In The Analects of Confucius, the first two or three words of the first chapter are generally used as the title of the article. Cher contains 16 chapters, covering many aspects. Among them, the key point is "I save myself three times a day"; "Save money, care for others and let people use their time"; For the moral categories such as "courtesy is used, harmony is precious" and benevolence, filial piety and faithfulness, please see the original and translation of The Analects below!

original text

1. 1 Zitian (1): "Learn (2) and learn (3), not to mention (4)? Isn't it fun to have friends (five far away)? People don't know (7)

But you can't

Hey (8), isn't it a gentleman (9)? "

To annotate ...

(1) Zi: In ancient China, it was used as a title of respect for a man with status and knowledge, and was sometimes called an ordinary man. In the Analects of Confucius

Confucius said.

Zi refers to Confucius.

(2) Learning: The "learning" mentioned by Confucius here mainly refers to learning the traditional cultural classics such as rites, music, poems and books of the Western Zhou Dynasty.

(3) Time habit: During the Zhou and Qin Dynasties, the word "time" was used as an adverb, meaning "at a certain time" or "at an appropriate time". However, Zhu interpreted "time" as "constant" in his book The Analects of Confucius. "Xi" refers to exercises, rituals and music; Comment on poetry and books. It also means review, internship and practice.

(4) Say: Yue, have fun, have fun, have fun.

(5) Have friends: There is a book called Friends and Friends. The old note said, "friends of the same school", that is, friends studying under the same teacher, that is, like-minded people.

(6) Music: different from talking. The old note said that joy is in the heart and joy is outside.

(7) People don't know: This sentence is incomplete, and there is nothing that people don't know. Missing object. Generally speaking, knowing is understanding. People don't know, that is, others don't know themselves.

(8) Cloud, resentment.

(9) Gentleman: The gentleman in The Analects of Confucius sometimes refers to a virtuous person and sometimes refers to a person. This refers to Confucius' ideal person with noble personality.

translate

Confucius said, "isn't it pleasant to review exercises often after learning?" Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? People don't understand me, and I'm not disgusted or angry. Isn't he also a virtuous gentleman? "

original text

1-2 Youzi (1) said: "He is also a filial brother (2), but he is easy to offend (3) and has a thick skin (4); It is not easy to make mistakes, but it is easy to make a mess, and it is not there (5). Gentleman's Business Book (6) is based on Tao (7). Filial piety is also the foundation of a person and (8)? "

To annotate ...

(1) Youzi: Confucius' student, surnamed You, whose name is Ruo, is 13 years younger than Confucius and 33 years younger. The latter is more credible. In the Analects of Confucius, the recorded Confucius students are generally called "Zi", but only Zeng Shen and You Ruo are called "Zi". So many people think that The Analects of Confucius was written by Zeng Shen and You Ruo.

(2) Filial piety: filial piety is the correct attitude of children towards their parents during the slave society; Brother, the pronunciation and meaning are the same as "ti", which is the correct attitude of brother to brother. Filial piety and younger brother are two basic moral norms specially advocated by Confucius and Confucianism. The old note said:

Good parents are called filial piety, and good brothers are called brothers.

(3) Attack: attack, attack, attack. Up, refers to the person in the upper position.

(4) Fresh: fresh sound, less meaning. This is how the word "fresh" is used in The Analects of Confucius.

(5) Nothing is also: This is the inverted sentence type of "Nothing is also". There is a rule in the syntax of ancient Chinese. If the object of a negative sentence is a pronoun, it usually comes before the verb.

(6) Service: service, dedication and commitment. Ben is not at all.

(7) Tao: In China's ancient thoughts, Tao has many meanings. The Tao here refers to the benevolence advocated by Confucius, that is, the whole moral thought system with benevolence as the core and its embodiment in real life. Simply put, it is the basic principle of governing the country and being a man.

(8) Benevolence: Benevolence is the highest category of Confucius' philosophy and a moral principle. Being the foundation of benevolence is the foundation of filial piety. Another explanation is that the word "benevolence" in ancient times is the word "human", and the foundation of benevolence is the basis of being a man.

translate

A son said, "People seldom show filial piety to their parents, obey their brothers and like to offend the upper rulers." . I don't like to offend the upper rulers, but there are no people who like to rebel. When a gentleman is committed to the fundamental things, the truth of governing the country and being a man is established. Filial piety is the essence of benevolence! "

original text

1-3 Confucius said: clever words make color (1), fresh (2) benevolence. "

To annotate ...

