Kalimantan island, also known as Borneo Island, is located in the center of the Malay archipelago, between 7.8 degrees north latitude and 6 degrees south latitude. The equator passes through the central part, bordering Sulawesi Island in the east, Sulu Sea in the northeast, South China Sea in the north, Java Island in the south, and Sumatra Island, Beridong Island and Malay Peninsula across the Karimata Strait in the west. Kalimantan island is high in the middle and low in the periphery. There are mountains in the middle, such as Mount Capuas, Mount Yilan and Mount Mahler, and the coastal areas are mostly plains. Kinabad lu shan, located in the northeast of the island, is the highest mountain on the island, with an altitude of 4,095 meters. Kalimantan island is a typical tropical rain forest climate, with the characteristics of high temperature and rainy all the year round, with an annual precipitation of more than 2000 mm. There are many rivers on the island, and the rivers with a length of more than 500 kilometers include Kapuas River, Makanha River, Barrito River and Lalang River. The source of Kapuas River is located in the central mountainous area. It flows from northeast to southwest through Indonesia's West Kalimantan Province and flows into the South China Sea, with a total length of 1 143 kilometers and a drainage area of 98,000 square kilometers. It is the longest river in kalimantan island, Indonesia and even the world. Ma Hakan River flows into makassar strait from the middle to the southeast, with a total length of 980 kilometers, which is the second longest river in kalimantan island. Kalimantan island is located in the south of Eurasia plate, with stable geology, no volcanoes and few earthquakes.

Kalimantan island is rich in coal, oil, natural gas and other mineral resources. There are a large number of lignite and sub-bituminous coal deposits in central and southern kalimantan island (East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia, South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia). At present, the proven coal reserves exceed 654.38 billion tons, accounting for about 60% of Indonesia's total proven coal reserves (Indonesia is one of the top ten countries in the world). At present, Indonesia is the fourth largest coal producer and major coal exporter in the world. In 20 19, 665438+ 1 100 million tons of coal was produced (two thirds of which were produced in kalimantan island). Two thirds of Indonesian coal is exported, mainly to China, Japan, South Korea, India and other countries. In 20 19, China imported 65438+38 million tons of coal from Indonesia. Kalimantan island's northern coast and continental shelf as well as the Ma Hakan River Delta along the eastern coast are rich in oil and gas resources. East Kalimantan province is one of the three major oil and gas regions in Indonesia (East Kalimantan oil and gas region, Java oil and gas region and Sumatra oil and gas region respectively), accounting for about 1/3 of the country's total natural gas reserves, including the famous Badak oil field (Indonesia's proven natural gas reserves rank1/,ranking first in Southeast Asia). The South China Sea oil and gas area, located in the north of kalimantan island and offshore, is the largest oil and gas area in Malaysia (Malaysia's proven natural gas reserves rank 15 in the world, and the second in Southeast Asia). Brunei is also rich in oil and gas resources.

Residents of Borneo Island

Kalimantan island is the only island in the world belonging to three countries (Indonesian, Malaysian and Brunei). 73% of the land belongs to Indonesia, 26% to Malaysia, and Brunei accounts for 0.9% of the island. Administratively, North kalimantan island belongs to two states of Malaysia-Sabah and Sarawak, also known as East Malaysia (East Malaysia for short); Administratively, south-central kalimantan island belongs to five provinces in Indonesia-East Kalimantan, North Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan and West Kalimantan, which are collectively called Kalimantan region in Indonesia. Kalimantan island has a population of about 20 million, with an average of less than 3 people per square kilometer, which is a sparsely populated area. Among them, 6.6 million people live in East Malaysia, 430,000 people live in Brunei and about130,000 people live in Garimanda, Indonesia.

Kalimantan island residents are mainly Malays, Dayans, BANCHA, Javanese and Chinese. Daya people are the aborigines of kalimantan island, with a population of about 8 million, accounting for nearly 40% of the total population of the island. Daya people, also known as Dayak people, mainly live in the inland of kalimantan island, belong to Mongolian Malay language type, and speak Daya language of Indonesian language family in Austronesian language family. They used to collect and hunt for a living, but now they mainly grow rice, corn, beans, sweet potatoes, oil palm, natural rubber and coconuts. Mango, papaya and banana are planted around the village, and livestock such as pigs and sheep are also raised. Daya people along the coast are engaged in fishing, collecting bird's nest and other production activities. Daya people traditionally believe in ancestor worship, but now most of them believe in Christianity. Daya people are monogamous, with 5-6 people in each family; The traditional residence of Daya people is a long house with high feet. A long house can be as long as 200 meters, and each long house can accommodate dozens of families. A Daya village usually consists of 1~8 long houses. There are several branches of the Daya people, among which the Iban people (also known as Haidaya people) live on the northwest coast of kalimantan island. They speak Iban language very similar to Malay, make a living by fishing at sea, are good at shipbuilding, bamboo weaving and rattan weaving, and most of them believe in Christianity.

