Taking A Dream of Red Mansions as an allusion to the background of Qing Dynasty, this paper briefly describes the process of cultivating the next generation by Jia Fu and other rich people;
First, the content of family research:
Preschool children are enlightened by their relatives (aunts, aunts and sisters) and taught "font size" (that is, the big characters of single words). Note: It seems that other people's families are taught by their parents, and this family is only taught by their in-laws and relatives.
Six schools at home.
1. Learning:
The beginning of six studies: three-character classics, primary school collections, long Wen whip shadow, and study tour in Qionglin.
Starting at the age of eight: four books, Confucius family language, filial piety.
Beginning at the age of ten: compromise between poetry and meaning, illustration of books and classics. And began to learn antithesis and affixes, and then poetry.
Beginning at the age of twelve: Zhouyi eclecticism, Book of Rites, Spring and Autumn Period, Erya, storytelling.
Since I was a teenager, I started: China's view of ancient literature, China's interpretation of ancient literature, article style, 100 ancient literary works in China, the combination of Tang poetry and Song poetry, editing, parallel prose, six dynasties, and Zhaoming anthology.
Later: the first three histories, Zi Tongzhi Jian, Tong Jian Ji Jie, Zhi Yi Lu Outline and On History.
2. Writing:
Six schools began to paint red, using a four-hole grid specially made by a certain generation of grandfathers, with 32 words of * * *.
When I was eight years old, I began to write in fine print: I first chose one of the "Linz Ermiao" to study, and then I came to the Tang and Jin Dynasties.
Take the children of Han scholars who were orthodox tutors in Qing Dynasty as an example, because this is the most common. (Jiang's children have another training program. There are also some scholars with special backgrounds, such as Manchu, who take translation classes and learn different contents. )
? Second, what was the training process of children from provinces with better education quality in Qing dynasty before they were admitted to scholar and juren?
A child who pursues parental education (that is to say, at least one qualified reserve civil servant is trained, not just admitted) is trained like this:
I began to read at the age of four, and I can use books such as "Thousand Characters".
After recognizing the word, I began to read the Book of Filial Piety, the University and the Doctrine of the Mean, and constructed the basic three views. Review old books first every day, and you will pass the exam if you can recite them. After the old books are warmed up, you will get a new one.
Secondly, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius constructed profound values and outlook on life. By the age of seven or eight, you will have learned four books: learning, mediocrity, theory and Mencius.
First read filial piety, learning and mediocrity, and then talk about Mencius. Generally speaking, this order cannot be reversed.
Then read through the five classics: The Book of Songs, Shangshu, Zhouyi, Book of Rites and Zuo Zhuan to build a high-level world outlook. After reading these, I will be fifteen or sixteen years old soon, so I can try to take the scholar exam. A few wonderful flowers will study the Book of Rites (both Zhou Li and Yi Li) or the Spring and Autumn Annals (besides Zuo Zhuan, the Biography of the Ram and Gu Liangzhuan), so it is normal for a famous Confucian in Qing Dynasty to read the Thirteen Classics in his teens, as long as students study hard and pay close attention to their families, and don't waste time. However, it is really too difficult for families with no reading tradition, or families with parents who have difficulty making money.
Third, daily life:
Take an endorsement first, and then you can publish a new book. When explaining the new book, the ordinary teacher will tell you about Zhu's classic annotations, the literature and art teacher will tell you about the old annotations of the Han and Jin classics and the meaning of the Tang Dynasty, and the second teacher will bring you some private goods to tell you about the comments of the country and scholars of past dynasties.
As for textbooks, if you are a college student, you don't have to buy a set of books at home. The government distributes this set of teaching materials to colleges in counties, and you can go to colleges to read it. And there are no books to copy, borrow and erase!
When the back of the book is finished, the younger children will read the correct sentences; Older children should learn to write poetry (because no matter whether they take the exam or not, they have to take the exam! The rules are strict and require special training. Those classic little books on psychology are actually teaching people to learn to write poems from the simple to the deep. Why did you write poems in the imperial examination before but not today? Since the format of poetry review is stipulated, the examiner can still correct it after reading it carefully; There are too many candidates for the contemporary college entrance examination, and hundreds of thousands of them can be changed.
Fourth, there are some special skills, such as:
Remember the taboo words of the dynasty (words with the same name and rhyme of the emperor will also be rejected when using words with the same rhyme), and know how to write some formats (for example, know how to raise a few squares when mentioning "God" and "Emperor" and "Imperial Court" respectively).
It's also important to write small words with round ribs and bright black! Very important! Especially the court exam.
Negative example: Gong Zizhen didn't get into the Hanlin because of her poor handwriting, and she hated it.
Positive example: Qin Dacheng, the champion of Qianlong in a certain year, took the last place in the exam. Because the real estate teacher told him to practice calligraphy well, Gong Kao actually attacked Lun Yuan.
Reading classics is input, writing articles is output. I remember that in the materials I read before, students with normal IQ can achieve this kind of life achievement after 12 and 13 years old. Some children who can write articles and poems before the age of ten will be praised as prodigies.
5. The following are optional courses:
Primary school (four departments are counted in the Department of Classics, but in fact they are not Confucian classics, but vassals of Confucian classics, such as Shuowen and Erya), Zi Xue (Laozi, Zhuangzi, Everything is done wrong and Xunzi are commonly used), and historiography (the first four histories and the Story of the Dynasty). Students who pursue it still have to learn, because the higher the examination level, the more they have to test policy theory and even current politics!
