In 8000 BC, in Missouri, traces of shoes of Native Americans were found.
In 3300 BC, an ice merchant who died in a high mountain in France left a pair of primitive shoes woven with grass.
Oil paintings of shoes or shoemakers can be found in temples in Egypt in 3000 BC.
Barefoot in AD 100 was the most fundamental difference in clothing between Greek slaves and freemen.
In 200 AD, the Roman emperor Kyle Aurili announced that no one was allowed to wear red sandals except him and his heirs.
/kloc-Knights in the 0/5th century all wore shoes with long toe caps (24 inches long), and the laws that have always advocated frugality clearly stipulated the length of toe caps.
High heels were invented in the early16th century under the influence of Leonardo da Vinci.
/kloc-In the mid-6th century, 30-inch high-heeled shoes were popular all over southern Europe.
As one of the most popular decorations, shoelaces appeared in1early 7th century.
At the end of 17, due to mistranslation, Cinderella's flannel slippers in French fairy tales became Cinderella's crystal shoes.
/kloc-it took nearly a hundred years to finally replace the traditional shoe-making method in the middle of the 0/8th century, and the first shoe factory appeared. Soon, the first shoe store appeared in Boston.
Flat shoes and Greek sandals were very popular in the early19th century.
The first pair of sports shoes (also known as rubber-soled canvas shoes) appeared in the middle of19th century. Subsequently, Elias and Howe invented the first sewing machine.
/kloc-at the end of 0/9, buttons, an indispensable ornament of clothing, were also applied to shoes, and soon became a fashion standard.
Before this century, the shoemaker, like a carpenter, a blacksmith and a tailor, was a humble profession. The design of shoes is not considered as an independent work of art, but a part of the whole shoemaking process.
Famous shoe designers mainly rise in Europe, because in the United States, with the rapid development of modern shoe production, individual shoemakers are redundant. Footwear in the United States began in the colonies of New England, where farmers made their own shoes in the kitchen in winter. The whole family took part in the work. Men cut the leather and stick it to the soles, while women sew the edges of shoes. The workbench used by shoemakers in colonial times is now a collector's item. Because of mastering the skill of shoemaking, some courageous farmers set up small shoemaking workshops, and three or four workers assembled the shoes sewn by local shoemakers, put them on the soles, and then made them into finished shoes.
1750, a shoe factory was built in Lean, Massachusetts, which further developed the local shoemaking technology. There, workers no longer make shoes independently, and every step of making shoes is taken care of by trained people. The production line began to take shape. At first, the shoes were still made to order, but in order to keep the workers busy in the off-season, the owner of the shoe store began to make shoes without reservation. These shoes, called shoes for sale, are displayed in the windows of local shops. In the early days, Harvey and his brothers loaded shoes with wagons and sold them in nearby places.
1793, they opened the first shoe retail store in Boston, selling finished shoes every Wednesday and Saturday. Inventors have been working on the improvement of sewing machines since the middle of18th century. It was not until 1790 that the first sewing machine specially used for leather processing was transformed by an Englishman named Thomas St. It's almost an awl that can punch holes vertically in leather. Sir mark brown Le of England is the chief engineer of new york Port. He invented a press that can sew uppers and soles with metal needles. In order to do his duty in Britain's war against Napoleon, Brownle produced 400 pairs of shoes every day with the help of disabled soldiers. After the war, the British footwear industry returned to manual operation.
shoe
Shoes have a long history. About 5000 years ago, during the Yangshao culture period, the most primitive shoes made of animal skins appeared. A pair of wool boots unearthed in Loulan, Xinjiang, has a history of 4000 years. The whole pair of shoes consists of two parts: boot tube and boot sole, which is called the first pair of boots in the world. The word "shoes" appeared in Zhouyi more than 3000 years ago. During the Warring States Period, Sun Bin was unable to walk because his kneecap was broken by Pang Juan, so he cut hard leather into "soles" and "boots" and invented high rubber bands, which were later boots. A pair of leather ribbons dating back more than 2,000 years are treasured in the Museum of Chinese History.
Later, due to more and more materials, styles and uses of shoes, the types of shoes began to be enriched. According to different materials, shoes can usually be divided into three types: kudzu, cloth and leather.