1) Clever words: Zhu Note: "Good words, good colors, good looks, good people." Both Joe and Ling refer to beautiful women. But this should be interpreted as pretending to be happy.

(2) Fresh: the meaning of less.

translate

Confucius said: "If you speak well and pretend to be likable, such people will have no kindness."

original text

1-4 Ceng Zi ① said, "My three provinces ② are my body. Cheating for others (3)? Make friends without trust (4)? Can't you pass it on? "

To annotate ...

(1): Ceng Zi, born in 505 BC, was born in the state of Lu, and is a descendant of the nobles of Dan who were destroyed by Lu. Zeng Shen is a proud pupil of Confucius and is famous for his dutiful son. It is said that he wrote the Book of Filial Piety.

(2) Three provinces: province (Shengxing), inspection and inspection. There are several explanations in the three provinces: first, three inspections; The second is to check from three aspects; The third is to check many times. In fact, in ancient times, adding numbers before verbs with actions meant that there were many actions, which did not have to be recognized as three times.

(3) loyalty: the old note said: loyalty. We should do our best here.

(4) letter: the old note says: the believer is sincere. Believe in honesty. People are required to keep faith with each other according to etiquette rules to adjust the relationship between people.

(5) Pass on without learning: Pass on, and the old note says, "Master Pass on. The teacher taught himself Learning, like the word "learning while learning", refers to review, practice, exercise and so on.

translate

Ceng Zi said, "I have to reflect on myself many times every day. Do I try my best to do things for others? Is it honest and trustworthy to associate with friends? Have you reviewed what the teacher taught you? "

original text

1.5 Confucius said: "Tao (1) is a thousand times as great as the country (2), respecting things (3) and believing, saving money and loving others (4) make people timely (5)."

To annotate ...

(1) Tao: A book is a lesson and a verb. This means governance.

(2) The country of a thousand riders: riding, prosperity, which means car. This refers to the basic units of the ancient army. Every time you ride in a four-horse chariot, there are 3 military personnel, 72 people beside the chariot and 25 logistics personnel, totaling 100. A thousand chariots country refers to a country with 1000 chariots, that is, a vassal state. Wars were frequent in the Spring and Autumn Period, so the strength of a country was calculated by the number of vehicles. In the era of Confucius, the country of a thousand riders was no longer a big country.

(3) Respect: The word respect is generally used to express one's attitude, especially to be cautious, single-minded and serious when dealing with what one is engaged in.

(4) Lover: The meaning of "person" in ancient times has broad and narrow meanings. "People" in a broad sense refers to all people; "People" in a narrow sense only refers to people from all walks of life above scholar-officials. Here "person" and "person" are relative, so its usage is narrow.

(5) Make people seize the time: time refers to farming time. In ancient times, agriculture was the pillar of the people, which meant that people should cultivate and harvest according to the farming time.

translate

Confucius said, "To govern a country for a thousand years, we must attach importance to state affairs and strictly abide by our credit."

Be honest, save financial expenses, care about officials and servants, and let the people not miss the farming season. "

Comment and analysis

This chapter of Confucius is mainly aimed at the rulers of the country, and it is about the basic principles of governing the country. He talked about three aspects, that is, he asked the rulers to seriously handle all aspects of state affairs and abide by credit; Save money and care about officials; To serve the people, we should pay attention not to delay the farming season. This is the basic point of governing the country and safeguarding the country.

Kang Youwei said that Confucius' theory is "love" and loves everyone. But the "lover" mentioned in this chapter does not mean this. The "people" he said are not ordinary people, but officials and people with status; "People" is the people and the object of the ruled. It can be seen that the "lover" does not love everyone, but only the people in the ruling group. The idea of "helping others and loving others, making people timely" is reasonable and embodies Confucius' social thought. But it has nothing to do with love or not. On the other hand, Confucius is here to make suggestions for the rulers to govern the country and the people.

