I. Public buildings
In the design of public buildings, the core issues of functional analysis and organization are the spatial combination, functional zoning and human distribution of buildings.
(A) the function and spatial composition of public buildings
Public buildings of various natures and types generally consist of three types of functions and spaces: main use part, traffic connection part and secondary use part.
Taking the school building as an example, classrooms, laboratories, teachers' lesson preparation rooms and administrative offices are the main use parts; Toilets, warehouses, storerooms, etc. It is a secondary use part; And corridors, doors, halls, stairs, etc. It's a traffic connection. The composition of public building space can be summarized as three spaces: primary space, secondary space and traffic contact space. The three spaces are combined in different ways, thus forming different design schemes.
Use space to establish close organic connection, and effectively organize all kinds of space by relying on traffic contact space. Generally, it is aisles, halls, corridors, people, stairs, elevators, escalators, ramps, etc. It is called the communication space of architecture. The form, size and location of traffic connection space are subject to the needs of building space treatment and functional relationship. Generally speaking, the communication space should have an appropriate height, width and shape, and the streamline should be straight, concise and clear, and it should not be tortuous, and at the same time it should play a role in guiding people's flow. In addition, the traffic contact space should be well lit and meet the requirements of fire prevention. The traffic connection part of the building can be divided into three spatial forms: horizontal traffic, vertical traffic and hub traffic.
(2) Functional zoning and crowd organization of public buildings
1. functional partition
Functional zoning is a problem that must be considered when organizing building space, especially in the case of complex functional relationship and room composition, it is more necessary to classify the space according to different functional requirements, and distinguish it according to its compactness to find out the relationship between them, so as to achieve the purpose of clear zoning and convenient contact. In functional zoning, we should analyze the relationship between "primary" and "secondary", "noisy" and "quiet", "internal" and "external" of space, so that all parts of the space can be arranged reasonably.
"Principal" and "Secondary" of (1) Space
Because of the different attributes of buildings, there must be primary and secondary combinations. In the process of spatial combination, this primary and secondary relationship is inevitably reflected in the position, orientation, transportation, ventilation, lighting and the composition of architectural space. The relationship between primary and secondary functions should also be combined with the specific order of use, such as the reception room of the administrative office and the registration room of the hospital.
Although it belongs to the secondary space in spatial nature, it should be arranged in the main position in functional division. In addition, when analyzing the relationship between primary and secondary spaces, the layout of secondary spaces is also very important. Only when the auxiliary space is properly configured can the main space play its full role.
(2) "Noisy" and "Quiet" in space
Public buildings have the functions of "noisy" and "quiet". When combining space, the functions are divided according to "noisy" and "quiet", so that they can be separated, not interfered with each other, and have appropriate connections. For example, in a hotel building, the guest room part should be arranged in a quiet position, and the public use part should be arranged near the road and close to the crowd.
(3) the "inside" and "outside" of spatial connection
In the various use spaces of public buildings, some external connection functions are dominant, and some internal connections are close. Therefore, when carrying out functional zoning, it is necessary to analyze the internal and external relations of the space in detail, and arrange the space with strong external connection near the transportation hub such as the entrance and exit as far as possible; The space with strong internal connection should be arranged in a relatively hidden place and close to the internal traffic area.
2. Abortion organizations
Public buildings are places where people live in society. Due to different nature and scale, different buildings have different characteristics of people flow. It is an important work for public buildings to reasonably solve the problem of evacuation of people.
(1) organizational model of people flow
General public buildings are embodied in the organization of people flow, which can be summarized as two ways: plane and three-dimensional
1) Plane organizer is suitable for small and medium-sized public buildings, and is characterized by simple flow of people and convenient use (such as door map L- 1- 1).
2) Three-dimensional organization mode: it is suitable for public buildings with complex functional requirements. Plane organization can not completely solve the distribution of people, such as large traffic buildings and commercial buildings, and people with different characteristics are often wrongly displayed in the figure ll from the three-dimensional relationship.
The organization of people flow in public building space is actually the order of people flow activities. It involves whether the building space meets the use requirements, whether it is compact and reasonable, and whether the space utilization is economical and effective. Therefore, the sequence relationship in the organization of people flow can not be ignored, and it should be deeply analyzed and reasonably organized according to the different use requirements of specific buildings.
(2) evacuation
Evacuation is another problem of people flow organization in public buildings, especially for public buildings with large and concentrated people flow.
