The following is the main content and reading method of An Introduction to Chinese Studies discussed by Mr. Liang Qichao. Dear China fans, let's listen to the master's teachings!

order

Two months ago, the reporter of Tsinghua Weekly was related to this topic and spent a long time reporting his life. Living in a green mountain, I haven't written a book, but the reporter was very anxious and spent three days trying to remember this article. Omission is inevitable. If there is something wrong with the title and title, it will be corrected one day.

On April 26th of the Republic of China 12, Qi Chao worked in the Green Mountain Residence in Bimoyan.

(A) books on the relationship between self-cultivation and the history of thought

The Analects of Confucius and Mencius

The Analects of Confucius is the general source of China's thought for two thousand years. Since the Song Dynasty, Mencius' influence has also been comprehensive. These two books are the masters of China people's life at home and abroad. I hope scholars will read them carefully and recite them. If you can't, you must read it several times, make a short statement, or write down what he said about his physical and mental practice to practice.

The articles in The Analects of Confucius and Mencius are not difficult, so it is advisable to read the text specially and take notes in a proper way. The annotated Zhu Si Shu Zhu is extremely cautious and readable all his life. However, some people fall into the barriers of Song and Confucianism, so we should observe them separately. Among the Confucian annotations in the Qing Dynasty, The Analects of Confucius is the most promising one, and Mencius' Justice of Mencius by Jiao Xun is the best. Dai's obedience to Yan Xizhai's learning is more important than practice. His annotation is similar to that of Confucius, and his exegesis is better than Zhu's annotation. His book is concise and easy to read. Jiao's obedience to Dai Dongyuan's theory, Mencius Righteousness is the best in the study of new sparse classics, but its text is quite complicated. When you are confused or feel something, you'd better prepare a desk for reference.

Dai Zhen's Interpretation of Mencius' Word Meaning is a philosophy of Dai's family, and it was not specially written to annotate Mencius. But his book is so incisive that scholars will read it eventually. It is best to read Mencius at the same time, so that you can not only know Albert Venn Dicey's program, but also help to read Mencius.

Jiao Xun's interpretation of The Analects of Confucius is a copy of Mencius' interpretation of meaning. It scattered all the Analects of Confucius and listed important meanings, such as benevolence, loyalty and forgiveness. , and lists some general views, which can be regarded as one of the good ways to treat the Analects of Confucius and can also be applied to treat other books.

The two books on the right have few pages and are easy to read.

Shu Dong Du Shu is the most accurate interpretation of Mencius by Chen Li. His book is only twenty or thirty pages long, so you might as well read it and observe the previous research methods, which are suitable for self-cultivation and are of great benefit.

I Ching

This book is a philosophical book before Confucius. Although Confucius' annotations are difficult to learn, they must be read frequently. I hope that scholars will read the connected biographies and classical Chinese as reciting, and copy the sixty-four chapters of Guaxiang Biography on other papers for your reference at any time.

Later generations said that the Book of Changes was true recently, and I pushed Jiao Xun alone. His three works (Yi Tong Zhi, Yi Tu Brief and Zhang Yi Sentence) are all called Jingyi. Scholars who want to deeply understand this classic should read it. Otherwise, it won't be necessary.

Book of rites

This book is a series of "Confucian sayings" in the Warring States and the Western Han Dynasty, some of which are extremely pure and some are extremely broken. I hope that scholars will recite these four articles: The Doctrine of the Mean, University, Liu Yun and Yue Ji. I have read Quli, Wang Zhi, Tan Gong, Li Qi, Xue Ji, Ji Fang, Biao Ji, Yi, Yi Ru, Da Zhuan, Sacrifice Yi, Sacrifice Law and Rural Drinking Yi. If you want to read the notes, you can read Zheng Zhu's Notes on Thirteen Classics. The Book of Filial Piety has the same nature as the Book of Rites and can be read as one of the Books of Rites.

Laozi Ф

The best book of Taoism. I hope that scholars can recite these small 5000 words. Annotations are not appropriate. You might as well read the vernacular and find it yourself.