Malays are the largest non-indigenous ethnic group in kalimantan island, with a total population of more than 2 million, mainly concentrated in the northern and western coasts; Malays are the main ethnic group in Brunei Darussalam, accounting for 2/3 of the national population; About13 of the residents in East Malaysia are Malays. Malays belong to Mongolian Malays, with light brown skin, straight hair, sparse body hair, big eyes, high and straight nose and medium build. Malays speak Malay belonging to the Indonesian family of Austronesian languages, and most of them believe in Islam (Sunnis).

The lowlands along the southeast coast of kalimantan island are mostly BANCHA people, who speak BANCHA language similar to Malay (belonging to Indonesian language family in Austronesian language family) and mostly believe in Islam (Sunni). They grow rice, natural rubber, oil palm, pepper and other crops. , but also engaged in fishing, culturally influenced by elegance and Javanese. About three quarters of South Kalimantan province is BANCHA. Javanese are the largest ethnic group in Indonesia, with a large number in South Kalimantan and East Kalimantan provinces, accounting for 13% of the total population in East Kalimantan province, making them the second largest ethnic group in the province.

Borneo tropical rain forest

More than 70% of kalimantan island is covered by tropical virgin forests, and it is rich in high-quality timber such as Huang Huali, Indian eggplant, Borneo Temujin and teak, and it is the main timber production base in Indonesia and Malaysia. Indocalamus is a tall tree of Indocalamus Subu, commonly known as Tielimu, Nanyang Mubao and Pineapple. It only grows in the rainforests of kalimantan island, Sulawesi and Malay Peninsula. The maximum tree height is 45 meters, DBH 1.7 meters. Wood has the advantages of high density, heavy material, corrosion resistance and insect resistance. Heartwood is reddish brown and light chestnut brown, which is a high-quality material for making high-grade furniture and floors. Indocalamus was designated as the "national tree" of Malaysia. The scientific name of Huang Huali with big leaves is "Que Kidney with Long Leaves", also known as "Indonesian Huang Huali" and "Golden Huang Huali". It is a tall tree, which mainly grows in the lowland rainforest below 300 meters above sea level in kalimantan island, and it takes 500~800 years to become wood. Huang Huali with big leaves has the advantages of high density, heavy material, gorgeous texture, slightly smelly wood, sinking in water, etc. It is a world-famous broad-leaved tree that can be as famous as Huang Huali (commonly known as Dalbergia odorifera) in China and Hainan. There are more than 65,438+0,000 species of vines in the rainforests of kalimantan island. The vines here are thick and full. Rattan is 6 cm thick and 1.80m long, which is a high-quality raw material for rattan furniture. Lianas are palmae lianas that grow in tropical and subtropical forests, and there are more than 10000 species in the world. Lianas are a kind of lianas in Palmae. Rattan is generally about 25 meters long and 3-4 cm in diameter, and mainly grows in the tropical rain forests of Borneo and Sumatra. Indonesian rattan is the largest producer and exporter in the world, and most of it is produced in kalimantan island.

There is also the world's largest flower in the rain forest of kalimantan island-Borneo King Flower, which is a succulent parasitic herb (there are more than 20 kinds of Borneo King Flower, Manila King Flower, Magnificent King Flower and Arnold King Flower); Borneo kingflower is parasitic on the root of the deciduous accumulation layer in Borneo rainforest, and there is no underground stem and leaf. The blooming flower consists of five fleshy petals, each of which is 5 cm thick and 30 cm wide. The whole corolla is 50-90 cm in diameter and weighs about 10kg. Nepenthes malayi is a carnivorous vine of Nepenthes, also known as Nepenthes Mahayana, Nepenthes Wangshi and Nepenthes giganteum, which only grows at the altitude of1500 ~ 2,650 meters on Mount Kinabalu in Sabah, Borneo. Stems usually grow along the ground, and there are caged vines at the end of petioles. The top of the cage vine is an insect trap, which is generally less than 200 ml. However, individual insect traps can be as high as 40 cm and have a volume of 3.5 liters (which can hold 2.5 liters of digestive juice). There are a lot of nectaries on the insect trap, which can trap small vertebrates and even small mammals (mainly preying on insects). Nepenthes is the largest species of Nepenthes (there are 67 species of Nepenthes malayi, Nepenthes Raffles, Nepenthes bott and Nepenthes Meilin in the world). Nepenthes malayi has been listed as an endangered species by IUCN.