Mr. Lu Xun once pointed out: "Confucius once planned an excellent method of governing the country, but it was all for the people, that is, the method envisioned by the powerful people, for the people themselves, but nothing." (Confucius in Modern China: Two Views on Opposing the Court) This is a view of Confucius' general plan of governing the country from the standpoint of the people. So, it's still quite sharp.

original text

1.6 Confucius said: "Disciples (1) are filial to those who enter (2), and those who leave are young (3). They sincerely believe in (4), they love people (5), and they are kind to people (6) and have spare capacity (7), so they learned to write (8). "

To annotate ...

Disciple (1): Generally speaking, there are two meanings: one is a younger brother and the other is a son; The second refers to students. Here is a kind of "disciple"

(2) Entering: In ancient times, father and son lived in different places and studied abroad. "Book of Rites Neize": "From male to above, father and son are different palaces". Entering is entering the father's palace, that is, entering the father's house or home.

(3) Going out: as opposed to "entering", it means going out to learn from teachers. Being a younger brother means treating teachers with younger brothers, and it can also refer to people older than yourself.

(4) Sincerity: Few people call it sincerity.

(5 mouths: sound model, the same pan, wide meaning. (6) Benevolence: Benevolence means benevolence, and people with benevolence. (7) spare capacity: that is, having leisure time.

(8) Text: ancient literature. There are mainly cultural knowledge such as poetry, calligraphy, ceremony and music.

translate

Confucius said: "Disciples are filial to their parents; When you are away from home, you should obey your teachers, be cautious in words and deeds, be honest and trustworthy, behave yourself, love everyone widely, and be close to benevolent people. After practicing like this, if you still have spare capacity, you will study literary knowledge again. "

Comment and analysis

Filial piety is mentioned in the second chapter of this paper, and it is mentioned again in this chapter. Confucius asked his disciples to devote themselves to filial piety, faith, love for the masses, kindness, and cultivate good moral concepts and behaviors. If they still have leisure time and spare capacity, they will use it to study ancient books and increase their cultural knowledge. This shows that Confucius' education is centered on moral education, focusing on cultivating students' moral cultivation, and the study of book knowledge is second.

In running a school, Confucius put the cultivation of students' moral concepts in the first place, and cultural learning was only the second. In fact, any class in history, whether it is the slave owner class, the landlord class or the bourgeoisie, education serves its politics, paying special attention to students' moral conduct and political performance, and putting "morality" before "knowledge", which is the need of the class. They just want to train all kinds of talents to meet the requirements of their own class.

original text

1.7 Xia Zi 1) said: "The sage (2) changes color; Parents can do their best; Things, can cause its body 4; Make friends and keep your word. Although I have never studied in Japan, I will call it learning. "

To annotate ...

Xia Zi: A student of Confucius, surnamed Bu, a famous businessman, was 44 years younger than Confucius and was born in 507 BC. After the death of Confucius, he publicized Confucius' thoughts in Wei State.

(2) Dedication: The first word "Dedication" is used as a verb to show respect. Being virtuous means respecting virtuous people.

(3) Yi: There are two explanations; First, the meaning of change, this sentence is to respect the virtuous and change the lust; The second is the meaning of contempt, that is, valuing morality over women.

(4) For the body: it means "giving" and "doing my best". This means giving your life to the monarch.

translate

Xia Zi said: "A person can attach importance to virtue, instead of a woman serving her parents and doing her best;" Serving the monarch can give his life; Communicate with friends, speak honestly and keep your word. Such a person, although he says he hasn't studied, I must say he has. "

Original)

1.8 Confucius said: "A gentleman (1) is not arrogant if he is not heavy (2); Learning is not solid (3). Lord's loyalty (4). People without friends are not as good as themselves; Don't be afraid to change (8) after (7). "

To annotate ...

(1) Gentleman: This word runs through this paragraph, and there should be a broken sentence here.

(2) Weight: solemnity and self-control.

(3) Learning is not solid: There are two explanations: one is doing it solidly, which is connected with the above sentence. Without dignity, there is no majesty, and what you have learned is not solid; The second is a solid understanding, that is, people can learn without solid knowledge and experience.

(4) loyalty: loyalty is the mainstay.

(5) Nothing: pass it on, meaning "don't".

(6) Not as good as yourself: generally interpreted as not as good as yourself. Another explanation says: "people who are not as good as themselves are not like themselves." The same is true of the so-called' different ways and no common cause'. " Interpret "such as" as "similar". The latter explanation is more in line with Confucius' original intention.

(7) miss too much, negligence.