Ф Mozi

Confucius and Mohism were two saints in the pre-Qin period, so this book must be read. Except for the later chapters of Preparing the City Gate, the rest are suitable for intensive reading. Sun Yirang's Notes on Mozi is the best, and it is advisable to read this book immediately when reading Mozi. There are four books, Shang Jing Xia and Jing Shuo. There are two books worth reading, namely Mo and Mo Jing by Liang Qichao, but there are also some shortcomings. Hu Shixin can go and see the ditty. Liang Qichao's Case Study of Mozi belongs to the genre of hermeneutics, which can be visited to add interest. However, his book is a temporary handout and has not been carefully examined.

Ф Zhuangzi

Among the seven articles of Inner Chapter and Miscellaneous Chapter, Tianxia Chapter should be read intensively. The annotated edition is different from Guo Qingfan's Zhuangzi Ji Jie.

xunzi

Uncover the mask, correct the name, the theory of heaven, the theory of righteousness, the theory of evil nature, the theory of ceremony and the theory of music should be read intensively. I still need to browse the whole article. Wang Xianqian's Annotation on Xunzi is very good.

Yin Wenzi, Shen Zi, Gong Sunzilong

All who live today are not finished. However, the three sons are all great philosophers in the pre-Qin period, so it is appropriate to read them. There are few articles, and it is as easy as blowing off dust. There are still some questions about the authenticity of Gongsun Zilong. None of the three books has good notes. Yin Wenzi and Shen Zi are easy to understand.

Ф Everything is wrong.

The essence of legalist speech. You must browse all of them. (articles that should be read intensively in particular, because there is no original work at hand, I am afraid of missing it, and I will make up the column another day. Note: Wang Xianshen's summary of Han Feizi is poor.

Ф "pipeline"

The authors collected by people at the end of the Warring States period are quite diverse in nature, but there are many ancient theories, which should be browsed. The instruction book "Pipe Calibration" written by Dai Wang is very good.

Ф Lu Chunqiu

This is the oldest book of its kind in China. There are many pre-Qin theories, which should be browsed.

Huainanzi

This book is a collection of Taoist writings between Qin and Han Dynasties, so we should read it carefully. It's very nice to listen to Liu Wendian's Notes on Huainan and Lie Hong.

Ф Spring and Autumn Stories

This is the work of a representative figure of Confucianism in the Western Han Dynasty. Intensive reading is appropriate. It's good to have Su Yu's "Spring and Autumn Stories Revealing Righteousness". Kang Youwei's A Study on the History of the Spring and Autumn Period and the East is an explanatory work, which is worth reading.

About salt and iron

This book is a skeptical philosophy of the Han Dynasty and should be browsed.

Ф "Bao Puzi"

This book is a masterpiece of Taoist language after the Jin Dynasty, and should be browsed.

Liezi

The fake books of Jin people can be read as metaphysics books in Wei and Jin Dynasties.

Youbiao is an important work in the ideological circle before Han and Jin Dynasties.

During the Six Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties, Buddhism was the most brilliant figure in the ideological circle, and its bibliography should be described separately.

The following is the representative work of future academics. I save energy for ordinary scholars and don't want to give more examples.

(5) "recent thoughts", Zhu Zhu, Jiang Yong note.

Read this book and you will know what the new Confucianism of Zhu Cheng School is.

Biography of Zhu is the same as Zhu Lun Xue.

This book tells the story of Zhu Xue comprehensively, accurately and methodically. If you want to study Cheng Zhu School, you should read Cheng Zhu's suicide note and Zhuzi's school. Non-professionals can buy it. In the Southern Song Dynasty, there were Lu Donglai's philology school, Chen Longchuan's and Ye Shuixin's utilitarianism school, and Lu Xiangshan's psychology school. It depends on everyone's album. A cursory look can be found in Examples of Song and Yuan Dynasties.

(5) Wang Shouren, Xu Yi, Qian Dehong and others in Biographical Literature.

