After World War I, with the progress of science and technology, more and more media were applied to education. sound film
The appearance of audio-visual recording finally promoted the "audio-visual teaching movement" in American education. Dell's tower of experience is
The core audio-visual teaching method is the masterpiece of audio-visual teaching theory. Edgar Dale is an audio-visual teacher
The main representatives of learning theory include Weber, Hou Ben and other contemporary audio-visual teaching experts' research on Dell.
Fruit also has an important influence on the formation of this theory.
I the "tower of experience" theory
1. Preliminary theory of visual teaching
1928 Weber expounded the importance of visual teaching in the article "The Value of Images in Education": "Vision
Senses play an important role in the process of education, and only using language in education will weaken students' interest; Easy to guide
To empty talk; The progress of photography technology has expanded the teaching environment for learners; Experimental education has proved that relying on
Perceptual teaching AIDS make the course visible, which has produced remarkable economic benefits in the learning process.
The core part of the initial visual teaching theory includes the following three aspects:
① Visual media can provide concrete and effective learning experience. Using visual AIDS to make learning vivid and intuitive.
Developing in the direction of abstract thinking conforms to the law of human cognitive development.
② The classification of visual AIDS should be based on the specific degree of learning experience they can provide. Weber based on "concrete"
The idea of abstract continuum classifies typical visual AIDS as: real world → simulated reality → pictures.
Reality → graphic symbols → text symbols.
③ The use of visual teaching materials should be organically combined with courses.
The basic content of early visual teaching theory is still correct today. Spokesman in the field of audio-visual teaching
"It is on the basis of these basic concepts that Dell developed the audio-visual teaching theory with the tower of experience as its core.
Systematize.
2. What is the "tower of experience"
Although in the decade after the Second World War, Dell's audio-visual teaching theory is centered on the "tower of experience"
It has the greatest influence in this field, but it has not surpassed the early visual teaching theory in basic concepts. Its theory
The topic can still be summarized as the above three same aspects.
Word symbol
Visual symbol
Recording, Broadcasting and Still Life Painting
film
instructional television
exhibit
Off-campus study trip
certificate
Acting experience.
Design experience
Direct experience with purpose
1969 Revised Tower of Experience
We call "tower of experience" the core of audio-visual teaching theory, because "tower of experience" constitutes Dell's "teaching"
The basic framework of the book Audio-visual Methods. "Tower of Experience" is a theoretical model about the classification of learning experience.
At the beginning of the audio-visual teaching movement, it was more practical than all the classification methods.
The various learning experiences in the picture can be summarized as follows:
(1) Direct and purposeful experience.
At the bottom of the tower, it laid the foundation for human learning. In practice, learners touch things with their senses.
Accepting the stimulation of things, the resulting feeling impression is the starting point of understanding, which is manifested in vivid and concrete forms.
Elephants directly reflect the outside world.
② Design experience.
This is an edited reality. In order to overcome the limitations of direct experience, learners need to design manually.
Learning all kinds of models and simulators helps learners to distinguish the essential and non-essential things of objects, thus making them more
Okay, form a concept.
③ The experience of participating in a play.
There are many things in the world that you can't experience personally. Learners can make up for the space limitation by designing experimental study.
Systematic and some experiences that can't be directly experienced perceive objective things, but learners are in the aspects of time, thought and culture.
It is also limited, and participating in the drama can make up for this shortcoming. Dale thinks that by participating in this play,
We can be close to some actual situations and gain experience by copying them as they are.
④ Demonstration
Demonstration is an intuitive explanation of important facts, concepts and processes, and active participation can make learners more
Self-study observation and demonstration
⑤ Off-campus study tour
It is a trip that highlights the essence of teaching. As a way of learning, its main purpose is for learners to observe.
Things that can't be seen in class include visits, inspections and other activities.
⑥ Exhibition
Visiting exhibitions is also a way of learning. Generally, holding exhibitions only includes models, photos, charts and some facts.
Things and so on. Therefore, the learning experience of visiting exhibitions is more abstract than that of studying abroad.
⑦ TV and movies
Dell believes that TV and movies only provide an audio-visual experience that learners do not have when watching things develop.
Direct contact, tasting and other experiences, they just observe and can only participate in it in an imaginary way, which is not true.
When I visited this place, I was deeply impressed.
(8) Broadcasting, recording and still life painting.
The content they provide is more abstract. Photos and illustrations lack the dynamic feeling of film and television pictures; Broadcasting and recording rules
Lack of visual image. However, they provide audio-visual stimuli for learners, so they are still an "observation" learning experience.
Pet-name ruby visual symbol
Including the learning experience provided by maps, charts and schematic diagrams. In visual symbols, people can't see things.
It's really a form, only seeing an abstract representative. In learning, learners recognize the symbols they come into contact with.
Known things often have no similarities.
Attending word symbol
The symbol of a word can be a word, a concept or a principle. They are different from the things or ideas they represent.
There are any visual clues, so the learning of word symbols is the most abstract learning experience.