Borneo rainforests are inhabited by Borneo elephants, Borneo orangutans, proboscis monkeys, Malay hornbills and other unique and rare animals. Borneo Elephant is one of the four subspecies of Asian Elephant (there are four subspecies of Asian Elephant: Borneo Elephant, Indian Elephant, Ceylon Elephant and Sumatra Elephant), also known as Kalimantan Elephant and Borneo Dwarf Elephant, which only exists in the original rainforest of Borneo. Borneo elephants are smaller than Indian elephants in Xishuangbanna Rainforest, China. Adult male elephants are only 2.5 meters tall and their tails are very long, almost reaching the ground. The number of wild Borneo elephants is estimated to be only about 1500. Borneo orangutans also live in the rainforests of Kalimantan, and are one of the three species of orangutans (the other two species are Sumatra orangutans and Bandanuri orangutans, which inhabit the tropical rain forests in the low mountainous areas of Borneo at an altitude of 800 ~ 1500m, and are larger than gorillas among primates. Adult males are 65438 0.25m long and weigh 75 ~100 kg. Due to the expansion of oil palm plantations in kalimantan island and the massive loss of tropical rainforest habitats in recent years, Borneo orangutans have been listed as endangered and critically endangered animals by IUCN. Borneo orangutans are regarded as "national treasure animals" in Sabah, Malaysia. The proboscis monkey is the only animal in the world that does not belong to ruminant suborder, but can ruminate. Its nose is particularly big, and the male monkey grows bigger and bigger with age, and finally forms a red nose like eggplant (the longest nose can reach 7~8 cm long), which only lives in the coastal lowland forests of Borneo. At present, the population of proboscis monkey is less than 2000, which has been listed as an endangered species by IUCN. Malay hornbill is a bird belonging to the genus Hornbill of Hornbill family, which lives in the tropical rain forests of Borneo, Java, Sumatra and Malay Peninsula. It gets its name from the helmet-like protrusion on its mouth. Male eyes are red or orange, and female eyes are white. Adult birds are 1 10~ 127 cm long and weigh 2~3 kg. There are three subspecies of Malay hornbill: named subspecies of Malay hornbill, Java subspecies of Malay hornbill and Borneo subspecies of Malay hornbill; Malay hornbill is deeply loved and worshipped by Malaysian people because of its large number, beautiful shape and bright colors. It is the "god of war" of Daya people and is regarded as the "national bird" of Malaysia (also the national bird of Sarawak, Malaysia).

Brunei, a small country with local tyrants in Southeast Asia

Brunei was recorded in the history books of the Tang Dynasty in China, and was called "Boni" at that time. It was recorded as "Brunei" in the history books of Ming Dynasty in China. /kloc-In the 4th century, the Brunei Empire with Islam as the state religion was established. Brunei Empire reached its peak at the beginning of16th century. Its territory includes most of kalimantan island, sulu archipelago and a part of Mindanao, and the capital "Brunei City" is now in bandar seri begawan. The British invaded in 65438+70s, and 1888 became a British colony. Oil was discovered and exploited in Xilia in the 1920s.1941-1945 was occupied by Japan, and 197 1 year gained internal autonomy. The name of the country is Brunei Darussalam, which means "country" in Malay and "Brunei" means "land of peace and happiness in Arabic. Now it is a member of the Commonwealth and its political system is absolute monarchy. Brunei is located in the north of kalimantan island, with a land area of only 5,765 square kilometers. This land is divided into two parts by Sarawak, Malaysia, and is connected by the 30-kilometer Tamburong sea-crossing bridge (without passing through Malaysia). The population is 459,500 (2065,438+09). Among the residents, Malays account for 66% of the total population, Chinese account for 1 1%, aborigines account for 3.4%, and Indians account for 2.3%. The official language of Brunei is Malay; 67% people are Muslims. Brunei is rich in natural resources, with proven oil reserves of 654.38+0.4 billion barrels and natural gas reserves of 390 billion cubic meters, ranking among the top three countries in Southeast Asia. Brunei's forest area accounts for 72% of the country's land area, of which 80% is tropical virgin forest. Brunei's economic development level is relatively high. In 2065,438+09, the per capita GDP was US$ 278,765,438+0 (calculated by the International Monetary Fund at the international exchange rate), ranking 32nd in the world and 7th in Asia (after Singapore, Israel, Japan, United Arab Emirates, South Korea and Kuwait). Brunei's economy is based on the oil and gas industry, which accounts for 40% of the country's GDP and 90% of its total exports. The output of liquefied natural gas ranks fourth in the world, third in Southeast Asia and the fourth largest exporter of liquefied natural gas in the world. The United Nations Development Programme's World Human Development Report 2020 shows that Brunei's human development index is 0.838, ranking 47th in the world and 9th in Asia (after Singapore, Israel, Japan, South Korea, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Qatar), and it is a country with a very high human development index. Brunei law stipulates that the state does not levy personal income tax and implements free medical care and education systems at all levels; Citizens are highly educated, and the literacy rate of women is over 95%, while that of men is close to 98%. At present, Brunei's life expectancy is 77.3 years, second only to Singapore in Southeast Asia.

