Following the agricultural economy and industrial economy, the economy is in a more advanced and advanced economic stage-digital economy. Through the deep integration of digitalization, information technology and real economy, traditional industries are constantly developing to the level of digitalization and intelligence. Therefore, this paper combs and summarizes the relevant literature at home and abroad, and provides theoretical reference for in-depth study of the integration of digital economy and real economy.
Keywords: digital economy; Real economy; The integration of digital economy and real economy; Industrial transformation and upgrading
First, the meaning of digital economy and real economy
(A) the meaning of the digital economy
What is the digital economy? DonTapscott first put forward the concept of "digital economy". DonTapscott( 1996) pointed out in "Digital Economy: Hope and Danger in the Age of Network Intelligence" that digital economy is an economy of "replacing atoms with bits". [1] With the rapid development of digital technology, the scope of digital economy is getting wider and wider, and the understanding and development emphasis of digital economy vary greatly among countries.
In China, according to the G20 Digital Economy Development and Cooperation Initiative of the 20th/KLOC-6th Hangzhou Summit, it is proposed that "digital economy refers to a series of economic activities with digital knowledge and information as key production factors, modern information network as an important carrier, and effective use of information and communication technology as an important driving force for efficiency improvement and economic structure optimization". [2] Like China, South Korea and Russia also believe that the digital economy is an economic activity, but South Korea has a broader definition of it, saying that "the digital economy is based on all economic activities of all information and communication industries, including the Internet"; Russia believes that such economic activities are used to safeguard national interests. [3] Comparing the United States and France, the understanding of the digital economy is based on the calculation of the digital economy. The calculation of digital economy in the United States includes two parts: e-commerce and digital services [4], while France measures it from the perspective of industry. The British Research Council (20 10) understands the digital economy from the perspective of output and thinks that it creates social and economic benefits through the complex relationship between people, processes and technology. [5] Australia believes that the digital economy is a social process to realize the global networking of economy and society through information and communication technologies such as the Internet, mobile phones and sensor networks. [6]
(B) the meaning of the real economy
After the subprime mortgage crisis, various industries frequently used the "real economy", and the Federal Reserve defined the real economy as a part other than the real estate market and financial market from the perspective of industry market differentiation. Liu Junmin (2003) does not advocate this method. He believes that the real economy is a price system supported by cost and technology. [7] Cheng Siwei (2003) defined the real economy from the perspective of material production. He believes that the real economy is an economic activity related to the production of specific products and the increase of product value. [8]
However, whether the service industry belongs to the real economy is controversial among scholars. Jinbei (20 12) thinks that the real economy should include direct service industry and industrialized service industry in the primary, secondary and tertiary industries [9], so Jinbei thinks that some service industries also belong to the real economy. At the same time, both Financial Times Dictionary and Economic Vocabulary believe that the real economy is an economic activity that produces goods and services by using various resources to meet people's living needs. Wu Xiusheng and Lin Zuoming (2006) hold opposite opinions. They believe that the real economy only includes material production activities, and [10] service industry does not belong to the real economy, but belongs to the generalized virtual economy. Liu (20 1 1) defined the real economy according to Marx's "classification of material production and intangible production". She believes that the narrow real economy includes industry, agriculture, construction, commerce and related material production but does not include service industry, while the broad real economy includes primary and secondary industries and some tertiary industries, such as virtual economy and high-end service industry. [ 1 1]
Second, the basic theory of the integration of digital economy and real economy
(A) the connotation of the integration of digital economy and real economy
The integration of digital economy and real economy was put forward only in recent years, so scholars have not studied this concept much. At the same time, integration involves different aspects, levels and contents, which is an extremely abstract and broad concept. Among them, Yu Le and Pan Xinxing (20 12) believe that, in a narrow sense, it refers to the process of combining digital information technology with industry, agriculture, architecture, commerce and related material production; Broadly speaking, it refers to the process of combining the social process of industrialization with the social process of digitalization. [ 12]