Among them, cloth shoes refer to shoes sewn with linen, silk, silk, brocade and other fabrics. Most of them were fork-shaped in Han dynasty, and the bottom was woven with hemp thread, also known as double pointed square shoes; During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, it was popular to embroider double animal patterns in front of shoes.
When it was abandoned, it became a fashion. It is a shoe with wooden teeth, which consists of flat heels, straps and toothed belts.
Leather shoes and boots made of leather and cotton felt are also called "riding boots" or "high boots". Originally worn by northern nomads, there are dry boots, flower boots, leather boots, felt boots, single boots, cotton boots, cloud boots, goose top boots and so on. According to legend, Sun Bin was the ancestor of boots, which were widely popular in the north and spread to the south of the Yangtze River in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. By the Tang Dynasty, he had been an official in Xian Yi (it was not until the Ming and Qing Dynasties that people were forbidden to wear boots, and only bureaucrats could wear boots).
Leather shoes were also popular in Song Dynasty. Men wear small leather shoes, while women wear round heads, flat heads or upturned heads, which are decorated with various flower and bird patterns. Women's cloth shoes with high toes and flat bottom began to appear at the end of Yuan Dynasty, which made people look particularly slender.
In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the production methods and styles of shoes gradually merged and became more sophisticated. In the Ming Dynasty, shoes were mostly thick, with diamond shoes in the north and brown Ma Xie in the south.
During the Qing dynasty, men's shoes were mainly pointed shoes, with satin in summer and autumn and velvet in winter. They are divided into thick soles and thin soles, with single or double beams on the surface and embroidered uppers or curly heads on the toes. Women's shoes in Qing Dynasty are the most distinctive. Most soles are made of wood, and the height varies from one inch to five inches. The shape of the bottom is wide at the top and round at the bottom, which is called "horseshoe bottom", also known as "flowerpot bottom". The vamp is usually made of silk and satin with colorful embroidery on it. Some aristocratic women will also set various gems on the vamp, which is particularly tall and straight. However, due to the inconvenience of walking, elderly women or people with low status often wear wooden flat shoes.
Like all clothes, shoes at some point represent a certain identity that you want to impress others; However, apart from marveling at a pair of rare shoes, what we are most concerned about is whether the shoes fit. Therefore, when you dream about shoes, it often means that at some level of your life, you may have doubts about your suitability. Your dream shoes may also reflect your behavior in real life, especially when you walk around in them. Pay attention to the style and type of shoes in your dream, observe how the relationship between you and shoes is established, how you use them, and how you feel about them; Maybe you can understand why Cinderella's glass shoes are not on your feet.
The development history of shoes
Attention to shoes was paid by scholars in the middle and late 19th century in the West/KLOC-0, but at that time, shoes were all studied as appendages of feet. They think that the foot is a sex organ and the shoes are its sexual coat. This fact is as old as human beings, and human feet have a natural desire function, which has had a great influence on people in all ages and countries.
Shoes are closely related to human culture. Not only do every nation wear the same shoes, but also the shoes in different historical periods, and even the styles of shoes worn by everyone are different. Although the basic function of shoes is to protect feet, with the development of human civilization, shoes are not only practical, but the beauty and style of each era are exposed in the first step.
From the development history of shoes themselves, shoes are closely related to social status, climate, religion, gender and cultural background of the times; At the same time, people's choice of shoes can also reveal the wearer's taste and demeanor. From the perspective of technical chronicle, the styles of shoes are often constantly innovated with social values, and we can also see the technical level and production technology at that time.
Shoes are not simple foot protectors, nor are they just fancy decorations. It is mainly the coat of desire, but it supplements the foot with natural erotic meaning. All kinds of fashionable shoes are attractive works of art for feet.
For thousands of years, shoes have accurately recorded the development track of human civilization. With the changes of the times, the differences between eastern and western cultures are getting smaller and smaller, and the values of human beings are becoming more and more consistent. The book "Weathering History of Shoes" is completed under this cultural purpose of tending to be consistent but with great differences. I believe this book can provide readers with different shoe cultures and lives from different angles, so that they can also appreciate the development of weathering history in a relaxed viewing.
