(186 1 year-19 19 years)
Zhan Tianyou was born in Nanhai county, Guangdong province on April 26th, 186 1 (Qing Xianfeng 1 1 March 7th). Originally from Wuyuan, Anhui Province (now Jiangxi Province). Great-grandfather Zhan Wanbang was a young man who moved to Guangzhou because of his tea business. By the time his father Zhan arrived, the tea business had gone bankrupt and his family was in decline. He moved to Nanhai to make a living by farming. Shortly after Zhan Tianyou was born, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement failed and the Westernization Movement began. Many people with lofty ideals are running around looking for ways to save the country. Hong Rong (1828~ 19 12), a modern reformist scholar in China, aimed at "instilling western learning into China and making China increasingly prosperous and civilized". 1858, he sent 120 students abroad to study, mine and build. The following year, the Qing government established the Westernization Bureau in Shanghai, and appointed Chen Lanbin and Yung Wing as the chairman and vice-chairman of the Westernization Bureau for Young Children. Zhan Tianyou was ten years old at that time. He went to Hong Kong to take the exam and was admitted. 1872 On July 8th, as the first batch of students studying abroad at public expense, Zhan Tianyou and other 30 students left Shanghai for the United States, where they studied at Weshafen Primary School (1872) and Newhaven Middle School (1876) successively, and 1878 was admitted to the Engineering College of Yale University to study civil engineering. 188 1 year wrote the graduation thesis "Research on Wharf Cranes" and returned to China after obtaining a bachelor's degree. This year, due to the opposition and destruction of the die-hard forces of the Qing government, the Qing government ordered Hong Rong to withdraw all the four batches 120 students it had sent to study in the United States. Only two of them got their bachelor's degrees in the United States, one is Ouyang Geng and the other is Zhan Tianyou. Zhan Tianyou was one of the few outstanding people who learned useful things at that time. Because of his outstanding contribution to railway engineering, he was praised by his international counterparts. Elected as a member of British Institution of Civil Engineers (1894) and American Institution of Engineers (1909). 1909, the Qing court awarded him the first prize in engineering. 19 13 was elected as the first president of China Institution of Engineers. 19 16, Zhan Tianyou accepted the honorary master's degree awarded by his alma mater and the honorary doctorate awarded by the University of Hong Kong. From Zhan Tianyou's career in China Railway to his death in 19 19, almost no railway construction in China had nothing to do with him. During his 30-year railway career in Zhan Tianyou, he participated in the construction and planning of railway projects: Jingu Line (1988), Guannei Railway (now Guannei Section of Beijing-Harbin Line), Luanhe Bridge (1892), Lujin Road (1895) and Guanwai Railway (now Shanhaiguan). Pingyi Road (1900), Xinyi Road (1902 autumn), Chaoshan Road (1903), Huning Road (1903), Luotong Road (19/kloc-0 Today, the statue of Zhan Tianyou stands tall on the campus of Southwest Jiaotong University, and a new generation of railway engineers are proud to be the heirs of Zhan Tianyou's career.
188 1 year1month, 20-year-old Zhan Tianyou returned from school, and was sent to the Naval Academy of Fuzhou Maritime Bureau for the first time to learn driving. The following autumn, he graduated with five top hats and was sent to serve on the warship "Wu Yang". 1June, 884, the Sino-French war broke out. On August 23rd, Zhan Tianyou took part in the Battle of Majiang with the ship. Soon, Zhan Tianyou was hired by Zhang Zhidong, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, as a foreign language teacher in Guangdong erudite museum (later changed to land and water normal school), and also engaged in chart drawing, and completed the "Dangerous Map of Guangdong Coast" (lost).
1888, 27-year-old Zhan Tianyou was recommended by his classmate Mou as an engineer in China Railway Corporation. Led by the British engineer C.W. Kinder1852-1936, he participated in the construction of the Jingu Railway. This is the beginning of Zhan Tianyou's railway career. 1890, the Qing government decided to build the kanto railway, and Zhan Tianyou served as the engineer in the inner section of the pass. 1892 project entered the Luanhe River, and the bridge project was contested by many countries. Kirks, an Englishman, was the first chief engineer of Jinda, who invited Japanese and German to undertake the project, but all failed one after another. As the construction period approached, Zhan Tianyou resolutely adopted the pressure caisson method to build the Luanhe River Bridge, which was finally successful. Zhan Tianyou's first attempt made foreigners sit up and take notice. 1894, the British Institution of Civil Engineers accepted Zhan Tianyou as a member.
1900, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded and the Kanto project was forced to stop. Zhan Tianyou has been transferred to Beijing-Tianjin Road and Pingyi Road as an engineer.