(B) the interactive relationship between digital economy and real economy
1. The real economy is the foundation of the digital economy.
Academic circles have reached a consensus that the digital economy is integrated into the real economy, rather than replacing it. The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out that "building a modern economic system must take the real economy as the core", which undoubtedly laid the foundation position of the real economy. The goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way in China can not emphasize digitalization unilaterally, but integrate the digital economy into agriculture, industry and service industry as a whole to promote the realization of China's industrialization and modernization goals as a whole. (Yu Le, Pan Xinxing, 20 12) Without the real economy, the digital economy will become a rootless tree. Passive water, digitalization and industrialization are two sides of economic development, and they are indispensable.
Domestic scholars generally believe that the digital economy is a converged economy. Yan Deli (20 18) believes that the product of the integration of digital economy and real economy is "digital real economy", which is the main component of digital economy and its main body belongs to real economy [13]; Wu (20 16) believes that the digital economy is a real economy [14] based on the understanding that the digital economy is a digital industrial economy and a digital agricultural economy. Ma Yun (20 18) also pointed out that the digital economy itself is a real economy, which does not exist independently or oppose each other, because only the real economy that embraces digital technology, including manufacturing, service and circulation, is a truly healthy and promising real economy.
2. The digital economy is the power source of the real economy.
Scholars at home and abroad have basically the same understanding of digital economy. They believe that the digital economy can drive the development of the real economy and is the driving force and source of the real economy. Among them, Brookes, Martin and Zaki Wahhaj(2000) hold that e-commerce as a mode of information technology application will become a new force for economic growth by observing the impact of e-commerce on the macro-economy of Japan and the United States. [15] In addition, Georgion(2009) measured the economic impact of e-commerce on Britain, Germany and other 13 western European countries, and found that e-commerce further promoted economic growth by improving the company's market performance. [ 16]
Wang Yanan (20 1 1) proposed that the integration of digital economy and real economy can not only change the original growth mode of manufacturing industry to enhance competitiveness, but also find new growth points of manufacturing industry by developing producer services. [17] Jichao Liu and Pang Yang (20 13) believe that the digital revolution of manufacturing industry based on information technology and the popularization and application of distributed energy internet will bring distributed, socialized and networked mass customization production methods, form a decentralized, open and collaborative social business framework and business model, transform the whole process of manufacturing and management with information technology, and transform business through services. [18] Ma (20 17) believes that "internet plus" is a means of digital economy development. At present, the changes brought by "internet plus" to various industries are just the beginning, but in the near future, the development of digital economy will reshape the core competitiveness of various industries. [19] Chen (20 18) found that the transformation and upgrading of the coal industry has achieved remarkable results, which are embodied in industrial structure adjustment, industrial technology upgrading, industrialization, clean and efficient utilization of coal, green development of coal, and improvement of the manufacturing level of coal machinery and equipment. [20]
Third, the integration of digital economy and real economy at home and abroad.
(A) foreign research progress
Because western developed countries began to develop information technology only after the industrialization process was completed, few foreign scholars directly discussed the integration of digital economy and real economy, and most of them studied the relationship between information technology and industrial transformation and enterprise development. Kevin. Sztolarik (1999) thinks that grafting information technology into traditional industries, products and processes will improve the productivity of related enterprises. As El Salvador and Ikeda said, the Internet can release great value through information transparency, and the era of big data will produce new industrial forms and inter-organizational management rules.