Read this and you will know the outline of Wang Xue. For details, you should read Wang Wen's book of success. Because Yangming takes the unity of knowledge and action as his teaching, only by combining knowledge with action can we see his whole personality clearly. His work process is concentrated in various articles. Therefore, Yangming Ji is more important than Zhu He Lu Ji.

⑤ Huang Zongxi wrote The Case of Confucianism in Ming Dynasty.

⑤ Huang Zongxi's first draft, The Case of Song and Yuan Dynasties, was written by Quan and Wang Zicai twice.

These two books are the confluence of Neo-Confucianism in Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, and are actually the academic history of creationism. Yaojiang, Jiangyou, Wangmen, Taizhou, Lindong and Lushan are typical representatives of Confucianism in the Ming Dynasty. Xiangshan case in Song and Yuan Dynasties is the best, and Hengqu, Ercheng, Donglai, Longchuan and Shui Xin cases are also good. Hui Weng's situation is not very good. The cases of Bai Yuan (Shao Yong) and Su Shui (Sima Guang) are too complicated to be true. At the end of the attached article (Wang Anshi), Gong Jing's new learning is the worst. Because of the portal view, it is exclusive. If you want to know Gong Jing's knowledge, you should read Wang Linchuan's collected works.

Although there are a large number of these two volumes, I always hope that scholars will choose to browse them, because they are a collection of academics for 600 years and have a profound impact on modern times. And all the scholars are collected into a series, which is not very laborious to read.

Unfortunately, there are no such excellent books in the academic history of Qing Dynasty. Tang Jianzhi's Notes on State Affairs is based on the most depressed Zhu Cheng School in Qing Dynasty. It is narrow, rough and unreadable. Fan Jiang's History of Sinologists in the Kingdom and the Origin of Song Xueyuan in the Kingdom are also case genres, which are better. And Jiang's knowledge is also very mediocre, and he can't tell the uniqueness of each family. As a last resort, for reference only. Qi is related to Confucianism in Qing dynasty, and its origin is still unknown.

⑤ Gu's Road to the Sun and Selected Works.

Gu was the pioneer of Qing dynasty. His energy is concentrated on the road to the sun, and he should browse. Reading the letters in the anthology, we can see that he has established himself as a scholar.

(5) Huang Zongxi "Ming Yi to be interviewed".

Huang Lizhou was one of the masters in the early Qing Dynasty. Its greatest contribution lies in two study plans. This pamphlet outlines his political thoughts.

(5) the record of thinking, written by Wang Fu.

Wang Chuanshan was a master in the early Qing Dynasty. Unless you read the whole book, you can't see its profundity. But the paper is too complicated for scholars to understand unless it is systematically arranged. Talking about the origin of this book is not enough to represent all his knowledge.

⑤ History of Yan Family edited by Dai Wang.

Yan Xizhai was one of the masters in the early Qing Dynasty. The study notes compiled by Dai Jia are quite true. Xu Shichang's Li Yanxue can also be used for reference. However, his collections Xi Zhai yaoyu and Shu Gu Yao Yu Yao will attack the lack of Confucian language records in the Song Dynasty, which is untrue.

Scholars must know Mr. Gu Yansi's scholarship, but his writings are vast and varied, and it is not easy to find them. Qi Chao will sort out and describe the system of rewarding scholars.

Ф Dai Zhen's Dongyuan Collection.

⑤ Sculpture Architecture Collection, Jiao Xun.

Dai Dongyuan and Jiao Litang are clear and profound philosophical thinkers in Confucian classics in Qing Dynasty. You can know his knowledge and research methods by reading his books. Qi Chao's two cases, Confucianism in Qing Dynasty and Oriental Original Theory, are being drafted.

⑤ Literature and History, written by Zhang Xuecheng.

Although the title of this book is literature and history, it is still worth reading. Hu Shi's chronology of Zhang Shizhai can be used for reference.

⑤ The Book of Great Harmony written by Kang Youwei.

Mr. Nanhai's original idea is in this book. It was published in the magazine Unbearable.

⑤ Zhang Zhu's On the Balance of National Heritage.

