rivers are the lower reaches of Ganges and Brahmaputra River (Jamuna River). Among them, the upper reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River are the Yarlung Zangbo River in China. The total length of inland waterway is about 6000 kilometers. There are not only rivers criss-crossing like cobwebs, but also many ponds scattered all over the country, with about 500,000 to 600,000 ponds, with an average of about 4 ponds per square kilometer.
Mineral resources: natural gas, limestone, hard rock, coal, lignite, silica sand, clay, radioactive sand and oil fields to be developed.
Cultivable land accounts for 73% of the national territory.
Forest area The forest area is about 2 million hectares, and the coverage rate is about 13.4%.
Human resources Human resources are abundant and cheap, but there is a lack of skilled labor.
The political system is parliamentary, and the Prime Minister is the head of the cabinet. The president is the head of state.
The whole country is divided into 66 administrative districts, 64 counties, 490 police districts and 44,565,438+0.
There are 59,990 villages in the township.
The main political parties are Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), People's alliance (Al, bangladesh awami league, the largest opposition party in Parliament), Jamaat-e-Islami and National Party (Bangladesh Nationalist Party).
Historical Background Through the investigation of ancient towns, palaces, temples, castles and other historical sites, Bangladesh's recorded history can be traced back to the fourth century BC. /kloc-Muslim rule began in 0/200, and the society was stable and prosperous; 1757, British colonial rule began; 1947, East Pakistan was established and Pakistan's rule began. Through armed struggle, 197 1 declared its independence from Pakistan on March 26th, and 1972 1 formally established the People's Republic of Bangladesh.
Jute is the most abundant in the world, and its output and export are among the highest in the world, so it is called "Jute Country".
Known as "the country of thousands of rivers", "the hometown of Shui Ze" and "the country of ponds". There are many rivers in the territory and the scenery is spectacular.
Second, the economic overview
One of the 50 least developed countries in the world, the people live in poverty, the economic foundation is weak, the resources are poor, the productivity level is backward, and the overall quality of the population is low; The economy is dominated by agriculture, about 80% of the population lives in rural areas, and the agricultural output value accounts for 55% of the national output value. There are 9 million hectares of cultivated land, and rice fields account for about 80%. Jute production ranks among the top in the world, and most of it is exported, accounting for 80% of the total export value. It also produces tea, sugar cane and coconut. The main industries are hemp spinning, cotton spinning, rice milling, chemical fertilizer, electricity, cement, sugar making, tea making and paper making. Industry is backward, but it is gradually moving towards industrialization. Export jute and its products; Import cereals and industrial products. Meng pursues a market economy system. Since the mid-1980s, Bangladesh has turned to the market-oriented free economic growth strategy, and stepped up the implementation of this strategy in the early 1990s, comprehensively revised its industrial trade policy, promoted the liberalization of trade and investment, and implemented the privatization policy. Thanks to the efforts of the previous government, Bangladesh's economy and society have achieved a certain degree of development. The gross domestic product increased from an average of 3.84% in the 1980s to 4.88% in the 1990s, and further increased to 5.5% in fiscal year 2004, thus improving people's living standards. However, the further development of Bangladesh's economy still faces great resistance. According to the statistics of the World Bank, about 50% of Bangladesh's population still lives below the upper poverty line, and 34% of them live below the lower poverty line. Natural resources are relatively scarce; Electric power, ports, telecommunications, transportation and other infrastructure. Are extremely backward; The economic foundation is too weak; Low productivity level; The industrial structure is unreasonable and the structural contradictions are prominent; Corruption at all levels of government is very serious. Therefore, Bangladesh still has a long way to go to achieve sustained and rapid economic growth and get out of the vicious circle of poverty.
The gross domestic product is 56.4 billion US dollars, and the growth rate in fiscal year 2004 is 5.5%. Agriculture accounts for 22.8%, industry for 27.8% and service industry for 49.4%.
Per capita GDP is 42 1 USD.
The inflation rate is 5.83%
The labor force is 60.3 million (37.5 million men and 22.8 million women).
The distribution of employment is 62.3% for agriculture, 7.6% for industry and 30.1%for others (2000).
