Wen Susan Wang
Undergraduate signboard
After working in a private kindergarten in Changping for three months, Li Mi felt "almost depressed". With Li Mi, she has a dog, too. Whenever the work goes wrong, Li Mi will pat the dog on the head with her hand, so that every time she is seen, the puppy's first reaction is to shrink back and hide. "Dogs have psychological shadows, reflecting my irritability." Li Mi analyzed the magazine.
Li Mi graduated from a normal university majoring in preschool education. The kindergarten where she works has 1 1 classes, which is above average in Beijing. The reason why the school chose Li Mi is very simple, because she graduated with a bachelor's degree and majored in preschool education. This is the most scarce in this private kindergarten: most of the teachers in the school graduated from junior college, and some teachers who have worked for many years do not have kindergarten teacher qualification certificates.
Li Mi is a living symbol. Every time a parent-teacher meeting is held in the class, the introduction sent to parents in the park will indicate "Li Mi, the head teacher, graduated from normal university, with a bachelor's degree in preschool education"; Also talked about by the director are graduates from two normal universities. "Parents often don't recognize new teachers, but when they see that my education is not bad, there is no problem."
The bachelor's degree didn't bring any substantial benefits to Li Mi. His salary was only 3,500 yuan. In this experiential kindergarten, the director said bluntly in the first conversation with Li Mi, "You have no experience, now you are in the learning stage, you can't be the head teacher, and you can't get a high salary." . Nevertheless, Li Mi walked into the garden happily and became a class teacher with 35 children.
However, in the face of so many children, the theory in school is useless. Li Mi asked the children to wash their hands. After many times, there are still children immersed in their own world playing with toys. The classroom is in chaos. She shouted "shut your mouth" over and over again, and her voice was hoarse. No child paid any attention to her. Li Mi was confused and didn't know how to attract the children's attention. She wanted to ask the head teacher for help, but she couldn't find anyone every time. "She does her own thing every time she goes to class, and she won't watch the children help maintain order."
Later, she wanted to watch the head teacher give lectures and accumulate some experience. She found that the teachers in the main class didn't care about these situations. She only talks about herself in class and doesn't interact with the children below. Only when the classroom is really messy will the head teacher shout a few words to calm the children down.
The head teacher also left all the work to Li Mi. "She made me think about the content created by the environment and let me do it with my hands. Then I have been urging me to say,' If you don't do well, the whole class will deduct points', and I am under great pressure. " In this garden, in order to strengthen management, the performance of all teachers is linked to their salaries. Like the exam, each teacher's basic score for one month is 100: points will be deducted if the attendance rate is not reached; Teachers' bad attitude will also be deducted. In the first month, everyone's scores were posted on the poster board on the wall. Li Mi found that no one got full marks.
Every teacher is blank.
Li Mi often thinks of her internship experience in a provincial kindergarten when she was at school. All newly graduated teachers have internship periods, and some old teachers answer questions and discuss how to write lesson plans. Now, she has to rack her brains to write 9 lesson plans, 5 lesson plans and 4 training lesson plans a week. I don't have time to take care of the children during the day, and I write at home after work at night. Her boyfriend can't stand it. "What do you need so little money for?" Li Mi knows why she works hard. She comes from a small county. It turned out that after failing in the exam, her parents wanted her to go home as a secondary school teacher. She didn't want to go back, "I want to make a living,
I don't want my children to try to get out of the county like them. "
However, after an incident, Li Mi decided to resign. One day, she and her children were running on a small playground. One of the children leaned over suddenly, hit the ground and broke his knee. She panicked and took the child to the infirmary. The director and parents came one after another. Her parents mercilessly accused her of not taking good care of her children and demanded compensation. After helping to appease her parents, the director criticized her for being "careless" and later deducted her salary. From that day on, Li Mi never dared to leave the children's sight. She stared at each child in stupefaction. Even sitting in a chair, I was worried that I would lean down and hurried to help. "I hope it's me." She told the magazine that one day later, she had a dream. In the dream, she stood in the middle of the classroom, clapping her hands and shouting at the students, but she couldn't make a sound. "I feel particularly helpless. The pressure is too great to do any more. "
Documentary "Kindergarten" stills
Feng Xiaoxia, a professor of preschool education at Beijing Normal University, investigated the living conditions of 447 teachers in 50 kindergartens with different systems in Beijing through questionnaires and interviews. The survey shows that more than half of the teachers have obvious job burnout tendency. Many people feel exhausted, worried about accidents and fidgeting; Nearly half of the teachers feel that their temper has gone bad, and they often get angry with their children and their families for a little thing.
