When we talk about Nietzsche's attitude, cognition and understanding more and more frequently, we are actually looking for a lonely excuse and exit for ourselves living in the present.
Are you lonely in this era?
When you brush your mobile phone over and over again, but you don't want to share your experiences and feelings with your lover around you;
When you attend a dinner party, you have a lot of money and changed a pair of glasses, but you don't know why you get drunk;
When you enter middle age, you find that your ideals have been exhausted, leaving only the pressure of survival and an increasingly unknown future. ...
Zhou said: Loneliness is human destiny. Now is not only a fatalistic state, but also a basic viability.
Once, Nietzsche was the most lonely philosopher in the world.
"There are few friendly voices coming to me. Now I am extremely lonely, incredibly lonely ... nothing exciting, no human breath, no love. "
But perhaps it is this loneliness that makes him great and wise.
Loneliness is a fate and a carnival of life.
Nietzsche is not a withdrawn person by nature, and the lonely wandering year after year is not a romantic enjoyment.
In unbearable loneliness, Nietzsche sighed again and again in despair: "I am looking for someone, but I have always found myself, and I no longer expect myself!" " ""Nobody loves me now, how can I still love this life! "
184410 June 15, Nietzsche was born in a rural pastor's family in Loken village near Loken town, Saxony, Prussia. My grandfather is a devout Christian and writes theological works. My grandfather is a priest. His father died of illness when he was less than five years old. Since then, he spent his childhood and adolescence under the care of his mother and aunt.
Although he didn't learn to say the first sentence until he was two and a half years old, Nietzsche's intelligence has been extraordinary since then: 10 years old, he founded an art theater with his friends and wrote plays for the theater. In Naumburg Middle School, the teachers think that they have superior IQ and should go to a better school for further study.
1858 entered Pourtal school, a prestigious school with a long history. From 65438 to 0862, Nietzsche entered Bonn University. In order not to be too isolated, Nietzsche even "gave up his personality" and joined a student group. But does his natural ability make him adapt to this world?
During school, in order to get rid of vulgarity, Nietzsche called for reducing smoking and drinking. However, his initiative was not adopted and was isolated and satirized. Proud, he fled Bonn and chose to go to Leipzig to finish his studies.
But what happened later made Nietzsche even more lonely.
Rigid courses, trivial daily affairs, the future career of scholars suddenly seems so strange. Is life a pastime or a step-by-step classroom exam?
He has a sense of mission to seek a more real life for himself.
1869, Nietzsche was 25 years old and went to university of basel as a professor of classical linguistics on the recommendation of Li. In the recommendation letter, he wrote without boasting: "In the past 39 years, I have witnessed so many new geniuses, but I have never seen a young man as mature as Nietzsche at such a young age."
Nietzsche lived up to expectations and took office. He delivered his inaugural speech entitled Homer and China's Classical Literature, which was rich in writing and high in quality, and impressed his new colleagues.
But the next book left Nietzsche completely in a lonely situation.
Two years later, Nietzsche published his first novel The Birth of Tragedy.
In the view of orthodox China scholars, it is totally absurd for a linguist to criticize Socrates and Plato with Dionysian spirit without considering the subtlety of Plato's classic language. Orthodox linguists represented by young scholar Wilamowitz strongly criticized Nietzsche.
From 65438 to 0876, the "desert period" in Nietzsche's life began. This crisis is so profound that, unlike the previous two times, he was not only divorced from the student group and condemned by German philology, but was exiled by the whole era.
This year, Nietzsche's book "Human Nature, Too Human Nature" was sent to Wagner, and the two broke up from then on.
This year, Nietzsche and his closest friend Lord in college became estranged, which led to the later break.
This year, Nietzsche proposed to a Dutch woman and was rejected. Later, although I tried many times to find a spouse for myself, I failed and finally died unmarried.
It was also in this year that Nietzsche stopped teaching in the university because of his poor health. Three years later, he resigned as Professor university of basel and left the university forum forever.
1879, Nietzsche ended his ten-year teaching career and began a lonely wandering career without career, family and friends.
1889, Nietzsche, who had been misunderstood for a long time, hugged the neck of a horse abused by a groom in Turin Street and finally lost his mind.
Nietzsche entered the last decade of his life. He first lived in the mental hospital of Jena University. 1890 In May, his mother took him to Nanpu's home for care.
1897 In April, due to the death of his mother, Nietzsche moved to the home of Weimar's sister Elizabeth worster Nietzsche.
In Nietzsche's life, family has always been his warm haven. As the only male in this family, five female members of the family care for him in every possible way, take care of him in every possible way, and try their best to satisfy all his wishes.
However, for the lofty ideal in his heart, Nietzsche resolutely abandoned all this and wandered, starved and meditated in this stormy world like an ascetic monk.
1900 On August 25th, this untimely thinker died in Weimar at the age of 55.
Looking back on his life, Nietzsche said that "the road to wisdom" has three stages.