However, Michael and others (200 1) believe that the application of information technology may not directly enhance the competitive advantage of manufacturing enterprises, but the potential contribution to competitive advantage is through its influence on the development and utilization of unique organizational capabilities. [2 1]
Anna Giunta and Francesco Trivieri(2007) used the it adoption index as the dependent variable to analyze the ordered probability unit of about 65,438+07,000 companies. The results show that enterprise scale, geographical location, employee function composition, R&D activities, subcontracting, export and cooperation among small and medium-sized Italian manufacturing enterprises are all important determinants of IT adoption. [22]。
Moosa(20 1 1) studies the relationship between the integration of digital economy and real economy and manufacturing enterprises, and finds that enterprises in the integration can use information networks to build expanded production models, thus realizing networked and intensive manufacturing, significantly improving the relationship between manufacturing industry and customers, and further reducing business risks by using more humanized production organizations. [23]
Concetta Castiglione (2012) used translog and Cobb-Douglas production functions to estimate the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) on the technical efficiency (te) of Italian manufacturing companies from 1995 to 2003. Therefore, ICT investment has a significant positive impact on the technical efficiency of enterprises. [24]
(B) domestic research progress
Domestic scholars' empirical research on the integration of digital economy and real economy mainly focuses on the impact of enterprise benefits or industrial transformation and upgrading. The empirical research results show that the integration of digital economy and real economy will promote the transformation and upgrading of industrial structure and significantly promote the efficiency of enterprises. At the same time, due to the difference of integration level in different regions, the role of integration in upgrading industrial structure is also quite different.
He Fan, (20 19) used the data of A-share 20 12 ~ 20 17 to investigate the performance improvement effect of digital transformation of entity enterprises. The empirical results show that digital transformation has significantly improved the economic benefits of entity enterprises, and it is found that the application of digital technology can effectively improve the economic benefits of digital transformation by reducing costs, improving asset utilization efficiency and enhancing innovation ability. [25] Li Xiaozhong and Huang Rong (20 18) studied and analyzed the integration and development of the real economy (textile industry) and the digital economy (electronic information industry), and the mechanism driving the textile industry to enhance its competitiveness. Based on the theory of industrial integration, the empirical results show that the development level of digital economy is positively related to the coupling degree, coordination degree and industrial integration level of the two industries, and the development level of digital economy has a positive impact on the innovation ability and export scale of textile industry. [26] Yang Deming and Liu Yongwen (20 18) In order to explore the impact of "internet plus" on the performance of traditional enterprises, they used the relevant data of listed companies in China from 20 13 to 20 15 to construct indicators reflecting the implementation of "internet plus" by traditional enterprises. Empirical research shows that the integration of traditional enterprises and the Internet has significantly improved corporate performance [27]. Ni Ping (20 13) analyzed the correlation between high-tech industry and modern service industry based on the data of Chongqing. The results show that promoting the development of high-tech industries and promoting information construction will significantly accelerate the development of service industry and the transformation of industrial structure in Chongqing, and the subsequent effects will have a positive impact on each other [28].
Before the integration of digital economy and real economy was put forward, it was called the integration of informationization and industrialization. Because the integration of industrialization and modernization was put forward earlier, domestic scholars have rich research on it. This paper mainly studies the influence, mechanism and regional differences of the integration level of industrialization and informatization on the upgrading of manufacturing industrial structure.