The unemployment rate is (1) 3.3%.
The foreign debt is US$ 200 million, accounting for 365,438+0.7% of Bangladesh's GDP.
The foreign exchange reserve is USD 58 million (165438+20041end of October).
The main industries are jute, tea, textile, clothing, paper making, newsprint, chemical fertilizer, leather and its products, sugar making, cement, fish processing, medicine, chemicals, ceramics and natural gas.
Foreign trade in fiscal year 2004, the total import and export amount was $5.06 million; Among them, the export is 30 million US dollars; Import1090300 USD (CIF), with a deficit of 23190000 USD.
The main export commodities are: clothing (about 75%), frozen food (mainly frozen shrimp), jute and its products, leather and its products (about 15% in total), tea, fertilizer, ceramic tableware and so on.
The main export markets are the European Union (about 44%, mainly Germany, Britain, France, Italy, the Netherlands and Belgium) and the United States (about 42%).
The main imported commodities are: wheat, oilseeds, petroleum crude oil, raw cotton, edible oil, petroleum products, fertilizers, cement, artificial staple fibers for textiles, yarns, knitwear, steel, capital goods and machinery.
The main importing countries (regions) are: India, China, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, China, China, Hong Kong, the European Union and the United States.
Current Account According to the statistics of Bangladesh Bank, Bangladesh's current account surplus in fiscal year 2004 was $654.38+$76 billion.
Foreign aid International aid is an important source of Bangladesh's foreign exchange reserves and the main source of funds for investment and development projects in Bangladesh. In fiscal year 2004, Bangladesh received official foreign aid of 954 million US dollars, a year-on-year decrease of 39.8%. Aid mainly comes from Japan, the United States, Canada and other countries and international institutions such as the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. As of June 30, 2004, Bangladesh's total foreign debt was $654.38 billion+07.2 billion.
Balance of payments According to the statistics of the Bank of Bangladesh, in fiscal year 2004, Bangladesh International gained a surplus of US$ 65,438+0.765,438+0 billion.
The proportion of domestic savings in GDP is 18.3%.
Investment accounts for 23.6% of GDP.
The proportion of fiscal revenue to GDP is 10.6%.
The ratio of recurrent expenditure to GDP is 8. 1%.
The GDP of "annual development projects" accounts for 5.7%.
The proportion of GDP in total fiscal expenditure is 14.8%.
The fiscal deficit accounts for 4.2% of GDP.
Traffic Highway: The total mileage is 222,593 kilometers. Among them, the national highway is 3144km, with an area of.
Highway 1746 km, branch line 35454 km, country highway 182249 km. 76% of freight and 73% of passenger transport are undertaken by road transport.
Railway: The total mileage is 2768.37 kilometers. In 2003, the passenger turnover was 4.02 billion person-kilometers, and the freight volume was 950 million ton-kilometers.
Water transportation: BIWTC has 265,438+05 ships, and its net profit in 2002/2003 was 6,543.8+800,000 taka. Bangladesh Transportation Company (BSC) owns 13 ships with a transportation capacity of196,000 tons.
Air transport: Bangladesh has 17 aircraft, 7 domestic routes and 26 international routes. There are three international airports (Dhaka, Chittagong and Silet) and five domestic airports.
Three. Political summary
Bangladesh's state power system consists of three parts: executive, legislative and judicial. The president is the head of state and is elected by members of parliament. The Prime Minister is the head of the Cabinet. Since 1990s, Bangladesh has been governed by Nationalist Party and People's Alliance in turn. 200 1, 10, Bangladesh held the eighth parliamentary election, and the four-party alliance led by the nationalist party won the election. Khaleda, chairman of BNP? Zia became the prime minister of the government.