Generally speaking, evacuation can be divided into normal and emergency situations. In general, there are continuous (such as hospitals, shops, hotels, etc.). ) and centralized doors, theaters, gyms, etc. And some public buildings have both. In addition, in an emergency, no matter what type of public buildings, they will become centralized and emergency evacuation. Therefore, when considering the evacuation of people in public buildings, we should consider the evacuation of people in normal and emergency situations.
(3) Group combination of public buildings
The combination of public buildings mainly refers to the organization of several single buildings into a complete and unified building complex.
1. Three key points of public building combination.
(1) Starting from the use nature of the building, the functional relationship is emphatically analyzed, and the area is reasonably divided, and the overall layout is convenient, compact and reasonable by means of transportation such as roads and squares.
(2) In the treatment of group building modeling, we should combine the characteristics of the surrounding environment, use various formal beauty rules, and create a complete and unified outdoor space combination according to certain design intentions.
(3) Enrich the group space by means of greening and various buildings to achieve diversified outdoor space effects.
2. Types and characteristics of public buildings.
The combination types of public buildings can be divided into two forms: decentralized group combination and centralized group combination.
(1) Combination of decentralized layout: There are many public buildings. Due to their nature of use or other special requirements, they can often be divided into several independent buildings for layout, making them a complete outdoor space combination system, such as some medical buildings, traffic buildings and Expo buildings. Decentralized layout is characterized by clear division of functions, reducing mutual interference between different functions, being conducive to adapting to irregular terrain, increasing the layering of buildings, and striving for good orientation and natural ventilation. Decentralized layout can be divided into symmetrical and asymmetrical forms. In the process of group combination of most public buildings, two forms are often used comprehensively to achieve a more complete and rich group effect.
(2) Group combination of center layout: some public buildings with similar nature are gathered together to form various groups or centers, such as public buildings, commercial service centers, sports centers, exhibition centers and municipal centers in the center of residential areas. Due to the different functional nature, all kinds of public activity centers must have their own characteristics in group organizations. Only by grasping its functional characteristics and main contradictions can we ensure the rationality of its functions and make it have a distinctive personality. For example, the city hall in Toronto, Canada, consists of two arc-shaped high-rise office buildings, surrounded by a circular conference hall and placed on a rectangular base, forming a complete space system (as shown in figure 1- 1-3).
Second, residential buildings.
The functional analysis of housing should start with the analysis of "behavior unit" of family life. The law of residential composition is mainly composed of behavior units and rooms, and residents are composed of rooms. According to the different behavior units of family life, the family can be divided into four parts: residence, assistance, transportation and others. According to the function of space use, a house can include living room (living room, bedroom x kitchen, bathroom, hallway or aisle, storage room, balcony, etc. (as shown in figure 1- 1-4).
According to the basic plane types of houses, residential buildings can be divided into detached houses, townhouses, unit houses, verandah houses, inner verandah houses and duplex houses.
According to the different floors, residential buildings can be divided into four categories: low-rise residential buildings-1 ~ 3 floors; Multi-storey residence-4 ~ 6 floors; Middle and high-rise residence-7 ~ 9 floors; High-rise residence-10 ~ 30 floors.
1. Low-rise residential design
(1) basic functions
1) can adapt to houses with large area and high standards, and can also adapt to houses with small area and low standards. So there can be independent, simultaneous (parallel), line by line, and there can also be plane layout types such as cells.
2) Compact layout and convenient transportation.
3) Generally, there are courtyards, which make indoor and outdoor spaces circulate with each other, expand living space, facilitate greening and create a better living environment.
4) The requirements for the base are not high, and the building structure is simple, which can be adapted to local conditions, with local materials and built by residents themselves.
5) It covers a large area and has high investment in municipal facilities such as roads and pipe networks.
(2) Plane combination form and its characteristics
1) Single-family (single-family building) faces the sky in all directions, with flexible plane combination, good lighting and ventilation, less interference, and convenient yard organization and use, but it occupies a large area, has many building walls and high investment in municipal facilities.
2) Double fire (combined vertical fire) puts two single-family houses together. Each household faces the sky on three sides, with flexible plane combination and good lighting and ventilation. Compared with detached houses, it saves a gable and a yard, which can reduce the investment in municipal facilities.
3) Row-by-row type: single-family houses are assembled to more than 3 households. Generally speaking, there should not be too many joints, otherwise the traffic will be circuitous, the interference will be greater, and the ventilation will also have an impact; Not too small, otherwise it is not conducive to saving land.