"The pressure of kindergarten teachers is much greater than most people think, and they must get effective strategic learning and support from the garden." The director of a public kindergarten in Beijing told this magazine, "Even if you have studied psychology and pedagogy and have certain ability, a new teacher can't manage twenty or thirty children. Even a mother, she has no experience in managing twenty or thirty children. For teachers, kindergartens should support and help teachers in practice, but the most important thing is to teach her to understand children and look at problems from the perspective of children. "
Kindergarten, French painter Jean Geoffroy, 1898.
Frances Sun is also in a private kindergarten, so she doesn't have so much pressure. She is a 26-year-old teacher in a large class, responsible for the daily life and teaching of more than 20 children. At the beginning of class, children will also make various demands. Frances Sun doesn't know how to deal with them, so he will communicate with the old teacher and ask for help in the training at noon every day. Later, every time she met a similar situation, she would say to her students, "You have asked so many things, but I am alone. Who should be solved first? Why not discuss it once? " After listening to this, the children will really get together to discuss and finally give orders.
Frances Sun's support comes from kindergarten. She did not directly participate in children's teaching and management after she joined the company, but waited for a study period of about one year. This is a necessary procedure for kindergartens that advocate hands-on teaching. Through this kind of study, new teachers can complete the basic cognition of kindergarten and learn some experience. "Old teachers are experienced and will tell newcomers what to do when they encounter something."
Park An-soo in Frances Sun likes to compare new employees to a blank sheet of paper. "When I first entered kindergarten, everyone loved children. Why did it wear out later or caused some incidents? That's because energy has never been charged and has been consumed. She will be disgusted and impatient. " An Xiu has been a principal for more than ten years, and she has gone from a newcomer to today step by step. In her view, the concept and educational methods of a garden determine the appearance of the teachers trained. "If the correct concept can be established in the early stage, there will be a positive way to face the problem. What is your unit philosophy and how to treat your child's behavior will be reflected in the teacher. "
An Xiu has rich training experience. She told the magazine that new employees usually go through two time barriers: the first week and the first three months. "In the early stage, we should establish a basic sense of security for the teacher, tell her the difficulties and emotions she may face, and make her realize that kindergarten is not just a repetitive job. Otherwise, the teacher may quit soon and his understanding of kindergarten is not clear. "
Energy supplement is specific and detailed. For example, when encouraging children, some people will say "you are fine", and children will feel nothing if they listen too much. An Xiu and the old trade unions in the park told the newcomers how to observe the children's movements and adopted new praise methods, such as: "You actually moved things here, you are amazing!" The child who heard it immediately made a gesture of Hercules and said, "I am Altman!" " "
Creating conditions to help teachers solve problems is also what a mature kindergarten is good at. During the first two years in the park, every time he had communication problems with his parents, An Xiu would visit his parents with his teacher, for example, to see his family situation and why his children were in a bad mood. Or if the child bumps into it, how to solve it. It was not until the teacher suggested that she could handle such a thing that she slowly quit. All parents have An Xiu's mobile phone number. She often says, "The teacher is busy at work. You can call me." Sometimes parents call and ask, "Why doesn't the class teacher return my WeChat?" An Xiu will patiently tell his parents: "The teacher may be in the supermarket or studying."