Parliament has a unicameral system, namely Jatiya Sangsad. The Constitution stipulates that Parliament shall exercise legislative power. Parliament consists of 300 members directly elected by citizens and 45 women members elected by members for a term of five years. Parliament has a chairman and a vice-chairman, who are elected by members. Parliament also has a secretariat and a special committee. The current parliament was elected in 200 1 and 10. The four-party alliance led by the Kuomintang won 220 seats, of which the Kuomintang won 196 seats. The opposition People's Alliance won 59 seats, the National Party Al-Shad Party won 14 seats, the National Party (Man Party) won 1 seat, the Agricultural Workers' Socialist Party won 1 seat, and the independent members won 5 seats. The current speaker is Jamir Udine? Silca (nationalist party)
The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body, with a Chief Justice and several judges, all appointed by the President. The Supreme Court is divided into two parts: the Court of Appeal and the High Court. The Chief Justice and some designated judges hear cases in the Court of Appeal, while other judges hear cases in the High Court. Dhaka has a high court and a labor appeal court. There are also circuit courts, county courts, civil and criminal courts. The current Chief Justice is Saeed? Mudahir? Said Mudahir Al Hussein, Jr. took office on 27 June 2004. The current attorney general is Hassan? Aref, 200 1, 1, 1,1took office on October 4th.
The foreign policy with Bangladesh adheres to independence and non-alignment, emphasizing economic diplomacy; While balancing relations with major powers, we should focus on developing traditional relations with Muslim countries, strive to improve and develop relations with India and strengthen relations with western countries. Bangladesh is a member of the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Organization of Islamic States, the Commonwealth, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, the Bangladesh-India-Myanmar-Thailand Economic Cooperation Forum and the developing eight countries (developing eight countries-Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Turkey, etc.), and actively participates in international organizations such as the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Organization of the Islamic Conference and the Commonwealth. Committed to promoting regional cooperation in South Asia and actively participating in sub-regional and regional cooperation, Bangladesh advocates peaceful settlement of international disputes, complete and complete disarmament, opposes western countries' interference in other countries' internal affairs by using human rights issues, and emphasizes the establishment of a just new international economic order and the five principles of peaceful coexistence among countries. As the conflict between India and Pakistan has restricted the development of South Asia, the current Bangladeshi government has pursued an "eastward" foreign policy, focusing on developing relations with China, Japan and ASEAN countries. In addition, Bangladesh has signed bilateral agreements to promote and protect foreign investment with 24 countries, including Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, France, Germany, Indonesia, Iran, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Switzerland, the Netherlands, the Philippines, Turkey, Thailand, the United Kingdom, the United States and Uzbekistan. Bilateral investment agreements with India, Hungary, Oman, Moldova, Egypt, Mauritius, Russia, Ukraine, Australia, Romania, Belarus, Bahrain, Spain, Finland, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia and Vietnam are also under negotiation. Bangladesh has signed double taxation avoidance agreements with 20 countries including Belgium, Canada, China, Denmark, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Thailand, Finland and the United Kingdom. Double taxation avoidance agreements are being negotiated with 265,438+0 countries, including Austria, Australia, Belarus, Cyprus, Finland, Greece, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Myanmar, Morocco, Nepal, Nigeria, Norway, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, the Philippines, Tunisia and Uzbekistan. Bangladesh also participates in the multinational investment guarantee agency, the American Overseas Private Investment Organization, the World Intellectual Property Organization and the International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes.
Four. Cultural overview
Education This government attaches great importance to education, and stipulates that girls below 8th grade enjoy free and compulsory education. Educational system 10 Primary school to junior high school, 2 years in senior high school and 4 years in university. There are 16 state universities and 50 private universities in China. Major universities include Dhaka University, Bangladeshi University of Engineering and Technology and rajshahi University. In 2003/2004, the expenditure on education was 67.4 billion taka, accounting for 14% of the annual budget.
Newspapers and periodicals: The Mongolian government has approved more than 65,438+0,660 kinds of newspapers and periodicals. Mainly published in Dhaka Chittagong and other big cities. The main English newspapers are Bangladesh Observer, Daily Star, Independent and Financial Express. The main Mongolian newspapers are Unity Daily, Revolution Daily, People's Voice and news daily.
News Agency: Bangladesh News Agency (BSS) is the national news agency of Bangladesh. The Associated Press of Bangladesh (UNB) is the largest private news agency in Bangladesh, established in 1988. There is also South Asia News Agency (private, 1995 65438+ was established on February 27th).