It can be seen that Zhang Taiyan's thought is one of the highlights. The details should be read in Zhang's suicide note.

⑤ Eastern and Western cultures and their philosophies, by Liang Shuming.

There are both local and unique.

(5) The Outline of China's Philosophical History written by Hu Shi (Volume I).

⑤ History of Political Thought in Pre-Qin Period, written by Liang Qichao.

I will read the books of the Pre-Qin Classics Department, so I should read these two books first. Can arouse interest and inspire your own judgment.

⑤ An Introduction to Learning in Qing Dynasty, written by Liang Qichao.

If you want to know something about the style of study in Qing Dynasty, you should read this book.

(b) books on political history and other linguistics

Ф Shangshu

Only 28 of them are real books and should be read intensively. However, fortunately, the text is crooked and I can't recite it. The rest of the articles are fabricated by Jin people, so it is enough to browse. (For the title of authenticity, see "Authenticity and Age of Ancient Books" written by Qi Chao, which should be published in a few days. ) This book can't be explained without annotations, and Sun Xingyan's Annotations on Ancient Books in Today's History is the best.

Yi Zhou Shu

This book is both true and false. It is wise to browse. The annotated book is Zhu Youzeng's Yi Zhou Shu Xun Shi.

Ф Bamboo Chronology

This book was forged by people in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. There are several ancient books compiled by Qing Confucianism. Wang Guowei made it up best.

(5) "Mandarin Spring and Autumn Zuoshi Biography"

These two books, or one book, were separated from the Western Han people and should be read together. Zuo Zhuan should select several articles to read and recite, which is very good for learning. When reading Zuo Zhuan, we might as well look at the Chronicle of Events in the Spring and Autumn Period, so that we can get a research approach.

Ф Warring States Policy

It is advisable to select several articles to read carefully, which is beneficial to study.

Ф "Zhou Li"

This book was published in the late Western Han Dynasty. It is still difficult to determine when people wrote it. It's just the system in the book, and some of them are the old system in the Zhou Dynasty; The rest are also the ideal products of scholars in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties. Therefore, it is always advisable to read it. Sun Yirang's Annotation is the best.

(5) written by Cui Shu "test letter record".

This book is the most rigorous textual research on the historical facts of the three generations and should be viewed as a standard for treating ancient history.

Ф Zi Tongzhi Jian

This is the most valuable work in chronological political history. Although the paper is a bit complicated, I always hope that scholars can read it carefully. If it is bitter, dry and tasteless, we might as well imitate the example of the Spring and Autumn Events Table and start our own business. Notes on signs. I used this method when I was young. Although it was not written, it grew a lot. )

Wang Chuanshan's Reading as a Mirror is critical and quite different from popular customs. Reading as a mirror is also one of the ways to help.

⑤ Bi Yuan's "Continuation of Capital Management as a Mirror".

The value of this book is far lower than that of Sima Guang's original work, so there is nothing to say. People who ignore each other are better, and be prepared to get a few slaps. Or read "Nine Records" instead of "Xu Zhengzhi as a Mirror". Either this or that, there must be a book.

(5) general examination of documents, continuous general examination of documents and general examination of imperial documents.

The three books are very long. Today, the main items that scholars are choosing are: Tianfu test, hukou test, vocational service test, You's test, missing test, Guo Yong test, coin test, art test, criminal test, economic test and thinking test, all of which are required reading. The rest can be seen or not. I don't have the original at hand, so I can't remember it. If there are omissions, I should correct them. ) Everyone should read according to his own hobbies. For example, if you want to study economic history and financial history, you must take the first seven exams. I imitate this. Ma Shi's General Examination of Documents was originally based on Du Shi's General Code. If you respect creativity, you should quote "universal code". Today, replace this with this and get its rich information. When we read the old history, what we value most is the raw materials and the organization of the furnace hammer, and what we need is mine.

Han Shu, Tang Yao Hui and Five Dynasties Meeting can be read together with Tong Jian.