The earliest shoes
Have you ever wondered what the earliest shoes were like? To investigate this problem, we must go back to tens of thousands of years ago. On the far southern coast of Africa, at the mouth of the Clarice River, not far from the Indian Ocean, there are numerous dense caves. It is said that there was once the first homo sapiens community (Latin means "double homo sapiens"). In order to adapt to the harsh environment, early humans invented clothing-mostly preserved animal fur. In order to protect the soles of their feet, the easiest and quickest way they came up with was to grab anything at hand (spreading bark, big leaves, and perhaps bundles of weeds) and tie it under their feet with rattan or tough long grass. Early "shoes" may not be very beautiful, but they are very practical.
After long-term experiments, human beings invented "sandals". This is the oldest handmade shoe. It basically has two forms: one is woven with palm, papyrus or weeds, and the toe is covered with a ring made of plant fiber. From North America to Kramas Indians and prehistoric rock dwellers, these shoes can be found everywhere. The second form of early sandals is to cut a piece from the treated leather, drill holes in it along the edge, and then tie a belt, which can be tightened like a rope to pull the shoes to the right position. This oldest sandal was found in a mummy's tomb in the deep valley of the Andes in Pachacamak, Peru. It is estimated that this sandal has a history of nearly a thousand years, and the material is camel skin.
How can you find the same sandals in such a far place? Some anthropologists believe that with the change of the earth's climate, large-scale migrating primitive people settled in every corner of the earth, and they copied the way of making shoes from the people they met along the way. According to the available raw materials and the weather conditions experienced with seasonal changes, the design of other places was improved. Many of the earliest sandals were made of plants and were soon damaged by wind and rain. Where else can I find clues about sandals? Interestingly, the oldest pictures of sandals are also examples of the earliest known Egyptian characters. This 5000-year-old carved slate was found in the temple of Eagle City in Hercules. On one side of the slate, the king was punishing an unlucky enemy who knelt down. On the other side, the king walked barefoot over ten headless bodies. But wherever the king went, a dwarf servant followed him, holding the king's gorgeous sandals in his hand. These sandals may represent the power of the king of Nanwu.
In the next 1500 years, the Egyptians developed their special hieroglyphs. In BC 1334, nine-year-old Tutankhamun became the king of Egypt, and the hieroglyphics of "sandals" appeared in relevant records, which were shaped like an ellipse and had two shoelaces. Nine years later, King Tutankhamun died and his body was mummified. Among the funerary objects, there are exquisite sandals more than 3000 years ago. His subjects believe that these shoes will help the king to continue his journey in the afterlife. A pair of pointed sandals are made of gold; The other pair is made of papyrus, with leather buckles at the ankles and imaginative Nile landscape patterns.
Production of leather boots
In the long history, soldiers have been protecting their feet and legs with leather boots. They crossed the rugged countryside and waded through the cold river in leather boots. This kind of shoes can be seen in a mural dating back more than 2700 years, which is the earliest record. This painting captures Sagan II (72 BC1year-705 BC) brave warriors riding chariots to expand the territory of Assyrian empire. The people in the picture are all covered in lace boots. Hundreds of years later, the shoes of Spartans in ancient Greece were more imaginative-dazzling red leather boots (and matching red short-sleeved tunics), which were used to cover up the blood from the wound. This kind of red leather boots soon became popular among the crazy Spartan youth. Some historians firmly believe that the history of leather boots is older than that of ancient Greece and Assyria. Perhaps 4500 years ago, the first leather boots were moccasins, and people wore leggings to protect their legs and feet from being cut by thorns. But later, the leggings were attached to the deerskin and became leather boots as high as the legs or knees. This kind of boots is abundant in North Asia, where the climate is very bad. Experts believe that many early boots crossed the Bering Strait, entered Alaska and North America, and were transformed by Inuit and Native American tribes.