Zhang Yabin et al. (20 14) measured the integration quality of regional industrialization and industrial green total factor productivity by using coordinated development coefficient method and SBM-Luenberger index method respectively. The empirical results show that the trend of heavy industrialization is not conducive to the improvement of industrial green total factor productivity, but the improvement of regional industrialization integration quality can effectively improve the quality and performance of regional industrial environment, and then promote the transformation of industry to green development. [29] Gu (20 16) made a regression analysis on the fixed effect model and random effect model of the whole sample panel data by using the system generalized moment estimation. During the period of 20 10-20 14, 30 provinces and cities in China investigated the effects and regional differences of industrialization and industrialization integration on the transformation and upgrading of China's manufacturing industry. The results show that the integration of industrialization and modernization has significant regional differences on the transformation and upgrading of manufacturing industry, and the eastern region has the greatest influence, but the promotion effect of the eastern and central regions is gradually weakening. [30] The research by Jiao Yong and Yang Huixin (20 17) shows that the coupling degree between industrialization, value-added ability and government intervention have significantly promoted the rationalization and upgrading of industrial structure. At the same time, it is found that the integration of different regions has a significant heterogeneous impact on the upgrading of industrial structure, but it has a positive impact on the rationalization of industrial structure. [3 1] Liu Guilin (20 17) used three sub-indicators to measure the level of integration of industrialization and informatization, and discussed the influence and mechanism of integration of industrialization and informatization on the upgrading of China's industrial structure. The research shows that the basic environment and application benefits have a relatively significant impact on the rationalization of industrial structure, and its mechanism is mainly to promote the upgrading of industrial structure by improving application benefits. [32] Ma Huanhuan (20 18) analyzed the mechanism of the integration level of industrialization and informatization on the upgrading of manufacturing industrial structure. The results show that the integration level of industrialization and informatization has a significant positive effect on the upgrading of manufacturing industrial structure, and the effect is the strongest; Moreover, different regions have different levels of industrialization and informatization integration, and their functions are obviously different, which can promote the eastern region and inhibit the central and western regions to some extent. [33]
Fourth, the main problems faced by the integration of digital economy and real economy
The development of digital economy in China is still in the primary stage, and there will be many problems in the process of the integration of network information technology and real economy. Only by fully understanding the problems existing in the development of integration and solving them in time can we continue to promote the deep integration and healthy development of digital economy and real economy.
(A) unbalanced development of industrial structure
The accelerated integration and application of network information technology and the real economy has promoted the transformation and upgrading of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries. However, it is found that the development of digital economy in tertiary industry is unbalanced, and the development of digital economy in tertiary industry far exceeds that in primary and secondary industries. Moreover, the development of digital economy in developed and underdeveloped regions is extremely unbalanced; At the same time, the input of technology and resources in the production field of digital economy is not as much as that in the consumption field, and the core links such as innovation, design and manufacturing are far lower than those in developed countries. (Lu Chuncong, Sun Ke, 2017 [34]; Sun Ke, 20 17[35])
(2) The transformation of traditional industries is under great pressure.
The arrival of the digital age provides a good opportunity for the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries. However, due to the lack of digital transformation strength, capital, technology and integrated talents in many traditional enterprises, the innovation is insufficient, and the application level of digital technology is low. In the field involving digital technology, the period from investment and application to income generation is long, and it is urgent to improve the basic development of software and hardware in traditional industries. (Yan Zhen, 2018 [36]; Kang Wei, Jiang Bao, 2018 [37]; Fang Xiaohong, 20 19) At the same time, due to the accelerated integration of the digital economy and the real economy, problems such as enterprise withdrawal and accumulation of non-performing assets in the real economy have gradually emerged, which has caused a great impact on the real economy. On the other hand, because the subjects, behaviors and links are more complicated and more closely linked after integration, problems in any link may spread to the whole economy. (Sun Ke, 20 17)
(C) insufficient support for the conversion of old and new kinetic energy
Digital economy promotes the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, but most of them have problems such as high conversion cost, high trial and error cost and risk, large information investment, strong asset specificity and long investment cycle. There is a strong solidified thinking in traditional industries, which makes the application of digital information technology in the real economy difficult, while the emerging industries have just entered, and the industry standards are imperfect or even missing, which seriously restricts the pace of enterprise progress; Because most traditional enterprises have poor information foundation and insufficient application ability of digital technology, the internal foundation of enterprises cannot be coordinated with the external service system. (Fang Xiaohong, 20 19) At the same time, due to the integration of digital economy and real economy, the production mode and production mode of enterprises will change, which will have a great impact on the relevant departments of traditional industries. Therefore, these organizational departments need to adapt to changes. However, according to research, the time for this adaptive adjustment, that is, from the input of digital information technology to the generation of income, is 3- 10 years. (Sun Ke, 20 17)