Ф Twenty Outline of Tongzhi

Zheng Yuzhong's knowledge and historical ability are extraordinary. Tongzhi is a voluminous book, so there is no need to read it carefully. The spirit of the twenty views must be browsed. Among them, the same as the "general exam" category may be saved. The most important ones are Genealogy, Liushu Genealogy, Qizhu Genealogy and Collation Genealogy.

Twenty-Four Books of History ［official history of China up to the end of the Ming Dynasty authorized by Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty］

General mirror and general examination emerge one after another, and the huge history of twenty-four makes scholars flinch! However, the Twenty-four History must be read. There are two reasons: (1) At present, there is no satisfactory general history. Without reading the twenty-four histories, we cannot know the active remains of our ancestors. (2) Although the general history of the fake order is good, its book is unique, and the original data of the twenty-four histories can't earn the whole line. Therefore, Twenty-four History is still a book that citizens should read.

Books should be read, but they are too numerous and difficult to read. So what? I will try to extract some methods for scholars today.

Pick a book when you say it. Historical Records, History of Han Dynasty, History of Later Han Dynasty and History of the Three Kingdoms are collectively called the Four Histories. His books are all written by great historians, with rigorous style; And recently, many scholars are reciting, and their influence in the academic field is different from that of the Six Classics. We are common sense, so we must read it. I hope that scholars will browse all four biographies of history, or pick out some slightly familiar articles to learn. Because there are the most beautiful articles in the Four History. You can look up if you want, but I don't have the original at hand. Let's take a rain check. Apart from the four histories, The History of the Ming Dynasty is considered to be the best in the official revision, and the times are near, so we should read it carefully.

Second, according to the classification of things, pick up and read the records. For example, if you want to study economic history and financial history, read The Book of Stabilization and The Book of Grain. If you want to learn music, read Le Shu and Lezhi. I want to study the military system and read Military Discipline. If you want to study academic history, you should read Literature and Art Annals, Annals of Classics and Scholars. If you want to study the history of religion, you should read Shu Wei's Shi Lao Zhi (unfortunately, he has no history). ..... Every time you study a subject, you should read through the history subject and read it together with the general examination of literature. When they read, they often find a lot of information scattered on various communicators, and then follow up to investigate its spread to read. The extension of this analogy can gradually become a long list of economic history, religious history and so on. It will be a work in the future.

Third, pick up the biography according to the classification of characters. Reading biographies of famous people can stimulate people's ambition most, and the wisdom of dealing with things has increased a lot, so the ancients attached great importance to reading history. Since the biographies of the whole history can't be read through (and don't need to be read through), you might as well choose the biographies of great men, each history is only twenty or thirty ears long, and you can choose to read according to the researchers you want: if you want to study academic history, read Biographies of Scholars and other scholars; If you want to study academic history, you should read Biography of Wen Yuan and biographies of other writers. ..... If you keep reading like this, I'm afraid you will only suffer less and not more.

In addition, Biography of Foreign Countries, Biography of Man Wars and Biography of Tusi in various histories contain the most original materials of national history and sociology, which is extremely interesting. I hope scholars can understand it.

Ф Twenty-two History Notes, written by Zhao Yi.

Before scholars read the official history, I suggest that they browse this book. The theory of "Ji" is a rhetorical matter and a teaching of Chunqiu. This book obtains the formula of "comparing things". The data under each topic are piecemeal sorted out from dozens of biographies. If flowers are picked into honey, scholars can read history in their own way and develop their writing ability. About one third of the words are collated in Chinese and English, and you can do without reading them. )

(5) "35 episodes", by Wei Yuan.

⑤ Brief Introduction of the First Enterprise in China, by Li.

The most regrettable thing is that there is no complete book about the remains of history of qing dynasty. Take this book as a supplement. Wei Mo has a gift for good history, and the story of Shengwu is the final edition of chronicle. This is a rare masterpiece, describing the causes, consequences and sequence of the battles in Mongolia, Sichuan and Tibet. Li Ciqing's "Let's get down to business first", before Daoguang, there were some figures and statutes. You might as well browse and get a general idea of the historical sites in the last two or three hundred years. The whole history of Qing Dynasty written by Japanese Inaba Junshan is still readable (there is a translation).