3. Classification of learning experience represented by "tower of experience"
To sum up, the learning experience displayed in the "Tower of Experience" can be divided into three categories:
(1) The learning experience of "doing" includes purposeful direct experience, design experience and performance experience.
(2) "Observation" learning experience, including demonstration, off-campus study tour, exhibition, TV movie, radio and recording.
Still painting.
(3) Learning experience of "using symbols", including visual symbols and text symbols.
4. Theoretical essence of "tower of experience"
The learning experience based on "tower" is the most concrete, and the more abstract it is. It is based on learning provided by different teaching materials and methods.
Classification according to the specific degree of experience is a choice made by teachers according to the needs and abilities of students and the nature of teaching tasks.
A theoretical guide to appropriate media.
Second, the classification basis of "tower" → the degree of concreteness or abstraction has nothing to do with learning difficulty. All kinds of learning experiences are interrelated.
It's interpenetrating. In teaching, we should make full use of various learning methods to let learners experience directly and indirectly.
Have an organic connection.
Third, teaching should start with concrete experience, gradually abstract and prevent "empty talk"-from concept to concept.
Learning indirect experience should be based on direct experience as much as possible. At the same time, students should be guided to draw in time.
Such as thinking development.
Everyone's experience is limited by time and space. Audio-visual teaching media located in the "tower" waist classroom can provide learners with
Dell's so-called "alternative experience" is helpful to break through the limitation of time and space and solve the concrete experience and abstraction in teaching.
The contradiction of experience makes up for the deficiency of various direct experiences.
Second, the guiding significance of the "tower of experience" theory in the study of educational communication process
The tower of experience theory is one of the most important theories in the history of educational technology, although it has been born for more than half.
Century, but it is still of great significance to study the present and future educational communication process.
1. Divide learning experience into concrete and abstract, and put forward that learning should develop from visual image to abstract thinking.
Accord with human cognitive laws. In the transition diagram from concrete to abstract in the "tower of experience", audio-visual teaching materials include
More specifically, this constitutes the theoretical basis for the application of audio-visual teaching materials in teaching.
2. Put forward the theoretical basis for the classification of audio-visual teaching materials, that is, whether they should be concrete or abstract according to the learning experience they can provide.
The degree of classification. Emphasis should be placed on the classification according to the role of teaching media in the teaching process, not just
Classify by simple enumeration. This basic classification idea seems simple at present and will be a teaching medium in the future.
The research of human taxonomy and the choice of teaching media laid the foundation.
3. Audio-visual teaching materials must be combined with courses. The teaching system and methods formed in the future can be said to be this basic.
The development and deepening of ideas.
Now, the most important problem facing educational technology may be the use and promotion of online media, and
The "tower of experience" actually provides us with theoretical guidance. First of all, it can help us find online media.
In the position of teaching, that is, the teaching level it uses, we can easily add new teaching methods.
Go to the proper position of the tower. Secondly, the theory that must be combined with curriculum needs all educators.
Remember. Because the powerful power of the network has caused the problem of blind use in teaching, it is using new media.
Bad tendencies that must be paid attention to during exercise.
Of course, from the perspective of developing educational technology, there are also some audio-visual teaching theories centered on the "tower of experience"
Limitations:
First, the theory of audio-visual teaching only attaches importance to the function of audio-visual teaching materials, but ignores the design and development of audio-visual teaching materials.
, production, evaluation and management. Mi Henry pointed out: "From the perspective of developing science, the' tower of experience'
A particular weakness is that it emphasizes isolated media types or technologies and ignores the whole teaching plan.
The process of rowing. This forms the educational technology view of media theory. Media theory makes people pay attention to how to
Using the characteristics of audio-visual media, teaching is visualized and concrete, which objectively hinders people from receiving educational communication.
Using new ideas of media in teaching and accepting new theoretical basis.
Secondly, regarding the role and position of the media in the teaching process, the audio-visual teaching theory puts audio-visual teaching materials
Take it as an auxiliary teaching tool and put it in the position of an auxiliary object. In practical application, teaching media has been
It has played a role far beyond the "teaching aid", but the teaching aid theory has hindered people's understanding in this regard. traditionarily
In the form of teaching, teachers usually control classroom teaching, and new media or materials are only auxiliary teaching AIDS or as enrichment.
Teaching methods should be used according to the allowable degree of teaching time. Therefore, they are very important for improving learning.
Its role is limited. Under this traditional educational condition, audio-visual teaching materials are expensive supplements to ordinary teaching materials.
We see that today's educators have realized and begun to get rid of the "tower of experience" as the core.
Listen to some misunderstandings brought by teaching theory. The design and evaluation of teaching process and teaching materials have been placed in a very important position.
The rapid development of computer technology makes people realize the great power of teaching media.
In some fields, new multimedia courseware has completely replaced the functions of teachers and textbooks.
It can be seen that the "tower of experience" theory has indeed produced great significance for the development of educational technology in this century.
Only educators treat these classics with an objective attitude of seeking truth from facts and the spirit of critical inheritance.
Classical theory can really play its positive role in the teaching process.