The mental health teacher of a local preschool education institution in Denver, USA, hugs the children and gives comfort and encouragement to the children in a bad mood (photo courtesy of vision china)
Once, the teacher had already left work, and the parents sent a WeChat to the teacher, saying that they had something to pick up the children for others. The teacher called the director immediately after seeing WeChat for half an hour, but it was still late. People who came instead of their parents were kept out. An Xiu telephoned his parents to communicate. The first sentence of parents is: "What's wrong with you? Didn't I say that? " "The safety of children is great, and we can't give it to others blindly." This just vented the anger of parents.
Subsequently, An Xiu issued instructions from his parents again, and wrote down his office phone number again. "For teachers, it is especially important to enter a kindergarten. If you enter an organization, you will pay attention to profit, and you will not pay attention to the welfare and cultural atmosphere of teachers. As long as parents complain, the teacher's bonus will be deducted. As long as parents refund fees or leave the park, teachers will be punished. Such a unit, the trained teacher thinks that it is necessary to please the parents and let the children not have an accident. "
However, most people are not as lucky as Frances Sun. More people, like Li Mi, are in a helpless and helpless state at work. A director told us that she once knew a teacher and went to work in a very good kindergarten after graduation, but she resigned soon. Asked why, the teacher said that she couldn't control the impulse to hit the child. Because a senior teacher in her class often punishes a child with developmental retardation, even telling the class teacher is of no help, because the teacher's husband is the superior of the class teacher. She felt powerless and resigned to her fate.
High velocity
More private kindergartens cannot complete the on-the-job training of teachers. The director of a private park told me, "There are so few teachers that there is no time for training. Do you want to use it when no one is there? " Some kindergartens even require teachers to satisfy their parents. A kindergarten teacher told me that a teacher in her garden never pays attention to students' learning effect, but every time after class, she will call their parents one by one on WeChat to tell them what their children have learned and pay attention to reviewing after returning home. Sometimes parents will be reminded to add clothes to their children when the weather is cold. "In the eyes of her parents, she is a conscientious and responsible teacher."
Liu Zhanlan, a researcher at China Academy of Educational Sciences, affirmed the status of private kindergartens in the article "Preschool education must be educational and public welfare", and described their living conditions: in terms of the number of kindergartens, private kindergartens have become the main body of kindergartens, and they do not accept any financial subsidies from the state. Moreover, since about 79% of private kindergartens are run by individual citizens, the number of kindergartens run by non-governmental organizations is very small, especially those run by non-profit organizations. Therefore, most of them operate according to the market model, and generally take profit as the main purpose. Some places even stipulate that the one-time pre-registration fee for kindergartens exceeds one million yuan, and put forward the policy of paying a high proportion of enterprise income tax or business tax every year.
In other words, according to the market rules, private kindergartens can only reduce costs if they want to survive, and they are unable to guarantee the Excellence of teachers. Moreover, the gap between kindergarten teachers themselves is an irreconcilable contradiction.
Without a teacher, many people even choose interns as teachers. The director of a private kindergarten told me that they would introduce six or seven interns to the unit every June, and they were dismissed after one year's work, leaving only a few outstanding ones. On the one hand, interns can increase the vitality of the park and reduce the pressure of lack of teachers; On the other hand, "the salary of interns is only about 1500 yuan, which is half that of ordinary teachers." This can save tens of thousands of yuan in salary expenses. Kindergarten teachers are so short, the director often says' just come to someone' ".
Xu Ming, chairman of An Xiu Kindergarten, can't accept this practice. On the one hand, interns have no relevant training and their professional ability is not enough. On the other hand, it will have a great impact on the cohesion of the whole teaching staff and the overall teaching and research. Her director only chooses people from two channels. One is to contact the school, interview students to practice in the park, and cultivate them slowly. The other is the recommendation of acquaintances. "He should be able to guarantee that this person is credible, and you can also know the reason for his resignation." She doesn't like recruiting teachers from the society very much. "Many teachers quit their jobs to change their salaries, and her education and childlike innocence gradually disappeared in this process. And after a period of training, she will still choose to leave. "
In the case of limited financial resources, Xu Ming's method is to try his best to keep people. She made it a rule that if the teacher stays in kindergarten for five years, the children don't have to pay any fees from entering the park to leaving the park; You need to pay half of the normal tuition fee for less than five years, and return it to employees after five years. This provision ensures the stability of staff to a certain extent. For Xu Ming, this is not an easy decision, which means increasing a lot of operating costs every year. However, this did not stop the flow.