(Mr. Shang, the last generation of the imperial court, said that one way to deal with this abnormal exam with short time, heavy writing and limited rote memorization time is to classify the topics in advance, then draw up a manuscript for each topic in advance, and then write some cliches. Anyway, you have to know what you want to write. )
Math? It is an important elective course (please don't try your luck for liberal arts students). Four operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division and simple plane geometry are always necessary. What about the part of the classic that involves calculation? A little higher, please listen to the following question:
Q: Yangzi Cloud doesn't read evil books. The training of saints is universal, and they can become the spokesmen of a family, that is, saints. Philosophers should also dabble in knowledge. ..... Astronomy, ancient experience, why can't you find Huangdi, Wuxian, Shi Gan and Star Wars in Yi Wen Zhi, Lingtai Secret Garden and Kaiyuan Zhan Jing?
This is the topic that Sun Xingyan observed the wind direction when studying politics in Shandong.
(The nature of the wind observation question is similar to that of the modern college entrance examination simulation question, which was done by provincial scholars when they visited subordinate counties. Scholars should do it before taking the provincial examination. )
If this is not sour enough, then come to a real question after the exam in a province with the most prosperous style of writing at that time, instead of the simulation question above:
"Astronomy has been known for more than three generations, and those who see it in the classics can be cited.
The names of the stars are named after the country and the people, as well as officials and nobles; "Zhongxing" means both noon-centered and non-noon-centered, so it can be tested.
Taking twenty-eight lodging as the key dimension and the equator as the graduation standard, the graduation of four lodging in the examination of Tang and his party is different from that in ancient times and Tang in the early Song Dynasty, and only four lodging is combined with the old method of having fewer children. Song Zhongxing's Tian Wenzhi said, "The ecliptic winds through celestial bodies, and the number of rows increases or decreases with precession." Some people say that it will be retired once every 50 years and once every 100 years. Some people say that it will be retired once every 75 years according to the figures in the first two theories. Others say that the stars will go east, and there is no difference in age.
Sentence arithmetic, the western method is more intensive than the ancient method, saying that Heaven can get all the measurement results, and using agile methods to say and calculate, such as flat circle and eight-line triangle, can its details be deduced?
After that, there is a comparison between the sentencing of the ancient law "Nine Chapters" and the new law, and those who learn from the West to change the "Nine Chapters" should be recorded?
Fu read Yu Shu Li Jing to understand the similarities and differences between China and the West and explain the subtlety of heaven and man. What should we do if we study it carefully to help people learn from it? "
This is the third, the third and the sixth minor issue in history and current affairs after Jiaqing got the jiangnan province exam in nine years, and you can only give points when you finish it. The title is Li Zhaoluo, and the examiner who rewarded him is Zhang Dunren.
The probability of physics is the same as that of mathematics, so it is suggested to use the concept of "natural history" instead. There are many related contents in The Book of Songs, Er Ya and Li San, so-called "knowing more about the names of birds and animals".
Enlightenment of basic education, until you are admitted to a scholar, the executor is a tutor or a private school (the first stage).
Higher education is from when you become a scholar to when you are admitted to the jury. The executors are county colleges and private colleges (the second stage). Examiners cultivate people, and the training goal is to write art, try to paste poems and make suggestions. In the Qing dynasty, most people took part in the imperial examination, and it was enough to get a juren. In some frontier areas where the style of writing is not strong, it is a victory for candidates in the county to be admitted to the scholar. There are really only a few people taking the exam, Gong Kao. Don't think that students all over the country are determined to become scholars.
Some juren (called Gong's) who have no financial pressure go to Beijing to take the exam. The nature of this kind of examination is to select civil servants with formal establishment, and no longer need to receive special education, but only need cram school before the exam (the third stage).
It's very difficult to be a senior administrative officer after taking the Jinshi, not a Jinshi, but a senior official. Palace exams and exams will have special training in strategy and calligraphy.
What are the related books?
In the Ming dynasty, the four books, the five classics and the theory of sex were the basic textbooks. In the Ming dynasty, almost all of them were based on this set of textbooks. However, later scholars proved that Daquan copied Yuan people, which not only violated academic norms, but also was suspected of learning without foundation. Candidates don't read the original texts of the four books carefully, but recite notes and write them in advance for the foreign exams. Just like the current college entrance examination candidates recite a bunch of model essays in the style of Reader and Youth Digest to prepare for the college entrance examination, it is not good for learning. Therefore, gu spoke:
"Daquan" came out and was said to be dead.
The criticism of the treasurer can be summarized as follows:
"Daquan" is a shortcut, and eight times prosperity and universal learning are hot.
There are also some teaching materials for elective courses. Daming Meeting Point School:
The country chooses scholars in a clear way, storytellers take the biography of Song Confucianism as the Sect, and writers put the purity of canon first. In the future, students will be provided with the four books, the five classics, the complete book of sexual principles, the outline of tongzhi Jian, the evolution of universities, the memories of famous officials in past dynasties, the authentic works and other contemporary books, so that they can be familiar with the ancient and modern times and be suitable for the world.
So don't criticize that exams didn't care about current events at that time! Of course, when actually discussing government affairs, whether it is a pen and ink party, whether it is really capable, that is two words.
The Qing dynasty talked a little about academic ethics. After the Yongzheng dynasty began to pacify the sea, it also wrote new textbooks for this dynasty. For example, these three kinds of etiquette use the official etiquette of King James Zhou (2 volumes), the etiquette of King James (2 volumes) and the etiquette book of King James (3 volumes). This is the textbook stipulated in the rules of King James Imperial College. It's not that the Tang people are dense, but that the Song people say that they are healthy and have a high style, so they can use them casually. That's not true!
Confucianism ...