Legend has it that Prince William gave Leiden citizens two choices at that time, one was tax exemption and the other was university. The public thinks that the tax exemption order can be revoked, but universities can last for a hundred years, so they choose the latter.
Leiden University has the earliest botanical garden in the Netherlands-Leiden Botanical Garden.
Leiden University still maintains a leading position in many research fields, including natural science, medicine, social and behavioral science, law, art and literature. And cooperate with research institutions in more than 40 countries. Seven of the 28 winners of Spinoza Prize, the highest academic honor in the Netherlands, taught in Leiden. There are portraits of famous professors hanging in the hall of the college since its establishment.
After gaining independence, the rapid rise of Dutch economy and politics also created the necessary conditions for the development of university education. However, if Leiden University wanted to rank among the first-class universities in the world at that time, it had to spend a lot of money to recruit first-class scholars to teach at the university.
In the early days, Leiden University recruited famous scholars from European countries and provided them with the most generous treatment. It is these masters from different countries who came to Leiden University to teach and set up a series of disciplines including linguistics, medicine, astronomy and natural science.
Many foreigners come here to study. Latin is used in the school, so students from Germany, France, Scotland, Austria and other countries can take classes here.
Leiden University is the birthplace of astronomy and archaeology in the Netherlands. 1927, Professor Walter provided sufficient evidence that all the planets in the solar system revolve around the center of the Milky Way.
1, the integration of Leiden city and university
Leiden has a population of about 65,438+million, and many buildings of Leiden University are also very important modern buildings in Leiden. Leiden City and Leiden University merged to become a veritable university city.
Leiden University has more than 130 building facilities, which are distributed in every corner of Leiden City. The main part of the building of Leiden University is located in or near the center of this historic city. The university office building and information center building are located in the east of Leiden Central Railway Station, and the "Durham" building complex (liberal arts) of the university library is located on the beautiful moat on the south side of the city center. Howells Laboratory (Chemistry and Medicine), Huygens Laboratory (Biophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics), Institute of Computing Center, Institute of Mathematics, Medical College and Affiliated Hospital, and various biochemical laboratories are all located in Xicheng District. Heck camelin Anal Laboratory named after Heck camelin, a famous Dutch physicist and founder of modern superconducting research, is located in the city center. These building facilities add luster to Leiden's city appearance, and also make Leiden win the reputation of "University Town". Due to the integration of Leiden University and Leiden City, a large number of students living and studying in this historic city have deeply influenced Leiden's life.
Leiden has many museums, such as the National Museum of Ancient Customs and the Museum of Human Culture. Leiden University Botanical Garden is one of the oldest botanical gardens in Europe.
2. Leiden University Botanical Garden
There is another thing that can prove Leiden people's ambition to run a university, that is, the first botanical garden in the Kingdom of the Netherlands was established by botanist Corus himself in 1592. At that time, people established a biological science system by studying the diversity of the biological world. At that time, there were more than 1700 species of plants collected in the garden, and later it developed to more than 3000 species. /kloc-At the end of 0/6, only five universities in Italy and Germany had such botanical gardens for teaching.
Today, people come here mainly for sightseeing and leisure. Thousands of plants that are still flourishing in the garden not only show people the beauty of nature, but also show the academic scene of centuries ago.
3. The first human anatomy class
The tradition of experimental physiology began in17th century. It regards an organism as a machine and explains its life function by understanding its physiological structure. Autopsy is an important breakthrough.
1589, Fu Bao conducted the first public autopsy in Leiden University, and gave an explanation. This is not only a great attempt of scientific research at that time, but also a challenge to theocracy in concept.
Three years later, according to Fu Bao's design, the school specially built a amphitheater similar to the Colosseum in Rome for anatomy. The purpose of this design is to let every student present clearly watch the whole process of human anatomy. At that time, other established universities in Europe did not have such facilities.
In the initial anatomy class, the students couldn't do it themselves. Due to the limited conditions, this academic activity is also limited to winter. People regard autopsy as a major event, and every time there is an autopsy, all classes in the school will be suspended.
