How to do scientific research or how to carry out scientific and technological innovation? I think this topic is very big. It's hard to say: if you really want to start, many things can be said, such as how to choose a topic, how to do experiments, how to write articles and so on. It can't be finished in a short time. Moreover, there are no standard answers to many things. Every teacher will tell you a set of methods to do scientific research, some of which may be universal, such as diligence and good observation. These things are hard to get immediate results. The third reason is that there are many excellent teachers doing scientific research in the school, and my own scientific research is not the best. However, after long-term training, I still have some feelings and experiences. I'm not teaching you how to do experiments, nor how to write papers. I'm talking about some thinking methods of extensive study and scientific research. What is the life of a chemist? When flowering, it must be brilliant, and it doesn't matter if it is humble; The result is full, no matter how small it is. Just don't wait until the fruit season, the bud has not been contained! Love, can only participate in themselves, others can not share. The pain can only be borne by oneself, and no one else can share it. Knowledge can be accumulated, but the fragrance of knowledge can only be experienced by yourself. Life, if you can't spend it happily, there will be no next chance. Regarding learning, Yang Zhenning believes that a scholar's taste is formed earlier than his style. If a student does not form his own taste when he graduates from college, his development is definitely not optimistic. There is a very young and clever student from a famous university in Nanjing. Although he is very clever, for example, Yang Zhenning can answer several questions about quantum mechanics, but Yang Zhenning asked him: Which of these questions about quantum mechanics do you think is wonderful? But he couldn't say it. For him, the whole quantum mechanics is like a vast expanse. Yang Zhenning's view of him is that although he absorbed a lot of things, he did not develop into a taste. Therefore, Yang Zhenning felt that his future development was not the most optimistic and did not accept it. The student went on to study at Princeton University. At the time of admission, the school conducted a doctoral qualification examination for freshmen, and only one passed. It immediately became a "spoiled child" in the eyes of professors in the school, vying for income. The later development surprised all the professors in the physics department. Although the teaching assistant's work is excellent, there are almost no impossible exercises, but the research work of the research group can not always enter the state. In the fiery atmosphere of the research group, he couldn't come up with new ideas for three years. The tutor is very anxious, but also very responsible. At the end of the third year, the tutor found a professor from the Department of Electronic Engineering for joint training, discussed and arranged a doctoral thesis topic with physical strength greater than intelligence, and barely entered the doctoral thesis stage. Because learning something is not only about learning some technical knowledge and some special methods, but also about understanding and appreciating its meaning. If a person feels that some things are unimportant, some things are not wonderful, and some things are not worth arguing with others after learning quantum mechanics, then I don't think he has learned this thing. He just learned a lot of knowledge that he can get good grades in the exam, which is not the real learning spirit. He didn't grasp the basic value in the question. To learn a subject, you should not only master the meaning, spirit and importance of knowledge, theorems and axioms, but also really absorb them when you think they are important to a certain extent. I think a mature and well-read student, if he can get in touch with some articles with appropriate or important style at an early stage and absorb their spirit, will be of great help to him in choosing the right questions and solving them correctly in the future. About scientific research: What projects can students take part in now? National University Student Challenge Cup Competition, China Youth Science and Technology Innovation Award, Baosteel Outstanding Student Award, Shanghai University Student Challenge Cup Competition, Shanghai Science and Technology imagine cup Competition, SAIC Education Cup Competition, Shanghai Chen Jiageng Youth Invention Award Competition and Shanghai Mayor Award. There are various projects in the school, such as the scientific and technological innovation project of the Youth League Committee, the "Challenge Cup" incubation project, and the scientific research project of the Academic Affairs Office. The college also launched a scientific and technological achievement competition this year to prepare for applying for the scientific research project of the school. There are many people who apply for various projects, but I often have some doubts: How many people apply for these projects because they are really interested in scientific research, and how many people apply for scholarships and walk graduate students, so their resumes look better? If you say that you applied for these plans, but were not selected, you can still persist in doing experiments in the laboratory and produce results, that is the sincerity of scientific research. Without sincerity, scientific research will not last long. What is related to sincerity is passion. Passion doesn't mean that everyone has to stay up all day doing experiments, but that you have the enthusiasm and subjective initiative for scientific research, and really regard research as something you like to do, which is "doing what you like" in the words of Master Xingyun. With this passion and the habit of "doing what you like", you can do well