⑤ Gu Zuyu's Minutes of Reading Historical Records.

This is the most organized geography book. Its specialty lies in the monograph on the situation, taking the region as the longitude and the historical sites as the latitude, and it is not dry to read. Although this book is voluminous, reading its narrative theory (to the end of every government) is not very laborious, and it can arouse geographical interest.

The Stone, by Liu Zhiji.

This book is rich in historical methods and should be browsed. Zhang's literature and history are similar in nature and wide in scope.

⑤ China's historical research method, written by Liang Qichao.

Reading it can increase your interest in history and know how to treat it.

(c) rhyming documents

The Book of Songs

I hope scholars can recite them all. Even if not, a large part of them must be able to quote them. Chen Huan Shi Mao's Poems is the best annotated edition.

Ф Song of the South

Qu and Song should be familiar with each other and can recite them best. The rest are unreadable. Zhu's "Notes on Chu Ci" is more acceptable.

Selected works of Ф

Choose reading.

Yuefu Poetry edited by Guo Maoqian.

Read China's ancient poems whose author is unknown, and have a look at the Yuefu style in Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties. Don't look at anything else.

Poets in Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties should read the following: Cao Zijian, Ruan Sizong, Tao Yuanming, Xie, Bao Mingyuan and Xie Xuanhui. If there is no one-line collection, you can use Zhang Pu's 133 Poems of Han and Wei Dynasties or Wang Kaiyun's Selected Poems of Eight Dynasties.

Li Taibai's collection

Ф "Du Gongbu Series"

Ф "Wang Youcheng Series"

Ф Meng Xiangyang Ji

Ф Wei Suzhou Collection

Ф feldspar series

Ф anthology of Han Changli

Ф Liuhe East Collection

Ф White Xiangshan Series

Ф "Li Yishan Series"

Linchuan Collection of King Ф (poetry should be annotated by Li Bi)

Ф Su Dongpo's Works

Ф Collection of Mountain Cultural Relics in Yuan Dynasty

Ф "Lu Fangweng Series"

The above Tang and Song poetry collections.

Selected poems of Tang Baijia, selected by Wang Anshi.

(5) Paper money in Song Dynasty, copied by Lv Liuliang.

Selected poems of Tang and Song Dynasties.

Ф "Muslim Ci", Zhou Meicheng.

Ф "Drunken Weng Qin Qu", Ouyang Xiu.

⑤ Dongpo Yuefu, Su Shi.

Ф Collection of Reclaiming Fields, by Liu Yong.

⑤ Huaihai Ci, Qin Guan.

The woodcutter's song, Zhu Dunru.

Ф Jia Xuanci, Xin Qiji.

Ф Houcun Ci, Liu Kezhuang.

⑤ Song of Taoist Baishi, Jiang Kui.

Ф Bishan Ci, Wang.

Ф Dream Window Ci, Wu Wenying.

Ci collection in song dynasty.

Ф Xixiang

The story of Ф pipa

Ф Mudan Pavilion

Peach Blossom Fan

Ф "Palace of Eternal Life"

Song books of people in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.

The books listed in this door are used by people who satirize pottery and write interesting books after learning. They are not for literary experts, especially those who study the history of literature, so they are not called literature, but rhymes.

The scope of literature should at least include ancient prose (parallel prose) and novels. I don't think it is necessary to read novels unless you want to be an expert in composition. As for ancient prose, there is no need to learn it. We always read Zhou and Qin philosophers, Zuo Zhuan, National Policy, Four History, As a Mirror and their ideological works and records. If we can read more books, we can belong to literature. Why do you want to give ancient Chinese a special name? Therefore, it is no longer recorded in Civilization Collection (its distribution related to learning can be found in various schools). The Selected Works and Wang Wenji are attached. If a scholar wants literature, he can use Yao Nai's Dictionary of Ancient Literature, Li Zhaoluo's Pian Ti Wen Copy and Zeng Guofan's Miscellaneous Copy of Classics and History.