The largest city and capital of Brunei is bandar seri begawan, located in Brunei Bay on the northern shore of Borneo Island. Formerly known as "Brunei City", 1970 was changed to its current name, with an existing population of 200,000 (20 19). Bandar seri begawan means "a peaceful town". Bandar Seri Begawan is the political, economic and cultural center of Brunei, with industries such as rubber processing, oil refining and natural gas liquefaction. Bandar seri begawan is also the shipping center of Brunei. Brunei International Airport in Bandar Seri Begawan is one of the important airports in Southeast Asia, with an annual passenger throughput of150,000 passengers and direct flights to Kuala Lumpur, Jakarta, Singapore, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Auckland, Melbourne, Ho Chi Minh City, London, Bangkok and Dubai. Bandar Seri Begawan is also a famous tourist city in Southeast Asia. Famous scenic spots include Nu Leumann Palace, Sultan Memorial Hall, Crystal Park, one of the largest amusement parks in Southeast Asia, and bolkiah Mosque, the largest royal mosque in Brunei. The Sultan Memorial Hall was built in 1992 to commemorate the 25th anniversary of Sultans Of Brunei's accession to the throne. It has 2200 rooms, including a mosque, a helipad and a 3-kilometer underground passage. The whole palace can accommodate 2000 guests. The museum's collection of souvenirs includes a diamond-encrusted crown and a gorgeous traditional royal chariot.

Sabah and Sarawak States

Northern kalimantan island belongs to Malaysian territory, including Sabah (with an area of 74,500 square kilometers and a population of 3.85 million) and Sarawak (124,500 square kilometers and a population of 2.77 million) (Malaysia's first-level administrative region includes 13 states and 3 federal territories). Sabah and Sarawak are known as "North Borneo" together with Brunei in history. They were the territory of the Kingdom of Brunei before 188 1 year, and were ruled by the British from 188 1 year to 1963, and became two states of Malaysia after 1963. The total area of East Malaysia exceeds10.9 million square kilometers, accounting for 57% of the total land area of Malaysia; The population of East Malaysia is more than 6.6 million (20 17), accounting for15 of the total population of Malaysia. The main cities in East Malaysia are Kuching, Kota Kinabalu, Douhu, Sandakan and Mindulu. Kuching, the capital of Sarawak, Malaysia, with a population of 800,000, is the largest city in East Malaysia. Kuching is located in the west of kalimantan island, in the lower reaches of Sarawak River, about 35 kilometers away from the coast. It has the largest antimony smelter in Malaysia with developed trade. Kuching International Airport is the third busiest international airport in Malaysia, with direct flights to Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Bandar Seri Begawan and Jakarta. Kota Kinabalu is located on the South China Sea coast in the northeast of kalimantan island, with a population of over 500,000. It is the capital of Sabah, the second largest city in East Malaysia and the "Oriental Gate" to Malaysia. Kota Kina International Airport in the suburbs is the second largest airport in Malaysia. It is a 4F-class international airport with direct flights to Hong Kong, Manila, Jakarta and Seoul. Mindulu, a famous city in East Malaysia, is located on the northern coast of Sarawak (South China Sea) and has the largest LNG processing plant in Malaysia. Mingdulu Port is also one of the largest LNG export ports in the world, and Mingdulu is also famous for the Mingdulu International Kite Festival. The city of Sandakan, also translated as Seine Port, is located on the Sulu coast in the east of Sabah. It was once the capital of British Borneo with a population of nearly 500,000. It is called "Little Hong Kong" because China people account for two thirds of the city's population. Sandakan is also Malaysia's largest timber export port and major fishing port.