Like other shoes, the design of leather boots changes with the needs of manufacturers and wearers and the changes of available resources. Beasts also often provide inspiration for boot manufacturers. When the Inuit people living above the Arctic Circle noticed that polar bear's skin would not freeze even in the coldest climate, they made leather boots from huge bear leg skin and bear paw. The aborigines living in Hokkaido, Japan used to make leather boots from deerskin. The leathers of caribou and bearded seals have become the best materials for making winter boots for the aborigines off the coast of Alaska. In order to make the best waterproof boots, Samoyeds used seal skin and turned the hairy side outside. In the easternmost part of Russia, it is very cold in winter and cool and foggy in summer. Leather boots made of fish skin are worn in first frost and can be cooked to satisfy hunger in times of famine.
For Eskimos in Alaska and Samoyeds in the far north of Siberia, if the feet can't stay dry, it means death. To this end, Eskimos make socks with two layers of straw mats and bird skins. Samoyeds wrapped their feet in hay, followed by a layer of rabbit skin, then the lining of leather boots, then more forage, and finally the outer skin of leather boots. The appearance of leather boots contributed to the birth of socks, which are made of various materials from small dog skin to straw fabric. Two hundred years ago, British pirates and some members of early American merchant ships liked to wear high boots. It is very convenient to smuggle valuables because of the "high barrel". "Bootlegging", also known as "high barrel", later became a very popular word in the United States during the prohibition of alcohol in the 1920s, because people wearing high barrel boots often illegally sold and sold alcohol.
Shoes and status
In ancient Greece, shoes symbolized the difference between slavery and freedom. The Greek philosopher Plutarch (46- 120) wrote that "barefoot" is "the symbol of humble slaves". Slaves are not allowed to wear shoes. When slaves were sold, their bare feet were painted with chalk or plaster, so they were called cretati, or "chalk man". Greek freemen dare not go to the streets without shoes for fear of being treated as slaves. Historically, shoes reflect wealth and can be used to determine a person's social status and even religious beliefs. For example, two hundred and seventy years ago, if an English girl wore a pair of oxhide shoes, she would be considered very different from a young lady wearing lace high heels-even if the shoes she wore were very exquisite.
King Louis XIV of France is only five feet three inches tall. From 1643 to 17 15, he led the French army to fight four major wars with almost all European countries and built the Palace of Versailles. Although these achievements have been made, there are still regrets. He hopes that he can attract the attention of the world with an extremely moving and tall king image. In order to solve the height problem, he wore a towering wig and a pair of high heels. On special occasions, he will wear these five-inch high heels made of cork, which are decorated with various pocket portraits showing the victory of the French army. The leather on the heel of his high-heeled shoes was dyed red, which later symbolized the members of the nobility. The color of shoes often symbolizes power. In 800 AD, Charlemagne accepted the coronation of Pope Leo III and became the emperor of the Roman Empire. After conquering most of Europe, Charlemagne wore incredible red leather shoes decorated with gold and jade, which matched his crown inlaid with jewels. Purple is also the color of royal shoes. In the early days of the Roman Empire, only the emperor could wear purple leather sandals embroidered with gold thread and golden eagle on the instep. According to Roman law, anyone who dares to wear the same shoes will be exiled and lose all his property. Some Roman rulers are very picky about the color and decoration of the shoes worn by their subjects. Emperor Aureliano once announced that no one was allowed to wear red shoes except himself and his successor. Emperor Helioga Barros forbade any woman to decorate her shoes with gold and jewels, except the highest-ranking woman among the nobles.
Shoes can not only reflect status, but also illustrate a leader's philosophy. Thomas Jefferson (1743- 1826) became the third president of the United States at 180 1. He boarded Oxford shoes with shoelaces. Oxford shoes, with very low uppers, were introduced by students of Oxford University in England as early as 1640. But the shoelaces were still fresh-so Jefferson caused some sensation as soon as he appeared. Jefferson didn't want to dominate the fashion field. He was only influenced by the new revolutionary spirit when he was the American ambassador to France from 65438 to 65438. The French have given up silver buckles and used shoelaces because they think it is more "democratic". Military boots are also used as symbols. When French Napoleon (1769- 182 1) seized power and proclaimed himself emperor in 1804, he led a brand-new footwear trend in the ceremony presided over by Pope pope pius vii.
Napoleon especially appreciated the art and costumes of the Roman Empire, and liked leather boots with the front higher than the knee, but the back was slightly shorter, which was convenient for walking. In order to keep the necessary shine, boots are polished with a special mixture of grease and wax, and no black spots are allowed. 18 15, the British defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. Arthur Wellesley Duke of Wellington, who led the British army, unexpectedly said that his military success was mainly due to his soldiers being "the best dressed people in Europe". Like Napoleon, Wellington is a fan of leather boots.