2. Multi-storey residential design
(1) basic functions
1) In terms of plane combination, multi-storey houses must use public stairs (the specification stipulates that there is no elevator below the sixth floor of the house) to solve vertical traffic, and sometimes public corridors are needed to solve horizontal traffic.
2) Compared with low-rise residential buildings and high-rise residential buildings, multi-storey residential buildings save land and have lower cost, which is suitable for the current general living standard.
3) Multi-storey residential buildings are not as convenient as low-rise residential buildings for outdoor communication. Although there is no necessary elevator in high-rise residential buildings, the vertical traffic in high-rise buildings will still make residents feel inconvenient. Therefore, from a high standard, houses below four floors do not need elevators, and multi-storey houses above four floors should also be equipped with elevators.
(2) design points
1) meets the requirements of urban planning.
The main room should meet the specified sunshine standard; When the length of a single house is greater than 160m, a fire truck passage with a width of 4m and a height of 4m should be set; when it is greater than 80m, a pedestrian passage should be set at the bottom of the building.
Sleeves fit. There should be flexibility to form different huxing to meet the actual needs of residents. It can be composed of single-family units and multi-family units, and the proportion of single-family units in the combination or residential area is generally balanced; Multi-family units increase the possibility of balancing the ratio of families to rooms in units. The choice of apartment type in the unit should be balanced, flexible and convenient, which is convenient for combination in the unit.
Convenient and comfortable. The plane function is reasonable, which can meet the requirements of sunshine, lighting, ventilation, sound insulation, heat insulation and cold protection for each household, and ensure that at least two bedrooms in each household are well arranged.
Convenient transportation. Avoid the interference of public transportation to residents, and the location of the entrance door is convenient for organizing the indoor plane.
Economical and reasonable. Organize and reduce indoor traffic area reasonably and make full use of space. The structure and structural scheme are reasonable, and the tube
Line layout should be as centralized as possible, and various measures should be taken to save land.
Beautiful appearance. The facade is novel and beautiful, with rich and diverse shapes.
Meet the requirements of other technical specifications, including fire prevention and earthquake resistance.
2) Division and combination of units
Multi-storey houses are often spliced by one or several units and a standard section, and grow into short and diverse combinations. The division of units can be large or small. The general unit is 1 several households around the stairs. When the units are spliced into a unit assembly, attention should be paid to meeting the requirements of building scale and planning and adapting to the characteristics of the base. The combination methods of units are: straight line combination, staggered combination, corner combination, multi-directional combination and so on.
3) Traffic organization
Take the stairwell of vertical traffic as the hub, and organize residents in horizontal public corridors when necessary. Stairs and corridors organize traffic and enter households in different ways, which can form various types of houses.
Generally, there are three ways of traffic organization: residents are organized around stairwells, and residents are organized in corridors. Corridor is set at intervals between stairs, and then connected to another floor through small stairs.
The number of staircase service households has a certain influence on applicability, comfort and economy, which should be reasonably determined.
4) Lighting and ventilation
In general, when a household can have two opposite or adjacent orientations, it is beneficial to win sunshine and organize ventilation, while only the orientation of 1 is difficult for L households to organize ventilation. Using the change of plane shape or setting patio can increase the outdoor free surface, which is beneficial to lighting and ventilation.
5) Auxiliary facilities
The location should be appropriate. The kitchen and bathroom can be directly lit and ventilated, and can be arranged in areas with poor orientation and lighting.
The area should be compact. The use area of all kinds of space should be reasonably determined according to various indoor life activities, so as to reduce the unused area, such as walkways and other places that are too wide.
Equipment and pipelines shall be arranged centrally. The suite kitchen and bathroom are arranged adjacent to each other, using pipes, which is more economical.
(3) Plane types and their characteristics
1) basic plane type
(1) House type (ladder type 8) Each unit is equipped with two staircases, and each unit can be equipped with 2-4 households, and the stair platform directly enters the individual door.
One staircase and two households: each set has two orientations, which is convenient for organizing ventilation, less disturbed by doors, more suitable for organizing indoor traffic, narrower unit width, flexible splicing and wider application scope.
One staircase and three households: the utilization rate of stairs is high, and each set can have a good orientation, but the middle set is often single-oriented, making it difficult to organize ventilation.
One staircase and four households: the utilization rate of stairs is high, and each set is likely to get a good orientation. Generally, there are fewer households arranged in the middle and more households arranged on both sides.
(2) the veranda:
Long veranda: it is convenient for residents to combine side by side. A staircase can serve many households, and each household has good orientation, lighting and ventilation conditions. However, there are many sets of indoor traffic, and the public verandah will interfere with indoor sight and noise, so it is not easy to keep warm and cold in cold areas, which is more suitable for small areas.