The first stage is the "gregarious period", in which people who are better than themselves are revered, obeyed and imitated.
The second stage is the "desert period", when the bondage is the strongest, the reverence is broken, the spirit of freedom thrives, and all values are reassessed.
The third stage is the "creative period", and we reaffirm it on the basis of negation. However, this is definitely not out of some authority above me, but only out of myself. I am fate, and the fate of mankind is in my hands.
Therefore, when Nietzsche realized that loneliness was the fate of a true thinker, he was willing to be lonely and loved his own destiny.
Nietzsche foresaw that "the shadow that inevitably hangs over Europe" is the spiritual crisis of capitalism.
Zhou wrote in Nietzsche: At the Turn of the Century:19th century, the first person who keenly felt this crisis and tried to find a way out was Marx, and the other were Kierkegaard, Dostoevsky and Nietzsche.
Come to Nietzsche's "creative period", his influence on later generations mainly lies in:
First, Nietzsche first started from the fact that the Christian faith has gone bankrupt ("God is dead") and came to the conclusion that all traditional values will collapse ("revaluation of all values").
Secondly, Nietzsche further draws the conclusion of value relativity from the collapse of old value, emphasizing that everyone must create value for himself independently, and advocates personal supremacy and self-realization.
Third, Nietzsche was one of the first people to reveal the limitations of scientific rationality, and he was also the first person to clearly reveal and analyze the unconscious field in human psychology in detail.
Some people say that Nietzsche's problems can be understood by everyone, especially those who have lost their way in the modern world.
Nietzsche's philosophy expresses the pain of loss and the desire to seek of modern westerners in the era of the collapse of traditional values. Perhaps this is the vitality of Nietzsche's philosophy.
When the year 202 1 ends, the time will reach the threshold of 2022. When we face an increasingly foggy future, we may be as miserable and lonely as Nietzsche.
But we must first learn to think like Nietzsche and face our pain and loneliness like that.
Are Nietzsche's three stages to wisdom exactly the three realms of being with himself?
The first realm is to get close to the world, try to blend in, get close to your excellent people, and live hard under the world order.
In the second realm, you work hard but don't trust the world. There are both wine and stories, both life and ideals. You should learn to give meaning and connotation.
The third realm is to transcend this secular life, establish your own spiritual order, help yourself and the people around you to achieve the perfection of their destiny, and be a great intellectual in thought.
Crows are noisy,
Swish into the city to live,
It is going to snow. ——
People with hometown have happiness!
You stood there in a daze,
In retrospect, it seems like a lifetime ago!
How stupid you are,
You fled to the world to escape the severe winter?
The world is a door,
To the desert-cold and dumb!
whoso
If you lose what you have lost, you will have no home.
You're cursed,
Destined to wander in the winter journey.
You always pursue,
Like smoke chasing the cold sky.
Fly, bird,
Sing rough desert birds!
Hide, fool,
Hide your bleeding heart in ice and ridicule!
Crows are noisy,
Swish into the city to live,
It is going to snow. ——
People who have no hometown are miserable!
This is a poem "Loneliness" written by Nietzsche during his ten-year wandering life, which embodies Nietzsche's lonely situation and mentality in his wandering life.
The poem "Loneliness" describes such a scene:
One day, the deformed drifter stood on the windy road, overlooking the desolate Yuan Ye and extending into the unpredictable leaden sky.
Winter snow seems to be coming soon, and flocks of crows pass noisily over his head and fly to the city to stay. Everything around is bleak and desolate. The extreme loneliness abandoned by the whole world weighed heavily on the poet's heart, and the poet's heart trembled violently. At this time, full of sadness and pain became euphemistic and sad poems-
But was Nietzsche just sad and self-pitying?
Nietzsche painfully felt that he was more horribly lonely in the crowd than when he was alone. So Nietzsche would rather regard the desert as his refuge and the beast as his colleague.
How many people in the world can afford such a life explorer?
So, what about you?
Loneliness is a state of comfort, but not everyone can understand its true meaning.
"The sober people and sages in the old days have been forgotten", why? Because loneliness is a supreme state. In a lonely world, your soul is free, the noise of the city will no longer ring in your ears, you won't hear the noisy voices of friends, and you won't hear the noise of mobile phones and computers like frogs.
Loneliness is a kind of enjoyment and an interpretation of life.
Mr Mu Xin said, "You don't need to find me where all the flowers are moving. If I want to meet each other, all I can do is to return to the truth after a long journey. "
Nietzsche once said, "My theory is for my readers in a hundred years".
100 years later, when we finally realized that "loneliness" in the second half of life is a journey forward. If you encounter doubts, difficulties and hesitation, please remember to bring Nietzsche's lonely wisdom.
Since loneliness is our destiny, what kind of loneliness you choose determines what kind of life you will lead.
So, what is your choice?