in both scientific research and lectures in the future. Besides sincerity and passion, scientific research should also have a good and correct way of thinking. The most critical step for students' scientific research is how to find a research topic. But this step can't be taught (unlike solving problems with fixed skills and steps), and you can only experience it yourself. Everyone will have different experiences and different ways to find a topic. Some people are good at finding hot topics; Some people look for topics based on their interests and feelings; Some people's research topics mainly come from listening to reports and reading papers. I encourage young students to listen to more academic reports. You can at least have a look and appreciate how the best science is done. Listening to the report can inspire you to expand your research direction. Some project ideas come from chatting or arguing with colleagues, some from business friends, and some from drinking. They are various and quite interesting. But the chance of finding gravity when an apple falls and hits its head is very small. You can read the introduction of some good papers. A good scientific research work should be successful. What is the reason? Often: a research topic is very popular, which has important theoretical and practical value for solving human problems and may bring important social significance. In the literature, some people have made research on this issue and made progress, but there are still some unclear places, or some imperfections. So, now let's do this research. What methods we used, what results we got, what significance and value we had. The above is not only the writing method of an introduction to a paper, but also the idea and expression of scientific research topic selection. Suppose you meet an important person in the industry and you want to sell your research results to him, but you only have five minutes. You can say this. Whether facing visiting teachers or attending interviews in foreign universities, you can use this idea to describe your research. In addition, you should be very clear about this in the process of scientific research. You can't be like a headless fly, and you can't tell clearly why you want to do this topic, how important it is, what others have done, what you have done, and what you have done is of great value. The thinking method of scientific research is like a skeleton, in fact, every bone can be discussed in depth. For example, what others have done involves reading, comparing and summarizing documents. "Nothing is new under the sun." In other words, the development of science is based on the previous research work. Your discovery may be an improvement of predecessors, or it may overturn their conclusions. But it is the previous foreshadowing research that makes you think of what you want to study at present. Most of the things studied by predecessors have been published in the literature. Reading literature has several functions: first, you can know what others have done, what they have not done, and what else can be done. Secondly, you can learn from other people's methods to study what you want to study. Third, you can have a clearer "background" of the data and results you have obtained. Sometimes, you think the data you get is gold, but after reading the literature, you find that your data is straw; Sometimes, you think your data is straw, but after reading the literature, you find that your data is gold. Finally, after reading a lot of literature, you can refer to the discussion to improve the academic level of the paper. A good academic paper can't just "dump" data on readers and tell them what you want to report, but tell readers what the significance and value of your work are, whether it is consistent with the results in the literature, and what are the reasons for the inconsistency, all of which are inseparable from the study of a large number of documents. In the future, if someone asks you about your project, you can blurt out who did what and what they found in the literature, then others will be very impressed with you, otherwise it will give people the feeling that you just follow the instructions of your tutor and have no idea about the project. In addition to the basic idea of scientific research, the concrete progress or scheme of scientific research is also extremely important. To do scientific research, you must be clear-headed and tell me clearly what I want to do, or where I want to go, where I am now, and how to get there from here. That is, the goal problem. This goal can be to clarify an unresolved issue, such as studying the blood relationship between China and Africa, or it can be a practical product, such as the successful launch of Shenzhou 5 and Shenzhou VI. With the goal, if it is a big project, such as the five gods and six gods, the goal can be broken down. For example, some people develop launch control devices, some people study shells, and some people study power systems. For the realization of small scientific research projects or scientific research ideas, we can "feel", but people who haven't started or just started to do scientific research often encounter some problems: if someone does it, the project will be finished, perhaps because the experimental data is confusing and contradictory, perhaps because others have already done it and reported it, or because they have shot one gun in the east and shot one gun in the west, and none of the ideas have succeeded in the end. At this time, it is necessary to sort out what has been done, what achievements have been made, what needs to be done to complete the project, and then stare at the unfinished part after the discussion. I think it is very useful to do scientific research and work in this way. Everyone will encounter difficulties in scientific research. People often only see the results of undergraduate students publishing SCI papers and winning prizes, but ignore the mental journey and ups