(8) Fear: Dan, fear, fear.

translate

Confucius said, "A gentleman has no dignity without dignity; Learning can make people not blocked; Give priority to faithfulness and don't make friends with people who are different from you; If you make a mistake, don't be afraid to correct it. "

original text

1-9 Ceng Zi said: "Be cautious to the end (1) and pursue far (2). People's virtue is more important than thickness."

To annotate ...

(1) Be cautious to the end: death is the end. This refers to the death of parents. The old note said: He who is careful to the end will be sad.

(2) Chasing far: far refers to ancestors. The old note said: pay tribute to those who chase after the distance.

translate

Ceng Zi said: "Being careful about the death of parents and remembering ancestors will naturally make people more and more honest."

original text

1. 10 Qin Zi (⑴) asked Zigong (⑴) and said: Confucius (3) as for the country (4), he must learn about its politics, make peace with it, and refrain from (5) not making peace with it. Zi Gong said, "Master is gentle, courteous and frugal, so that (6) can be obtained. What does the master want? Are there any special requirements? "

To annotate ...

(1): Chen, surname. Zheng Xuan mentioned in The Analects that he was a student of Confucius, but there was no such person in Historical Records and Biography of Zhong Ni, so Qin Zi was not a student of Confucius.

(2) Zi Gong: Duanmu Mingci, a patriot, 3 1 year younger than Confucius, a student of Confucius, was born in 520 BC. Zi Gong was eloquent, and Confucius thought he could be the prime minister of a big country. According to Records of the Historian, Zigong did business in Weiguo and became a famous businessman.

(3) Master: This is an ancient honorific title, which can be obtained by anyone who has been a doctor. Confucius was once the commander-in-chief of the state of Lu, so his students called him a "master". Later, it was used to address teachers. Confucius mentioned in The Analects of Confucius is called by Confucius' students.

(4) country: refers to the vassal state that was separated at that time.

(5) inhibition: a classical Chinese conjunction indicating choice, meaning "or".

(6) Gentleness, kindness, courtesy, frugality and concession: Literally, it means meekness, kindness, respect, frugality and humility. This is a compliment from Confucius' disciples.

(7) Modal particles have the meaning of "probably" or "or".

translate

Qin Zi asked Zi Gong, "When a teacher comes to a country, he always hears political events in that country. Did he want it himself, or did the monarch give it to him? " Zi Gong said: "The teacher is gentle and courteous, so he got this qualification (this qualification can also be said to be obtained), but may the method he sought be different from others'?" "

original text

1- 1 1 Confucius said: "The father is here, so watch his (1) ambition; Father didn't, observe his behavior; Three years (3) without changing the way of the father (4) can be described as filial piety. "

To annotate ...

(1) Its: His refers to his son, not his father. (2) line: voice, indicating behavior, etc.

(3) Three years: There is no need to understand the figures mentioned by the ancients too mechanically, just saying that it will take a long time, not necessarily just three years.

(4) Tao: sometimes it is a noun in the general sense. No matter good or evil, it can be called Tao. But more often, it is a masculine noun, which means good and beautiful things. This means "reasonable content".

translate

Confucius said; "When his father was alive, (because he had no right to act independently), we should observe his ambition; After his father's death, we should examine his behavior; If he does not change the reasonable part of his father for a long time, such a person can be said to have done his filial piety. "

original text

1- 12 has a sub-day: "Gift (1), (2) expensive. Before Wang Zhidao (3), Sri Lanka (4) was beautiful. Small and big, there are problems. It is not feasible to make peace without courtesy (5). "

To annotate ...

(1) Rites: During the Spring and Autumn Period, "rites" generally referred to the laws, regulations and moral norms of slave society. Confucius' "ceremony" refers to "rites of the week", etiquette and ceremonies, and also refers to people's moral norms.

(2) Harmony: harmony and coordination.

(3) Pre-Wang Zhidao: It refers to the way of governing the country of ancient emperors such as Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu and so on.

(4) s: this, this meaning. Here refers to the ceremony, also refers to and.

translate

A Confucius said, "Harmony is the most important thing in the application of courtesy. The ancient monarch's method of governing the country is precious here. However, no matter how big or small things are, it is not feasible to do them in a harmonious way. (This is because) for the sake of harmony and harmony, it is not feasible to control harmony without courtesy. "