Short verandah: one staircase with four households has some advantages of long verandah, and it is quiet. The number of multi-family households has been increased, and the flexibility of the proportion of households has been improved.
(3) Corridor:
Long inner corridor: households are arranged on both sides of the inner corridor, and there are many staircase service households, which greatly improves the utilization rate and saves land. However, every household is a one-way street, the inner corridor is dark, and the interference of the suite is also great, so it is impossible to organize direct flow of people in the suite.
Short inner corridor: also known as inner corridor unit, it retains some advantages of long inner corridor and is quieter.
(4) duplex: after entering each household, enter another floor through the small indoor stairs. Save the public transportation area, increase the number of households, reduce interference, and each household can strive for the direction of the department, with good lighting and ventilation. A Peng has a large household area and a straight room.
⑤ Point type (eight households are arranged around a staircase, and the fourth unit faces the air, so each household can have lighting and ventilation, and each household is flexible, and it is possible for each household to obtain two orientations and have corner ventilation. External processing is also more free, which can enrich the artistic effect of buildings. The building occupies a small area and is easy to be inserted on a small piece of land. However, the energy saving and economy are worse than that of strip houses.
2) Changes in plane layout
Stair forms: In addition to the general double-run, single-run and triple-run stairs, there are external stairs, internal stairs, single-run cross stairs and straight-run stairs.
Plane form: including local changes of plane shape, plane shape changes formed by unit splicing, etc.
3. High-rise residential design
(1) basic functions
1) can improve the floor area ratio and save urban land.
2) It can save investment in municipal construction.
3) More space can be obtained for arranging public places and greening, thus enriching the urban landscape.
4) The steel consumption is relatively large, which is generally 3-4 times that of multi-storey houses.
5) It will have some adverse effects on residents' physiology and psychology.
(2) plane type
1) unit combination: elevators and stairs are arranged in the unit. Common forms are rectangular, T-shaped, cross-shaped, Y-shaped and so on.
2) Corridor type: there are inner corridor, outer corridor and inner and outer corridor type. The use of inner corridor is less; The characteristics of the verandah are basically similar to those of similar multi-storey houses, and the verandah is generally closed against wind and rain; The inner and outer corridors have the characteristics of the first two.
3) Tower: similar to multi-storey point residence. Generally, there are 4 to 8 households on each floor. This form is widely used at present.
4) Gallery-jumping type: there is a public corridor on every * * * 2 floors, which improves the elevator utilization rate and saves the traffic area, which is beneficial to the apartment with large area and many rooms.
(3) Vertical traffic
1) The vertical traffic of high-rise residential buildings is dominated by elevators, supplemented by stairs. /kloc-For residential buildings with more than 0/2 floors, there should be no less than 2 elevators in each building.
2) Stairs should be arranged near elevators, but they should be independent. Stairs that can be used for evacuation alone can be located at the end far away from the elevator.
3) The elevator should not be near the bedroom, especially the bedroom. The sound insulation treatment of elevator shaft must be considered.
(4) Fire evacuation
1) The relationship between fire fighting capacity and building number and height: the height of fire escape is mostly between 30 and 50m, and the height of high-rise residential buildings in China is determined with reference to this situation. The distance between high-rise residence and surrounding buildings depends on its height and fire resistance rating.
2) Fire prevention measures: raise the fire resistance limit, divide the building into several fire zones, eliminate fire factors and install fire alarms.
3) Layout of safety evacuation stairs and fire elevators: Generally, high-rise residential buildings with long corridors should have more than two elevators to solve the evacuation of residents. The setting of safe evacuation stairs and fire elevators and safe evacuation shall be carried out in accordance with the relevant provisions of the current national standards.
(5) Meet the requirements of urban planning. Similar to a multi-storey house.
4. Residential design in severe cold area
1) Basic characteristics
In cold areas, the main contradiction in residential design is the cold protection of buildings. Building cold protection includes heating and heat preservation. In order to make the indoor room temperature meet the hygienic standard, heating is necessary, but how to control the heat loss of the building can achieve economic and reasonable results, which is not only a thermal problem of the building envelope, but also the quality of the architectural design scheme will play a great role in the cold protection function.
2) Thermal insulation in residential design
The most effective measures to solve the problem of building thermal insulation in design are to increase the depth of the building, shorten the length of the external wall and minimize the external wall occupied by each household.