Medical research in Leiden University began with Burhafen, who is not only a medical scientist, but also engaged in the research of mathematics, mechanics and statics. Students from all over the world flocked to Leiden to worship him as a teacher. The medical textbooks and chemistry textbooks compiled by Burhafen have been adopted by European universities, so he enjoys the reputation of "the master of European education".
4. The birth of the first electrocardiograph.
Today's Leiden University Medical Center, in terms of architectural style, has no trace of 17 and 18 century clinical lecture halls. It is not only a world-class medical research center, but also the largest medical institution in the Netherlands. Researchers here generally have two jobs, one is engaged in research and the other is serving patients. It has been at the international leading level in the fields of immunology, organ transplantation, genetics and infectious diseases.
100 years ago, it took Enthoven, a medical professor at Leiden University, 30 years to finally complete the research on the principle of electrocardiogram and develop the first human electrocardiograph. This invention provides an accurate basis for the diagnosis of heart disease. Until today, ECG is still the most common and reliable means to diagnose heart disease. Enthoven won the 1924 Nobel Prize in Medicine for his great contribution to human health.
5. The foundation of modern physics.
19 At the end of the 20th century, the development of modern science began to turn, the traditional mechanism was questioned, and people's world outlook and scientific outlook were doomed to face another impact. After a century of silence, Leiden University also ushered in its second golden age. Four professors have won the Nobel Prize successively, including Lorenz, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics at 1902.
Lorenz's outstanding contribution to physics is the establishment of classical electronic theory. People call the force of moving charge in magnetic field Lorentz force, magnetic vibration spectrum line Lorentz spectrum line, and there is an important formula in special relativity called Lorentz transformation. These theories have laid a solid theoretical foundation for modern physics research.
Einstein once talked about his feelings of listening to Lorenz's lectures in an article: these lectures are something Lorenz regularly does for young researchers after retirement. The scientific theory spoken by this outstanding person is as clear and beautiful as a first-class work of art, and it is so smooth and simple. This is something I have never felt from others.
1878, 25-year-old Lorenz was appointed as a professor of theoretical physics by the Royal Dutch Society. After that, Lorenz taught at Radar University for 45 years.
Carmeline Annas, another Nobel Prize winner, has also made revolutionary contributions to low temperature and superconductivity.
Annas established the world's first cryogenic physics laboratory for Leiden University. After his death, this laboratory was named after him, and it is still the research center of cryogenic physics in the world. "Obtaining knowledge from experiments" is a famous saying of Annas before his death, which still hangs on the door of the laboratory. Jonas' career never stopped here.
Every two weeks on Wednesdays, the Department of Physics of Leiden University holds academic reports. This tradition has continued for more than 100 years without interruption.
For more than a century, almost all famous physicists have given lectures at Leiden University. Leiden University has a signature wall. On this wall, we can see the signatures of almost all famous physicists, including Yang Zhenning, who is familiar to China people.
Here, famous scholars will not leave the lecture hall coldly after the speech, but chat, eat and talk about their dreams with teachers and classmates. For the teachers and students of Leiden University from generation to generation, it is a rare asset to witness the elegance of these great scientists and listen to their teachings with their own ears.
6. Sinology research centers all over Europe
There are many reasons for the development of oriental language studies in Leiden University. The first is the practical needs of foreign trade and politics. The Netherlands has established trade relations with more and more eastern countries. /kloc-The opening of the Suez Canal in the second half of the 9th century promoted the communication between the Netherlands and countries in the Far East, and also promoted the prosperity of Orientalism, a traditional discipline of Leiden University. Since 185 1, Chinese and Japanese majors have been offered in universities.
The China library here is a treasure of western scholars. With the help of these original works, the sinology research of Leiden University has always maintained its original flavor.