Fashion shoes and high heels
Who took the lead in fashion shoes? Maybe it was the former king or queen and other powerful people. /kloc-in the 7th century, charles ii (1630—— 1685) was called the "Happy King". He likes horse racing, gambling and embracing red. His blunt upper is always decorated with roses embroidered with silk. Other rich men and women in the imperial court also imitated the style of Happy King and competed with each other in luxury and color. Sometimes, the richest and most powerful people will copy shoes from those worn by the working class. 1555, high-heeled shoes (note: English means "pump") were first described as "thin shoes" in England. They were not tied with shoelaces, but clung to their feet like high-heeled shoes. These shallow shoes are made of cork or leather and are specially designed for running infantry. They ran beside the owner's car, and as soon as the car stopped, they were ready to open the door for the owner. At 1730, young people, rich people and restless people all came up with this kind of shoes. At this time, its material is velvet.
The invention of the heel contributed to the most striking fashion change. At first, the heel may be out of a very practical need, in order not to let the skirt get wet by rain, mud and snow. Women in the Near East may have invented "chopines" 500 years ago. The "super flat" worn by Turkish women is like a pocket stilt, eight inches high and made of wood, with emerald and silver lining inside. A belt binds your feet like sandals and shoelaces. /kloc-In the 6th century, there were so many women wearing "super flat shoes" in Venice, Italy that a tourist said that the country seemed to be full of walking Maypole styles. Soon this fashion spread to France and Britain, where the "super flat" was as high as 18 inch!
These stilt shoes are not completely attractive. /kloc-In the early 6th century, an unknown Italian shoe designer came up with a wonderful solution: shoes can be very tall, but they are not as clumsy as "super flat shoes". When Catherine de Medici set sail from Italy to marry the Duke of Orleans, she took something special with her luggage: the first pair of high heels that France will see.
The front of the shoe is a cork wedge with a high heel, which gives Kathleen the height she needs to look directly at her future husband. Her husband later became King Henry II, and high heels became popular. Shoemakers began to make different soles for their left and right feet (instead of "straight" as before). However, the heels of this kind of shoes made of cork or wood are three or four inches high, even as high as five inches, and the legs of the wearer often swell up. In order not to fall, women still walk like stilts. The French call this new type of high-heeled shoes "chaussureaport", also called "bridge shoes" (because of the arch below) or "click shoes" (because of the sound of shoes).
First, shoes have a long history.
When did shoes originate? Who invented it? There is no way to prove it now, but history shows that China is not only an ancient country of clothing civilization, but also an ancient country of shoemaking civilization. About 5,000 years ago in the Paleolithic Age, when primitive people sewed animal skin clothes with bone needles, they also sewed animal leather shoes to protect their feet and pursue measures. Shoes are the general name of shoes, boots, shoes and cymbals. In ancient times, they were called cymbals (sound couch), cymbals (sound sprinkling) or shoes, also called shoes (sound sprinkling), cymbals, cymbals and cymbals (in a low voice). Shoes and shoes are the same thing, but they have different names according to the time they are worn. Before the Han Dynasty, most shoes were made of hemp, such as poems compiled in the Spring and Autumn Period. Feng Wei? Ge Weizai: "Zhengzheng." Later Han called them shoes, made of hemp. Wear sandals. According to Liu Xi's Interpretation of Famous Clothes in the Eastern Han Dynasty, "I walk in straw sandals, and I am light, because I think it is famous." Ceramic tile is also a kind of shoes, usually referring to wooden soles, with or without teeth; There is also grass or silk. "Announce the name? Interpretation of Clothes says: "Silk is made of silk, such as silk." Don't talk about silk, you can't practice mud, practice mud. This can also roll in the mud, so it is called. According to the legend of Xie Lingyun in Song Dynasty, Lingyun always wears clogs, pulling out the front teeth when going up the mountain and the back teeth when going down the mountain. "In ancient times,' cymbals' meant shoes made of animal skins, called boots." Boots "refers to ankle-high boots. With the introduction of Khufu, it gradually became popular, appeared in large numbers after the Han