3) the direction and form of residence
The residential orientation in cold areas should strive for the south direction, make full use of the east-west direction and try to avoid the north direction. East-west residential buildings can adopt short corridor style, or on the basis of the combination of east-west inward stairs, all auxiliary rooms will be concentrated in the unit, and small patios will be set up to increase the depth of the building.
5. Residential design in hot areas
(1) basic functions
In summer when the temperature and relative humidity are high and there is no air conditioning, in order to make residents feel more comfortable, it is necessary to minimize the influence of sunlight radiation and heat generated by kitchen stoves on indoor temperature, organize natural ventilation, and obtain a more open and transparent plane combination diagram.
(2) the choice of architectural orientation
The choice of residential orientation in hot areas is very important. It is necessary to comprehensively consider the sunshine and the dominant wind direction in summer, pay attention to reducing the direct exposure of buildings from east to west, and have a dominant wind room in summer.
(3) Treatment of residential buildings
1) sunshade and heat insulation
Shading: According to different requirements, it can be divided into horizontal shading, vertical shading, comprehensive shading and baffle shading. According to the different material structure, it can be divided into fixed sunshade, movable sunshade and simple sunshade. From the economic point of view, in addition to the special sunshade facilities for residential design with high standards, other building components and details should be combined as far as possible, such as cornices, balconies, verandahs, window decorations, window sashes, flowers, concave-convex walls, greening, etc.
Thermal insulation: Usually, measures such as reducing east-west walls, adopting building materials and thermal insulation structures with good thermal insulation performance to improve the thermal insulation performance of walls and roofs, and greening and cooling can be taken respectively.
2) Natural ventilation. Good results can be achieved by effectively organizing indoor ventilation, guiding the wind of building components and organizing the ventilation of buildings.
3) Plane combination. On the whole, various residential types have their own advantages and disadvantages, and the principle of plane combination should be to reduce the influence of outdoor heat sources on indoor and indoor heat sources themselves.
6. Slope residential design
(1) Basic requirements
The sloping land residence should be combined with the topographic layout, and at the same time, the orientation, ventilation, geology and other conditions should be comprehensively considered.
(2) the relationship between building and contour line
There are three main ways of the relationship between residential buildings and topography: the building is parallel to the contour line, the building is perpendicular to the contour line, and the building is inclined to the contour line. We should treat them differently in design.
(3) Vertical combination of residential units on sloping land
Due to the different combinations within or between units, there can be several forms such as overlapping, descending, descending and staggered floors.
(4) Building treatment of residential buildings facing the street and sloping land
There are often the following treatment methods: landing, hanging feet, overpasses, protruding stairs, corridors, outdoor ladders, etc.
Third, industrial buildings.
(A) the functional organization in the general layout design of industrial buildings
1. Characteristics of general layout design of industrial buildings
In essence, there is no principle difference between the general layout design of industrial buildings and other types of buildings, that is, the contradictions and mutual constraints among people, buildings and environment should be coordinated in a multi-dimensional state. The difference is:
(1) The difference between simple streamline and complex streamline
Civil buildings mainly organize building space with people flow. People flow and logistics, people and machines in the factory run in the same space, forming an intertwined network, which provides much more space for logistics than people.
(2) the difference between simple environmental impact and complex environmental impact
Industrial buildings usually have special environmental impact problems, such as waste water, waste gas, smoke and dust, noise, radiation and industrial waste.
(3) the difference between single scale and multi-scale.
Civil buildings are based on human body scale, while the volume of factory buildings (structures) depends on the demand of production clearance, which is often very different from human body scale, and its modeling is restricted by technology. Industrial buildings with different technologies often have obviously different shapes.
(4) Multi-discipline and multi-job closely cooperate.
The technical requirements in industrial building design are very strong.
2. Functional units in general layout design
A modern factory may be an important subsystem of urban social system-an integral part of industrial system, and its interior may be composed of several departments, such as production department, logistics department, power department, etc., and each department is composed of several production workshops. In a word, a modern factory can be divided into several levels. For any level, the specialized functional units that make up that level are called functional units.
Modern factories generally contain many functional units, which should be organized in a certain order through appropriate organization methods to form an organism with sound functions and complete systems.
Functional units in factories usually have the following individual characteristics:
(1) material input-output characteristics;
(2) Characteristics of energy input and output;
(3) personnel have personal characteristics;
(4) Information input and output characteristics.
The functional units that make up a professional chemical plant are usually divided into:
(1) production unit: directly engaged in product processing and assembly.