1in the autumn of 902, Yuan Shikai called for the construction of a Xinyi railway for the royal family to go to Xiling for sacrifice. The Qing court was very happy, so it set aside 62,000 yuan of official silver and put Zhan Tianyou in charge of the project, which was limited to be completed before Tomb-Sweeping Day the following year. This is the beginning of China people's self-financing railway. Zhan Tianyou boldly broke the routine of air-drying subgrade for one year before track laying, and completed Xinyi Line two months ahead of schedule according to the expected construction period.
Due to Zhan Tianyou's "hard work, Mu Feng combed the rain" and "extraordinary efforts", 1905, Zhan Tianyou was appointed as the chief engineer and general manager of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway, and was promoted to general manager one year later. Zhangjiakou is the key for Beijing to enter Inner Mongolia, the only way for commercial exchanges between the North and the South, and a battleground for military strategists. Therefore, the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway is of great strategic significance. At that time, Britain and Russia confronted each other in the north of China, deadlocked over the right to build the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway, but the other side did not intervene. The Qing government made up its mind to "build it by itself without foreign company managers". After receiving the order, Zhan Tianyou immediately led Zhang, Zhang, Zhang and others to survey the route. He thought that this road was a bridge "more than 7,000 feet", which was "over mountains and mountains, with the most masonry". "The road is dangerous, which is not available elsewhere", but if we start as soon as possible, it will be completed in six years. Zhan Tianyou needs 5,729,360 taels of silver for the initial estimate, 65,438+0 taels of silver for the purchase of equipment,130,500 taels of silver for the salary of employees. The three items add up to 7,296,5438+0,860 taels of silver. However, Zhan Tianyou pointed out that after the completion of the road, it will have great economic value. The annual passenger and cargo income is about 2,059,200 taels, and the cost can be recovered in three and a half years after opening to traffic. Moreover, railways can be used for railways and exported to other places through coal mines in Jiming Mountain in Xuanhua and Xinbanshan in Huailai. "If this road becomes one day earlier, the public will benefit one day earlier and business travelers will enjoy it one day earlier." "Outsiders can also covet one day earlier." On September 4th, 1905, the construction of the first railway designed by China people was announced. Track laying to Zhangjiakou on July 4th 1909, the whole line runs through. The Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway was completed and opened to traffic two years ahead of schedule, saving 356,774 taels (4.89% of the budget). All the people of China are rejoicing and inspiring. However, the pressure and difficulties faced by Beijing-Zhangjiakou highway workers are unique.
When the news came out that the railway was built by China people, cynicism poured in from all directions. Some people say that Zhan Tianyou is "overreaching", others say that he is "bold", and some foreigners even ridicule that "the trench digger in China has not yet been born". 1906101October 24th, Zhan Tianyou wrote to Mrs. Northrop: "If the Zhangjinglu project fails, it will not only be my misfortune, but also the misfortune of engineers in China, and it will also bring huge losses to China. Before and after I accepted this task, many foreigners publicly declared that China engineers could not undertake the arduous work of stone carving and caves on the Beijing-Zhangjiakou line, but I insisted on my project. " . China engineers are full of patriotic enthusiasm and strong national consciousness beyond words!
Before the construction, Zhan Tianyou surveyed three routes, one is today's abundant sand line, and the second is that it is not suitable to take long detours. Zhan Tianyou decided to choose the third route, that is, from Fengtai via Xizhimen and Shahe, via Nankou, Juyongguan, Badaling, Kangzhuang, Huailai, Xiahuayuan, Ji Ming Post and Xuanhua to Zhangjiakou, with a total length of 360 miles. Zhan Tianyou is divided into three sections: Fengtai to Nankou as the first section, Nankou to Kangzhuang as the second section, and the rest as the third section.
190565438+February 12, Zhan Tianyou nailed the first spike in Fengtai. On the first day of track laying, the coupler chain of an engineering train broke, causing derailment accident. Some people with ulterior motives suddenly have slanderous words. Zhan Tianyou thought calmly, the road is steep, the coupler is not firm, and the accident is inevitable. So he invented an "automatic hook" to solve this problem. "Automatic hook", also known as "Zhan Tianyou hook", is popular all over the world. On September 30th 1906, the first section of the project was successful. The second paragraph is the difficulty of the whole line. From Nankou to Kangzhuang, there are mountains and cliffs, and the engineering difficulty was unique in China at that time and rare in the world. First of all, we should open four tunnels, namely Juyongguan, Wuguitou, Shifosi and Badaling, among which Badaling Tunnel is the longest, with a total length of 1, 095438+0.18m. At first, the tunnel was dug at both ends, but the stone was hard and the progress was slow. Zhan Tianyou used the "shaft construction method" to excavate two shafts on the hillside of the tunnel line, and simultaneously constructed them in six places. Finally, at 1908, the tunnel "measured the north-south straight line and horizontal height" and it was "within seconds". In order to ensure that the train can safely pass through steep peaks, Zhan Tianyou repeatedly groped and carefully designed, changed the commonly used spiral line and drew a unique Z-shaped line from Qinglong Bridge to the mountainside. When the train arrives at the "Z" intersection, the rear part of the train is assigned to the front part, and an extra locomotive is added to pull forward and push back, so that the train can move forward smoothly. This design of turn-back line is a great innovation in Zhan Tianyou's railway history. Many years later, a bronze statue of Zhan Tianyou was carved at Qinglong Bridge Station to commemorate his worldwide achievements! 1September, 908, the arduous and abnormal bid section 2 project was completed again.