Geng Xiaoge, a graduate student of Beijing Jiaotong University, selected 10 private schools as samples in his graduation project, and counted the teacher turnover rate from 20 13 to 20 15 years. He found that the average turnover rate of 10 private kindergarten in three years was 22.6%, 25.8% and 22.8% respectively, which obviously exceeded the normal turnover rate of 15%. Among them, the turnover rate of 20 14 in a kindergarten reached 46.7%.
Brother Geng found that in terms of age, teachers aged 20-25 have the highest mobility, accounting for 42. 1%. Through several years of work, they have mastered some teaching experience, and they want to work in a garden with higher income. The age of 25 to 30 also accounts for about 2 1%. When they reach marriageable age, they have to give up their work as kindergarten teachers.
In Xu Ming parks, leaving is more about love and marriage. More than 90% of the teachers come from normal universities in the surrounding provinces of Beijing, such as Shanxi and Hebei. At first, everyone wanted to find a job and make a living in Beijing. But at a certain age, many people will choose to go home because of the pressure of life. "Unless you have a home and a place to live in Beijing, or the salary of husband and wife can support their rent, others will basically go back." Feng Jia, the general director of Xuming, told this magazine.
Xu Ming also understands that in the eyes of these teachers' families, private kindergarten teachers "just show their children to others", which is not a good job. Children will have a better choice if they go back to their hometown, enter a primary school and junior high school, get married and have children early. Be quiet. There used to be a girl from Xinjiang in her garden. She was very popular with children. She never came back after studying back and forth in her hometown. "After studying, at the age of marriage, she is the only girl in the family and her parents won't let her out."
There is a traffic that Xu Ming didn't expect at all. At that time, her kindergarten had just been rated as a municipal demonstration park. Xu Ming originally thought that kindergartens could make persistent efforts on this basis. Unexpectedly, that summer vacation, almost every class had teachers who chose to leave, and they were all important teaching posts. There is a simple reason. A private kindergarten opened a new garden and wanted to dig people from her. She sent a short message to all her teachers, promising them a high salary. "I can't help it. There are so many positions, I really can't solve so many positions of main class and director. " Xu Ming felt helpless. Every qualified teacher needs 3 5 years from the beginning to maturity. Losing one means starting from scratch.
There is a big gap in preschool education.
1October 20th17165438 After the "Red, Yellow and Blue Incident" happened, Xu Ming quickly organized a dinner party. She invited more than a dozen kindergarten directors to get together and chat, with the aim of calming down their emotions and giving them "pressure and shock". It's all women's tables. Instead of pushing a cup for a change, it's all emotions and bitterness.
Some directors said that there would be many teachers to reflect that they didn't know how to get along with children. "Can I still hug my child?" "Can I still kiss the child?" Many teachers don't know what to do in the face of children who have been living together day and night. Parents are also full of emotions about kindergartens, and some parents will come out to question the attitude and behavior of kindergarten teachers. More difficulties may be the potential departure tide. "Many teachers have received phone calls from their families, saying that Beijing is too chaotic, so let them stop doing it and change jobs." Xu Ming told this magazine.
Xu Ming comforted the director and discussed the countermeasures with them. She asked all supervisors to go back and count the number of people who left their jobs because of the emergency. "Kindergarten is really getting harder and harder to do." She told this magazine that several kindergarten founders she knew chose to close the kindergarten.