There are two world natural heritages in East Malaysia-Lu Wu National Park and Kinabalu National Park. Lu Wu National Park is located in the north of Sarawak, near the Brunei border, covering an area of 52,800 hectares. It has Mount Lu Wu, the second highest peak in Borneo Island (2377 meters above sea level), the largest natural cave in the world and the rare "Knife Stone Forest" in the world. It was listed on the World Heritage List by UNESCO in 2000. Evaluation by the World Heritage Committee: Wulushan National Park is famous for its biodiversity and karst landform, with more than 3,500 species of vascular plants and extremely rich palm trees, including 20 genera 109 species. The total length of the caves that have been opened in the park is at least 295 kilometers. These caves are spectacular, with millions of bats living in them. Sarawak Cave in the park is 600 meters long, 465,438+05 meters wide and 80 meters high, making it the largest cave in the world. Jing Na Ba Lu National Park (also translated as Jing Lu National Park) is located in the northeast of Sabah, more than 80 kilometers away from Kota Kin Na Ba Lu, covering an area of 745 square kilometers. Commonly known as "Shenshan Park", because Kinabad lu shan in the park is called "Shenshan" by Malaysians, and was listed on the World Heritage List by UNESCO in 2000. According to the World Heritage Committee, Kinabalu National Park is rich in vegetation, ranging from tropical lowland rainforests to alpine forests, subalpine forests and higher shrubs. There are 5,000 ~ 6,000 species of plants, more than 300 species of birds, more than 0/00 species of mammals, many famous insect-eating plants and various orchids in China, especially Nepenthes malayi.

Kalimantan region of Indonesia

South kalimantan island belongs to Indonesia and is called "Kalimantan region of Indonesia", with a total area of 539,500 square kilometers, accounting for 1/3 of Indonesia's total land area. Administratively, it is divided into five provinces: East Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, West Kalimantan, North Kalimantan and South Kalimantan (Indonesia's first-level administrative region is 3 1 province). Central Kalimantan is the largest province in Kalimantan, Indonesia, with agriculture as the main economy and one of the most backward provinces in Indonesia. Parankaya (population less than 200,000) is the capital. North Kalimantan Province is the youngest first-class administrative region in Indonesia, which was founded in 20 12, and its capital is Tanjung Xerox. West Kalimantan Province has a population of more than 4.5 million (20 18), with Kundian as the capital and the largest city, located in the lower reaches of Kappas River, with a population of more than 600,000, and it is also the fourth largest city in Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Kundian city is nicknamed "the city of the equator" because it is located at the equator; Kundian is also the city with the largest number of Chinese in Kalimantan, Indonesia, with Chinese accounting for 365,438+0% of the city's population. East Kalimantan Province is the most powerful province in Kalimantan, Indonesia, with developed industries such as oil and gas exploration and refining. Samalinda, the capital, is located in the lower reaches of Makanha River with a population of 750,000, making it the second largest city in Kalimantan province, Indonesia, after Balikpapan. Bangamasin (also known as Ban hjalmar Sin), the capital of South Kalimantan Province, is located in the delta where the Barito River and Matapura River meet in the south of Borneo Island. It is called "River City" because of its dense river network, with a population of more than 700,000, making it the third largest city in Kalimantan province of Indonesia after Baliban and Samarinda. Banjarmasin was founded in16th century and became a protectorate of the Netherlands in the late18th century. It has long been the capital of Dutch Borneo, with industries such as rubber processing and wood processing. There is Chams-Eddine Nur International Airport in the suburbs, with an annual passenger throughput of100000 passengers. Facing the Java Sea, Machen Port is one of Indonesia's major seaports and the main export port of coal, rubber, palm oil, wood, rattan and pepper.

The largest city in Kalimantan province, Indonesia is Balibapan, a seaport city, located at 120km south of Samarinda, with a population of 850,000 (20 19). It is also the largest industrial and financial center in Kalimantan province, Indonesia. There are large oil and gas fields offshore, as well as oil refining, wood processing, shipbuilding and other industries. There is a modern expressway between Balibapan and Samalinda (the only expressway in Kalimantan, Indonesia). This is the largest international airport in eastern Indonesia-Balibapan Sultan Aji Mohammad Suleiman International Airport, which can fly directly to Jakarta, Bandung, Kundian, Bangalore Masin, Singapore and other cities, with an annual passenger throughput of 6.5438 million. Balibaban Port is close to makassar strait and can accommodate 35,000 tons of seagoing ships. It is the main export port of Indonesia's oil, liquefied natural gas, coal and timber.