(D) the lack of high-level talent
The digital economy industry is a strategic emerging industry in China, and talents who are proficient in the Internet, big data, artificial intelligence and other professional knowledge are inherently lacking. The integration of digital economy and real economy needs compound talents, which is far from meeting the practical needs of integrated development. Especially for small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises, due to the lack of high-quality compound talents, it is impossible to achieve the perfect integration of digital technologies such as the Internet and manufacturing, which seriously restricts their development. (Fang Xiaohong, 20 19) At the same time, the training direction of ordinary colleges and universities pays more attention to theory than practice, and the curriculum can't keep up with the actual needs of enterprises. (Kang Wei Jiang Bao 20 18)
(E) poor ability of independent innovation
In recent years, although China's digital economy has developed rapidly, from a technical perspective, China's digital economy has strong technological innovation ability only in the application fields such as e-commerce, mobile payment and enjoyment economy, while the core technological innovation ability in the production field is still weak. (Fang Xiaohong, 20 19) From the perspective of manufacturing technology innovation capability, China's technology innovation capability level is low, and key technologies and core technologies mainly come from abroad. At present, China's local manufacturing enterprises have not formed a virtuous circle of absorption and independent innovation after technology diffusion. On the contrary, based on immediate interests, most enterprises often imitate after introducing core technologies, so that manufactured products are still at the low end of the industrial chain. (Wang Yanan, 20 1 1)
Verb (abbreviation of verb) concluding comments
censor
To sum up, scholars' research on the integration of digital economy and real economy is of great significance to the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries in China. It can be found that there are few articles that western scholars directly study the influence of the integration of digital economy and real economy on the transformation and upgrading of industrial structure, and most of them study the relationship between information technology and enterprise development; Domestic scholars have relatively rich research on the integration of industrialization and modernization, but there are still too few empirical studies on the integration of digital economy and real economy. However, the empirical analysis focuses on the impact on the upgrading of industrial structure, that is, the transformation and upgrading between industries are studied from a national or regional perspective, and there is no specific transformation and upgrading to a certain province, city or industry. Because there are obvious regional differences in the industrial development of different provinces in China, the leading industries in different regions are also different, so the research on industrial structure upgrading is not aimed at the development of specific industries, and the relevant suggestions are not applicable.
Judging from the current literature, the research on digital economy is mostly based on the perspective of "digital" or information technology, but less from the economic perspective. Moreover, since the integration of digital economy and real economy was put forward in 20 16, research consulting institutions and internet companies in this area have conducted more research than scholars, among which there are more empirical and case studies in specific sub-sectors and less systematic theoretical analysis.
(2) Prospect
The development history of digital economy is not long, and it is still in the primary stage. In the future, there is still a lot of research space for the integration of digital economy and real economy, and relevant theoretical and empirical research needs to be strengthened. Theoretically, future research should pay more attention to the essence and connotation of the integration of digital economy and real economy, explore the value mechanism of digital economy to traditional industries, and point out a clear path for the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries; In the empirical aspect, future research can focus on specific industries in provinces and cities, and analyze the specific role of the integration level of digital economy and real economy in the transformation and upgrading of industrial structure, so as to make up for the gaps in the current research field.
At the same time, the research on the measurement of digital economy and real economy is relatively rich at present, but there is a lack of systematic indicators for the measurement of digital economy and digital economy integration, so we should pay attention to the measurement and evaluation of integration in the future. Because the scientific and systematic evaluation system is a necessary condition to promote the deep integration and development of digital economy and real economy, it can not only accurately grasp the characteristics of digital economy, but also fully consider the structural characteristics of real economy. In addition, the construction of the evaluation index system is to reflect the maturity of the integration of industrialization and informatization, so that the index can help enterprises and governments effectively find the problems existing in the process of integration of industrialization and informatization. Therefore, the construction of evaluation index system is a major focus of the future research on the integration of digital economy and real economy, and a complete, systematic and authoritative overall evaluation index model and an evaluation index model reflecting regions and industries should be constructed respectively.
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The article was written in June, 2065438+2009, for reference only!