and downs of scientific research, which makes people mistakenly think that it is easy to do scientific research, and you can publish papers and produce results by putting things on the instrument. In fact, scientific research is not looking for what you already know, but exploring what you didn't know before. Since it is exploration, the result is often beyond imagination. You may think that you will get a successful result according to this experimental idea, but you failed instead. What should I do if I encounter difficulties? First of all, calm down and think about which data are conclusive and which are unreliable (for example, there is something wrong with the experimental design and the instrument is in poor condition when testing the data). Is the bottleneck encountered in the research an additional branch of this topic or a part of this topic? If it is an additional derivative, can it be studied separately in the future? If it is part of this question, should we fight to death or cut off our tail like a gecko to survive? Secondly, there are reasons for the existence of scientific research bottlenecks, and there may be more than one reason. How do elephants eat? Cut the elephant into pieces and eat it. The same is true for overcoming the bottleneck of scientific research. At first glance, it's difficult and scary, but find out the reason, break it down into solvable fragments, and then attack separately. When you finish one thing, you suddenly feel happy, which will prompt you to overcome the next difficulty with fighting spirit. In life, there is a Murphy's Law, which means that you think it takes a month to do something, but it actually takes more time than you think, for example, two or three months. So is scientific research. So don't be depressed when you encounter difficulties, but treat it as a normal and necessary process, a process of learning and exercising. Thirdly, if you encounter problems in scientific research and become more and more anxious, you will make mistakes in your busy work. If you can calm down at this time to keep enough sleep, take a walk outside (for example, in the park), and come back to see what you have studied after a few days or weeks of cold treatment, you may have a new perspective and new gains. Some problems that you think are problems may no longer be problems. Finally, ask the brothers, sisters and teachers around you. In fact, the knowledge and experience in scientific research is far more than that. In the past, undergraduates only had to follow their brothers and sisters. In fact, scientific research is not just doing, but also thinking, designing and summarizing. Moreover, scientific research also involves time, management and getting along with laboratory members. In addition to doing experiments well, researchers also need good communication skills, such as writing papers, writing project applications, making reports, and persuading judges to give you awards. Finally, I want to say that scientific research focuses on the process, which is related to the mentality. For example, I used to grade students' reports and tell them the grades. A student came to ask for extra points, and I said, "Don't take grades too seriously. If you can learn something from my lectures and comments on your report, isn't that more important than adding one or two points to you? " What I want to say is that it is the same in scientific research. If you take part in the challenge cup, of course, there are only two results: you win the prize or you don't win it. Everyone will be happy if you win the prize. If you don't win the prize, don't be depressed. What you learn in scientific research activities will be very useful. Scientific research is not a sprint, but a marathon. You can't follow the fashion. When others enter the lab, you also enter the lab. Other undergraduates send SCI papers, and you want to send an SCI paper immediately. It will be helpful if we can learn the skills, methods and ideas of scientific research in scientific research practice. 1. Scientific research depends on accumulation. With Roentgen's discovery of X-rays, the chances of winning the Nobel Prize based on a simple observation are getting less and less. More scientific research results come from the long-term accumulation in the laboratory. In the end, it deserves it. Don't expect to achieve anything in scientific research. Don't aim too high for the design topic. Choose your tutor carefully: Do you want to start from scratch or get married?

2. The literature should be tracked. What you know by consulting the literature at the beginning of the topic may be quite different at the end of the topic. Attention should be paid to tracking during the experiment. With luck, you can get more clues; Unfortunately, I found someone else beat me to it. Modify your experiment accordingly. Be sure to check the literature again before writing a paper.

3. Records should be reviewed. The previous experimental records should be reviewed frequently. With the increase of experience and knowledge, you will find that the initial judgment may not be correct.

4. Materials will deteriorate. As time goes by, some reagents will degrade and some equipment will age, resulting in that you can't get the previous results after operating completely according to the previous method. If the effective amount of a reagent is only reduced, the dosage needs to be increased. If harmful substances are produced after deterioration, I'm afraid it's time to change the reagent. If the reading of the equipment drifts, it must be corrected. In short, if something goes wrong, you should find the reason, and every step should be "accurate"! Otherwise, it is to carve a boat for a sword.

5. Instructors should look carefully. Mentors also cross the river by feeling the stones. His mind keeps changing. If he thinks things are not good, he will defect. Keep your eyes open and see the signs, or you will get dizzy. Interaction can be properly guided.