The third bid section project first encountered the construction of Huailai Bridge. This is the longest bridge on Zhangjing Road, 2 13.34 meters long. Thanks to Zhan Tianyou's command, the bridge was completed in time. On April 2nd, 1909, the train arrived at Xiahuayuan. From Xiahuayuan to Ji Ming Post, Yanghe is on the left and Shishan is on the right. A six-foot-deep tunnel should be dug in the mountain, and a seven-mile-long riverbed should be laid at the foot of the mountain. According to local conditions, Zhan Tianyou filled the ditch with stones from the mountains and solidified them with cement, which was foolproof. From the point of view of current system engineering, this is the practical application of simple system concepts and methods.
19091010.2 (19 August) held a grand opening ceremony in Nankou to celebrate the first railway built in China. Jin Da and Cox, foreign engineers in China, were invited to attend the ceremony and visited the new construction project. They deeply admire China people for completing such arduous projects ahead of schedule, and think that the three major projects of Qinglong Bridge, Moerliang and Jiulizhai can be called "stunts". The Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway built in Zhan Tianyou not only won the honor for the engineering circles in China, but also greatly inspired the national self-confidence. This is indeed a great event when the national strength has been weak and the people are in poverty for more than half a century. Zhan Tianyou is famous at home and abroad, but he has always been modest and does not seek fame. He is good at business, but he is not good at words. In his speech at the opening ceremony, he repeatedly urged the guests to "teach". Afterwards, he told people that it was really harder for me to speak in public than to cross the Badaling Tunnel! For Zhan Tianyou's outstanding contribution, the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of the Qing government specially praised him for his "elegant appearance, vigorous fruit and refined heart" and "diligent, honest and self-reliant", and awarded him the title of engineering scholar.
After the opening of the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway, Zhan Tianyou had planned to extend the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway to Suiyuan to connect the north and the south, but failed to do so because of the emptiness of the national treasury. Before and after the Revolution of 1911, Zhan Tianyou traveled to Guangdong, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan and other places to work hard for the development of China's railway industry. 19 19 In February, he went to Shanghai as the chairman of the Railway Technical Committee of the Ministry of Communications and the director of Hanyuechuan Railway, and as the representative of China's Far East Railway Conference and Technology Department in the United States, Britain, France and Japan, and left on April 5 due to illness. At 3: 30 pm on April 24th, Zhan Tianyou, a great railway engineer in modern China, died in Hankou at the age of one.
Zhan Tianyou initiated and presided over the "China Engineers Association", which also played a certain role in the development of modern science in China. For the purpose of exchanging technical experience, the Association published the Journal of the China Institution of Engineers, the Minutes of Beijing-Zhangjia Railway Project, the Standard Map of Beijing-Zhangjia Railway and Huaying Engineering Vocabulary in Zhan Tianyou. Zhan Tianyou often forgets his lofty prestige and extraordinary achievements and encourages people in the engineering field: "Stay away from yourself, climb higher and feel inferior;" It can't be done overnight. Engineering must be supplemented by academic experience. Empty talk is hard to make a difference. " He earnestly warned scholars "not to attack advanced theories and not to despise subordinates", "to guard against arrogance and rashness, and to pursue advanced studies", and "there is no loser if the husband is arrogant". The most unforgettable thing is Mr. Zhan Tianyou's concern, training and teaching for young technicians. He personally supervised the first and second graduates of Shanhaiguan Beiyang Railway Official School (predecessor of Southwest Jiaotong University) founded in 1896. When building the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway, Zhan Tianyou paid great attention to cultivating road-building talents in practice. For the studious young man, he was sent as an engineering intern, learning while doing. Six years after graduation, he was awarded the titles of engineer and deputy chief engineer. He worked out a set of training, assessment and promotion methods suitable for engineers in China, and trained many talents for the railway industry in China. He advocates "learning before learning", encourages young engineers to "make academic research and capital inventions" and "learn from each other's strengths and know everything, so that the country will be rich and strong without foreign aggression and stand on its own feet on the earth! "
Zhan Tianyou will always be admired and loved by people because of his words and deeds.
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