In 2003, Xu Ming opened his first kindergarten. At that time, what she was most concerned about was the choice of garden site. If the commercial housing is too expensive to buy, the supporting kindergarten in the community is the best choice. After choosing the venue, she advertised for 20 teachers in Beijing Evening News. She received hundreds of application letters, many of which were handwritten. "At that time, it was really one in a hundred, so we chose a beautiful interview because children like gentle and beautiful teachers." Forty or fifty girls performed their talents or took a small observation class, and finally there were 20 people left.
Now it seems that 2003 is the first year of the development of private kindergartens. This stems from the gradual withdrawal of enterprises from running parks and street kindergartens. The Guiding Opinions on the Reform and Development of Early Childhood Education published that year described the overall goal of the five-year education reform from 2003 to 2007: to form a development pattern with public kindergartens as the backbone and demonstration, kindergartens set up by social forces as the main body, and public and private, formal and informal education combined. Since then, private kindergartens have developed rapidly.
1958 A kindergarten teacher in China takes children to play games (photo courtesy of vision china)
Statistics show that from 2003 to 20 1 1 year, the number of kindergartens in China increased from 1 16400 to 166800, an increase of 43.3%. Among them, the total number of private parks was 55,500 in 2003 and increased to 1 1.540 in 2065, an increase of 107.9%.
After 2005, Xu Ming's job advertisements received less and less responses. By 20 10, the expansion of kindergartens is getting faster and faster. The number of one kindergarten she knew spread quickly throughout the country with ten and twenty. It's getting harder and harder to recruit teachers. "It's all others who choose you according to the treatment and environment. You have no choice at all. "
Every graduation season, Xu Ming will let employees attend the school job fair. Their information desk is next to other kindergarten schools, surrounded by public kindergartens or institutions, and then the military park. Many people will go to the stall in Xu Ming to ask for some basic information, but few people leave personal information.
Sometimes, they will say hello to the school, find a classroom to give a lecture, and hand over the recruitment notice to others. The brochure is beautiful and creative, but no one wants to come. "The whole recruitment season is as busy as a war, but it is difficult to recruit people, and one or two are rare. Private parks determine that you are at a disadvantage in terms of treatment and stability. "
This situation is more obvious in Shanghai. A recruiter from an early childhood education institution told me that every time I went to the school to enroll students from 20 15, the teacher would tell them that the students in February and March had been "robbed". "Five years ago, we talked with the school about the cooperative internship base. It's impossible now. We want to introduce teachers from remote areas such as Guizhou. "
In 2008, when drafting the Outline of the National Medium and Long-term Education Reform and Development Plan (20 10 2020), Chu participated in the preschool education group as an expert. He had already made a budget at that time. He mentioned that it is estimated that 200,000 professional teachers will be required to enter preschool education posts every year to meet the needs of preschool education. At that time, only about 10000 pre-school education graduates were trained in colleges and universities every year.
Many people think it is impossible, saying that this figure is too large for normal universities to reach at once. Chu Zhaohui said that this is impossible, but the demand is here. "Later, although the government took some measures, the main energy was spent on running kindergartens and expanding kindergartens, but not on expanding teacher training. This is equivalent to building a house for children to enter, but without considering what children will do after entering. "
Chu Zhaohui said: "The coverage of preschool teacher training is not so great, which means that some people who enter the post of preschool teacher are unqualified." The special evaluation report of preschool education released by the Ministry of Education in October110 shows that the proportion of teachers with college education or above in 20 14 years is 66%; The proportion of teachers with pre-school education qualification certificate is 6 1%, the proportion of teachers with non-pre-school education qualification certificate is 17%, and the proportion of undocumented teachers is 22%. Chu Zhaohui provided another reference data. "Nearly 70% of the more than 2 million preschool teachers in China have never evaluated the title of preschool teacher. At present, this situation will last for10 for 20 years. Newly recruited teachers are unqualified, but because there is not enough supplement, there is no way to let them leave their posts in the short term. "
(Li Mi, An Xiu, Xu Ming, Frances Sun and Feng Jia are pseudonyms in the text)