The library of Chinese College of Leiden University is the only Chinese library in the Netherlands, which has a concentrated collection of Chinese books from all over the world, making its collection rank first among Chinese libraries in European countries. This China library has made Leiden University a veritable sinology center in Europe. Scholars from all over Europe come here to consult ancient books. The China Research Institute of Leiden University is also the center of European Sinology research.
7. Unexpected gifts in the war
Leiden's image was originally created in the war. /kloc-At the beginning of the 6th century, the Netherlands was under the rule of the Kingdom of Spain. In order to gain independence, the Dutch launched the "Eighty Years' War" against the Spanish. 1574, Leiden was besieged by Spanish troops, and the residents refused to surrender. It was not until June 3rd of 10 that the Dutch resistance came to help and brought bread and herring to the hungry citizens. So 65438+ 10 3 became Leiden liberation day. On this day every year, the whole city will hold a celebration, and the municipal government will give each citizen a piece of bread and herring. This ceremony has continued to this day.
1574 12. Prince William von Oulangye, the leader of the War of Independence at that time, proposed to the government to establish a university. In recognition of the heroic and tenacious spirit of Leiden citizens in the struggle for national independence, the government first awarded this honor to Leiden City. 1575 On February 8th, the first institution of higher learning in the history of the Kingdom of the Netherlands was finally born in this small town. Although the war was still going on in other areas at that time, it was a day worth celebrating for the citizens of Leiden.
Leiden University was born in an era of scientific revolution. Copernicus proposed Heliocentrism, Galileo initiated the tradition of scientific experiments, and the new continent was discovered one after another. These great achievements make people's thinking move from a closed world to an infinite universe.
8, generous treatment attracts famous scholars.
After gaining independence, the rapid rise of Dutch economy and politics also created the necessary conditions for the development of university education. However, if Leiden University wanted to rank among the first-class universities in the world at that time, it had to spend a lot of money to recruit first-class scholars to teach at the university.
In the early days, Leiden University recruited famous scholars from European countries and provided them with the most generous treatment. It is these masters from different countries who came to Leiden University to teach and set up a series of disciplines including linguistics, medicine, astronomy and natural science.
Many foreigners come here to study. Latin is used in the school, so college students from Germany, France, Scotland, Austria and other countries can have classes here without any difficulty.
1578, JustusLipsius, an important humanist in Europe, resigned from the University of Leuven in Belgium to teach at Leiden University. With the arrival of Lipsis, Leiden University has become more and more famous in European intellectual circles. A year later, the French jurist HugoDonellius came to Leiden University from Heidelberg, Germany. 1582, R.Dodonaeus, the author of Herbology, left Vienna Palace to teach at the Medical College of Leiden University, which brought him fame and expanded his influence. The tutors of Leiden University attach great importance to the role of famous scholars. However, due to the influence of religion, Lipsis returned to the Catholic Church on 159 1 and returned to the University of Leuven to teach. In order to hire another prestigious humanist and language master like Lipsis, the proctors tried their best, and even the then Dutch Governor Prince Moritz personally asked about it. They selected a famous linguist, French historian Carrigg, and invited him to teach at Leiden University with generous treatment. In order to ensure Skareg's safe arrival, the Dutch special fleet went to Italy to meet him.
Historically, Leiden University has also made outstanding achievements in scientific research. Leiden University is the birthplace of astronomy and archaeology in the Netherlands. 1927, Professor Walter provided sufficient evidence that all the planets in the solar system revolve around the center of the Milky Way.
The cryogenic laboratory of Leiden University has created a cryogenic temperature only one thousandth higher than absolute zero, so it can be called "the coldest place in the world". The laboratory also realized the liquefaction of helium for the first time and discovered superconductivity in metals.
According to incomplete statistics, at least sixteen Nobel Prize winners are studying, researching, teaching or giving lectures at Leiden University.
From 1920 to 1946, Albert Einstein taught at Leiden University for 26 years. Einstein's manuscript on the statistical distribution of bosons (later Bose-Einstein condensation) was discovered in Leiden University Library in 2005.