In ancient and feudal times, the word "university" not only refers to "university", one of the four classics of Confucianism, but also refers to institutions that gather in specific places to sort out, study and disseminate knowledge in advanced fields. According to documents, universities, as institutions with higher education functions, can be traced back to Cheng Jun and Shandong during the Five Emperors. Dong Zhongshu said, "When the prestigious schools of the Five Emperors become evenly matched, it will be unbearable to itch. ".Yu Shunshi established Shangdong, meaning" institution of higher learning "; Zheng Xuan: "Shangdong is a university, in the western suburb of Wangcheng. "Later, the Eastern Preface of Xia Dynasty, Zhuan Xu of Shang Dynasty and Biyong of Zhou Dynasty were the highest institutions of learning in the capital at that time. From the imperial era to the Han Dynasty, the central government established Imperial College as the highest institution of higher learning, and local governments began to set up local government-run institutions of higher learning for students of the same age, such as county schools, state schools, official schools and county schools, which were equivalent to public universities of different classes. Students who do well in low-level universities can enter higher-level universities. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, imperial academy was changed to imperial academy, and academies appeared after the Tang Dynasty. Academies can be divided into undergraduate departments and junior departments, some of which are not strictly distinguished, some are government-run, some are private, and many are privately run by the government. Bailuyuan Academy, Bailudong Academy, Yuelu Academy, Yingtianfu Academy, Songyang Academy, Shigu Academy and Maoshan Academy are all representatives of famous academies. Traditional schools in China mainly train officials and scholars who serve the public and political affairs, with emphasis on Confucian humanistic education. In addition, there are specialized discipline departments or specialized higher education institutions. In the Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, there were museums of Confucianism, metaphysics, literature and history. After the merger, it is divided into five parts: Confucianism, Taoism, literature and history, Yin and Yang. There was a law school, a calligraphy school and an arithmetic school in imperial academy in the Tang Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, there was an overflow pavilion dedicated to training diplomatic translators. In addition, there are specialized scientific research and application service institutions with talent training functions, such as Taiyiguang in the medical field, Si or Qin in the astronomical calendar field, etc. There are also comprehensive academic research institutions, such as Hualin Research Province established in the Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, which is equivalent to the later Academia Sinica.

European and American universities

In English, universities in medieval Europe

The word "university" comes from the predecessor of the word "universe". The predecessor of "Universe" is "universus" in Latin, which consists of "unus" which means "One" and "Universus" which means "along a specific direction", so "Universus" literally means "along a specific direction". "Universum" is the neutral singular form of "universus". When used as a noun, it means "the universe". Similarly, the derivative word "universitas" also refers to "a group of individuals and associations". In the Middle Ages, Latin was used in government, religion and education. The word "universitas" has been used to refer to new alliances between teachers and students, such as universities in Salerno, Paris and Oxford. This kind of consortium is the embryonic form of today's university. Today, the word university can be traced back to Latin. The earliest record is around 1300, which was used to refer to this kind of consortium. Earlier, Plato, a Greek philosopher, founded a "Academy" in 387 BC in Akkadmos near Athens to teach philosophy, mathematics and physical education, which was regarded by some as the pioneer of European universities. Medieval universities in Europe developed from schools run by the church similar to guilds, which combined instruction with apprenticeship. In the 1 1 century, the words "university" and "guild" were also used to describe trade associations, but in the13rd century, the word "university" was used to refer to a student group. There were three main forms of universities in medieval Europe: missionary universities, students and teachers teaching in a European university, and presidents 1350.

Under the guidance of a closely coordinated group, such as universities in Paris, Oxford and Cambridge. Public universities, such as Bologna and Padua, have presidents elected by students and are responsible for school affairs. National universities were established by the emperor with the approval of the Pope, such as the University of Naples founded by Frederick II of Sicily and the University of Salamanca founded by Ferdinand III of Castilla. The University of Bologna, 1088 was founded in Bologna, Italy, and is considered as the first university in Europe. This school was organized by students before recruiting teachers. Paris University, known as the "mother of European universities", was organized by teachers before enrollment. 18 10, william von humboldt established the Berlin university which combines research and teaching, and established the principles of university autonomy and academic freedom, which is considered as the beginning of modern universities. This model was first imitated by Johns Hopkins University in the United States and is now widely adopted by universities all over the world. Since the modern communication between China and the West, the so-called western universities (English: University, French: Université, German: Université? T) Early translated into "Academy" and later renamed as "University".