Radio Station: Bangladesh Radio Station was established in 1982, with its main station in Dhaka. It broadcasts five hours a day in English, Urdu, Hindi, Arabic and Nepali.
Television: Bangladesh Television (State-run) was established in 1964, directly under the leadership of the central government. This TV station has two stations in Dhaka and Chittagong, and there are 1 1 relay stations in China. There are two ground satellite relay stations. In addition, there are private TV stations such as ATN, Channel-I and N-tv.
There are many festivals in Bangladesh. Major festivals include:
Eid al -UL-FITR: According to the hijri calendar, it changes every year;
EID-UL- aza: it changes every year according to the hijri calendar;
Independence Day and Independence Day: March 26th;
National Unity Day:165438+1October 7;
Victory Day: 65438+February16;
Shahid Dibas: February 2 1.
The national anthem consists of the first ten lines of Tagore's Mongolian poem My Golden Bengal.
The national flag of Bangladesh has a dark green background, symbolizing the green earth, with a red round wheel in the middle, symbolizing the rising sun and the freedom fighters who died for Bangladesh's war of independence.
The national emblem, the national flower water lily, is in the middle of the national emblem of Bangladesh. There are several wavy lines under the flower, which represent the importance of waterways and ports to the country. The garlands of rice ears on both sides and the clover yellow at the top symbolize the most important crops in the country, and the four five-pointed stars evenly arranged at the top symbolize great social and economic ambitions.
The national flower water lily.
The national bird magpie.
National fruit jackfruit
Bengal tiger, national animal.
Bangladesh flag Bangladesh emblem Bangladesh flower Bangladesh fruit
Verb (abbreviation of verb) military abstract
The Bangladeshi army was founded in Mojebo, the father of our country. The "National Liberation Army" led by Rahman was formed on the basis of the former Pakistan Rifle Team in East Bengal, the United Front of East Bengal and Bangladeshi officers and men in the Pakistan Army. The president is the supreme commander of the armed forces, and the prime minister holds the real power of the army. The army, navy and air force are separated and a voluntary military service system is implemented. Bangladesh's armed forces are composed of regular troops and paramilitary forces. Bangladesh's regular military forces are divided into three services: land, sea and air. The army chief of staff is the highest chief executive and military commander of each service. The paramilitary forces in Bangladesh include rifle corps, rural guard, coast guard, national student corps and police force. At present, the total strength of Meng Jun is 6.5438+0.4 million, including 6.5438+0.2 million in the army and 6.5438+0.2 million in the navy and air force. There are 38,000 rifles and 90,000 policemen. The army chief of staff is Hassan? Masood? Lieutenant General Chowdhury's naval chief of staff is Shah? Iqbal? Major General Mujitaba, Chief of Staff of the Air Force: Fa crull? Major General azzam. In 2003/2004, the military expenditure was 34.57 billion taka, accounting for 65,438+00% of the government's non-development budget.
Remarks:
According to statistics of the World Bank, the unemployment rate in Bangladesh in 2000 was 3.3%. However, Meng said that there are many "underemployed" people, according to? According to the report "Human Development in South Asia in 2003" jointly published by Mahbubul Haq Human Development Center and Oxford Press, the "underemployment rate" in Bangladesh is about 32%, including 8.4% for men and 765,438+0.2% for women. According to the data of American government "Word Factbook", the unemployment rate in Bangladesh in 2002, including "underemployment", was estimated to be 40%.
2. The fiscal year of Bangladesh is 1 year from July to June 30th.
3. Unless otherwise specified, the main economic indicators in this paper are the data of Bangladesh in fiscal year 2004.
History of intransitive verbs
Originally a part of Pakistan, it was called East Pakistan. 1972 broke away from Pakistan and established the People's Republic of Bangladesh.
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References:
1. Complete works of websites around the world: (including websites in Bangladesh)
2. Xinhuanet:/ziliao/2002-07/04/content _ 469840.htm
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The definition of "Bangladesh" in Chinese-English Dictionary (Source: Baidu Dictionary);
1. People's Republic of Bangladesh
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East killer zone 04-25 07:38
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