Dynasty, and became popular in the Tang Dynasty. Jin Shu? Liu: "I saw someone riding a donkey and wearing boots and leaving Zhaomen. "Boots are characterized by strong heat insulation, and they can walk in mud and swamp, which is convenient for riding horses." "Powder" also refers to shoes made of animal skins. According to the biography of the bear, "bow and save clothes, don't wear clothes, don't wear leather. "'red' refers to slippers." Urgent article Volume 2: "Leather is an angel brown sock towel. Yan Shigu's Note: "Wei Lu refers to Wei Lu with a deep and flat head. Today's custom calls it. "Also called hammer shoes. Three generations are made of leather. In the second year of the first emperor, it was made of pu, and in the Tang Dynasty, it was made of grass. In Liang Wudi, it is made of silk. According to Tao's record of dropping out of farming, volume 18, Rolling shoes, "People in western Zhejiang take grass as their shoes and have no heels, so they are called rolling hoes. "At this time, it was suggested that slippers are also a kind of shoes. According to research, people began to wear straw sandals as early as 4000 years ago in the Xia Dynasty. The word "shoes" was recorded in Zhouyi three thousand years ago, and it is clear that shoes are shoes. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Xie Lingyun, a famous poet, invented "Xie Qigong", with teeth at the bottom, front teeth for going up the mountain and back teeth for going down the mountain. It is an ideal hiking shoe. To this end, Li Bai, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, climbed Mount Tianmu in his dream and wrote "Thank you, climb the Qingyun ladder". Halfway through the sunny ocean, the sacred rooster crows in space. " This famous poem vividly depicts the poet climbing the towering Tianmu Mountain and enjoying the wonderful pleasure of the "fairy world".
In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, it was said that women made cloth shoes with hemp rope, with fragrant pads inside and lotus patterns on the soles. This kind of shoes will leave a beautiful lotus pattern when they step on the soil. People call this kind of shoes "step by step lotus shoes". In the Tang Dynasty, some people invented hiking shoes suitable for walking. It is said that Li Bai, a great poet, likes wearing these shoes very much. Later, many scholars followed suit, and it appeared earlier than the travel shoes that are now popular all over the world 1000 years ago. According to legend, in the ancient land of Qilu, there is also a kind of shoes wrapped in cowhide, which is called "kicking a cow to death" every day, which can be comparable to modern excellent football shoes.
As for bricks, they are usually made of wood. According to legend, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Jin Wengong was exiled abroad 19 years, that is, he was rewarded as a follower after he ascended the throne. One of the courtiers named Jiezitui refused to accept Jin Wengong's reward, so he lived in seclusion in the mountains and urged him not to be an official. In a rage, Jin Wengong threatened to burn the mountain, and the meson pushed the tree to death. Afterwards, Jin Wengong was very sad, so he made a clogs with this tree as a souvenir, so clogs were widely circulated among the people. According to research, ancient people wore clogs, first, to cool off and walk hard; Secondly, in order to prevent moisture, especially in the wet and rainy south, clogs are often worn as rain boots. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, women and children often wore red clogs, while men wore black clogs, which became casual shoes in daily life. Even if a girl gets married, she should paint her clothes colorful as a dowry.
In ancient times, there was a clear distinction between shoes, boots and clothes, especially when wearing boots and shoes or clothes. In the history of our country, there are many legends about shoes, such as "Zheng people buy shoes" ("Han Feizi said left"): "Zheng people have shoes, first sit on their feet, then forget to be three cities. They have already done it, that day:' I forgot to take it.' But take it back and go back to the city, so you can't perform. People will say,' Why not give it a try?' Yue: "I would rather be reliable than confident." ), "Broken foot and combined foot" ("Quasi-Nanzi said Xun Lin"): "A husband is afraid of hurting his support, just like a broken foot and combined foot, beheading it to make it crown." ), "buckle boots", "hard-soled shoes" and so on. , are well-known allusions and legends. These philosophical allusions and legends bring people many inspirations and warnings. Therefore, shoes are not only run-up supplies in human journey, but also the crystallization of human wisdom.