(2) Auxiliary production units: equipment maintenance, tool making, water treatment, waste disposal, etc.
(3) Warehouse storage unit: temporary storage of materials.
(4) Power plant: mainly used for energy conversion, such as boiler room, substation, gas generating station, acetylene workshop, etc. Air compression workshop, etc.
(5) Management unit: office, laboratory building, etc.
(6) Living unit: dormitory, canteen, bathroom, activity room, etc.
A unit can only produce one or some functions. Generally, any building or structure composed of more than two functional units has a certain relationship between function and structure. The fundamental purpose of the general layout design of the factory is to organize the functional units and form the functional structure of the whole factory, so that the factory can operate normally and achieve safety and efficiency.
3. The basis of functional unit organization
On the basis of rational analysis, according to the functional relationship in production, the organization of functional units is comprehensively considered and solved to make each functional unit match each other. Its principle is:
(1) According to the technological process requirements before and after the functional unit
The production of any product has specific production and processing procedures, that is, the production process. This process runs through the whole production process, forming the total chain of production operations, that is, the total trajectory of material input and output in the whole plant. Each functional unit in production technology is each link in this chain, which is driven by the total chain for continuous production. With the improvement of continuity, linkage, high efficiency and automatic control of modern industrial production, the requirements for continuous operation are getting higher and higher. In order to ensure the quality and quantity of products, the whole process must meet the requirements of short process, few links and avoiding retrogression and crossover.
Although the flow determined by the production process determines the continuity and sequence of the configuration of functional units, there may be several production line systems in the complex production process, and auxiliary facilities and power facilities units will also form secondary lines directly related to production, which makes it impossible to arrange the configuration of functional units step by step along the production line. In addition, the process organization will be influenced and restricted by external factors, such as the entrance of the railway, the direction of the road, the entrance of the high-voltage circuit and so on. Water supply direction, town positioning, etc. ) and produce a series of contradictions, which need to be solved by different process layout schemes and form different general layout schemes.
There are three basic types of organization and arrangement of the whole factory production process:
Longitudinal production line layout-along the longitudinal axis of the factory or workshop;
The horizontal production line is arranged perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the factory or workshop;
Circular production line layout.
(2) According to the characteristics of materials and personnel flow, reasonably determine the road sections and other technical requirements.
Every factory must have transportation operations, from raw materials to products, from fuel to waste removal, from one functional unit to another, which need to be delivered and transported by various modes of transportation.
Technical requirements for general road transportation system (medium-sized light industrial plant):
1) channel width
The main transportation road is about 7m;
Workshop, workshop has a certain number of logistics, people transport secondary roads, about 4.5-6m；;
Auxiliary roads and fire lanes between functional units with less people and logistics are about 3-4.5m;
The workshop roadway connecting the population of buildings and structures with the main, secondary and auxiliary roads is about 3-4m;
The average sidewalk is about1.0leaf.5m. ..
2) Minimum turning radius
Bicycle 9 m;
With trailer12m; ;
The battery car is 5m.
3) The sight distance at the intersection is more than 20m.
4) Minimum distance between roads and buildings and structures
65438+ 0.5m for workshop without population and 3m for workshop with population;
The vehicle approach road is 6m (single lane x is1.5m; Stay away from the fence;
6m away from the fence with the doorway and 2 m away from the lamp post of the fence;
Distance from trees 1m, 0.5m from shrubs.
(3) according to the principle of minimum connection loss of functional units
Power plant and all kinds of engineering pipelines should be set near the power plant, that is, the load center section, so as to make all engineering pipelines shortest.
(4) According to the environmental requirements of functional units
1) Districts according to the hazard degree of harmful substances discharged by functional units, and conducts centralized management to reduce the possibility of hazards;
2) Make use of natural conditions (wind direction, water flow direction, terrain), and make reasonable arrangement to reduce the impact of harmful substances on the environment;
3) Set the protection distance to reduce the degree of harm;
4) Take other protective facilities, such as greening.
(5) According to the possibility and demand of functional unit development.
(2) Site requirements in industrial buildings and general layout design
1. adapt to the material processing flow, the transportation distance is short and agile, and the first line is used as much as possible;
2. Coordinate with vertical design, pipeline, greening and environmental layout, and meet relevant technical standards;
3. Meet the special requirements of production, safety, hygiene and fire prevention. In particular, factories with dangerous goods are not allowed to pass through the safe production area;
4. The main freight routes and main pedestrian routes should avoid crossing as much as possible;
5. Strive to reduce the paved area of roads and save investment and land.