I. Physiological characteristics of adolescence
Physiologically, adolescence has the following characteristics:
1, breast development:
In childhood, only nipples grow, and other parts of the breast are flat and smooth. Girls 10 years old, breasts begin to develop. With the progress of adolescence, her breasts gradually developed and enlarged. After 4-5 years (15 years old), she will basically take shape and become plump and bulging. The size of a breast is determined by the amount of fat. Fat people have bigger breasts, while thin people have smaller breasts.
Concerns about breast development:
(1) Breast lump. Appears in the initial stage of breast development, showing a button knot under the breast. Some girls wonder if they have a tumor. In fact, this is a normal phenomenon of breast development, so don't worry.
(2) The feeling of itching and pain. There will be itching and pain in the early stage of development, especially when it is rubbed or touched by underwear. These are not signs of illness, they are completely normal development, and all these discomforts will gradually disappear.
(3) The size or speed of breast development is inconsistent. Generally, breast enhancement is symmetrical. A few people may start from one side first, and the other side will develop after a few months, indicating that a person's two breasts are not generally large. There is no need to worry about this. After a certain period of development, the two breasts will generally be the same. Only a few people have different breast sizes.
Girls should wear bras in time after puberty. The advantage of wearing a bra is (1), which shows the beauty of women's bodies. (2) Support the breast to prevent sagging. (3) It can prevent breast diseases caused by blood stasis in the lower part of the breast. (4) Reduce the local pressure of the heart, promote the smooth circulation of heart blood flow, which is beneficial to breast development. (5) Reduce breast vibration caused by exercise or physical labor, and avoid breast injury due to the protection of the bra. (6) Protect nipples from scratches or pain; Bras can also keep warm in autumn and winter.
The time to start wearing a bra depends on the development speed and size of the breast. At the beginning of adolescence, breasts should be fully developed, and bras should not be worn too early to prevent breast development. Here, I would like to introduce a girl's method to determine whether she should wear a bra. Measure from the top of the breast through the nipple to the bottom of the breast with a soft ruler. Wear a bra when the up-and-down distance is greater than 16 cm. If the age is less than 16 years old and the breast height is less than 16 cm, it is not suitable to wear a bra.
In a word, bra is not only an ornament, but also a necessary health care product for women. Because of different body types and different breast sizes, it is necessary to choose a bra with a suitable size, which should be comfortable after wearing and will not feel tight.
2, menarche:
This is one of the important signs for girls to enter puberty. What is menstruation? Menstruation refers to the phenomenon that women's endometrium is periodically peeled off under the influence of endocrine, and blood is excreted once a month, which is called menstruation. The interval between two menstrual periods on the first day is called menstrual cycle, which is generally 28-30 days. It is still within the normal range to advance or postpone for 7 days. If it is shorter than 2 1 day or higher than 40 days, it is best to go to the hospital for examination. A recent survey in China shows that the average age of menarche of female students is about 13 years old, the earliest age can be about 9- 10 years old, and the latest age can be about 18- 19 years old. Under normal circumstances, menstruation has just arrived, because the function of ovary is not fully developed and unstable, and irregular menstrual cycle is normal. It will be fine after one year, so don't worry about this problem.
Some girls have two kinds of troubles after menstrual cramps, one is premenstrual tension, and the other is dysmenorrhea.
Women begin to have emotional abnormalities about a week before menstruation, such as mental tension, trouble, irritability, insomnia, headache and so on. Some are accompanied by low back pain, abdominal distension, lethargy, breast pain and other mild physical discomfort reactions, mainly caused by abnormal hormone ratio in the body. This is a normal physiological reaction, no need to be nervous, no need to treat, and it will not affect your study. As long as you divert your attention, avoid mental stress and eat lightly, you can relieve the symptoms.
Dysmenorrhea is also encountered by most girls. If it is not serious, there is no need for treatment. You can hot compress your abdomen, or take a hot bath, keep warm, and don't eat cold, spicy and irritating food. Symptoms will naturally ease. Of course, if you have serious symptoms such as cold sweat, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, you should also go to the hospital in time.
Menstrual care:
During menstruation, because the endometrium falls off, blood vessels rupture, forming wounds, the cervix is slightly open, which is easy to be infected with bacteria and the human body's resistance is reduced. Therefore, special attention should be paid to personal hygiene during menstruation.
(1) Pay attention to choosing reliable bathroom products. Use sanitary napkins with guaranteed quality such as Anerle and Sophie. Don't use cheap products of unknown brands. It has been reported in the news that some unscrupulous traders use "black heart cotton" to make sanitary napkins, which is unsanitary and even harmful to health. Therefore, it is better to eat less snacks and use better quality sanitary products.
(2) Take a hot bath frequently. I used to hear some old people say that bathing during menstruation is unscientific. It should be said that you can't take a cold bath, but you can take a hot bath. Take a shower instead of a bath. Be careful not to share other people's clothes and towels, and wash and dry your own tableware frequently.
(3) keep warm. Menstrual resistance drops, pay attention to keep warm. Avoid wading, getting wet in the rain, swimming, washing your hair and feet in cold water, and don't sit on the mat or on the cool ground. Avoid eating too many cold drinks in summer.
(4) Eat some light food and fresh fruits and vegetables during menstruation; It is not advisable to eat cold, sour and spicy food, such as ice cream that girls like to eat, and menstrual period should also be controlled.
(5) Maintain a cheerful mood and eliminate the fear, anxiety and tension during menstruation.
Second, the psychology of adolescence
(A), the general characteristics of adolescent psychological development:
Mainly includes the following aspects:
1. Sense of maturity-self-awareness and independent needs. During this period, teenagers' sense of independence was obviously enhanced. They no longer regard the words of their parents and teachers as "truth", but like to think independently and express their opinions when things happen, so they often criticize their parents and teachers. The most common manifestations of this criticism tendency are: thinking that parents' ideas are out of date and often talking back to their parents; I hate it when my parents go into their room without your permission, and I hate it when my parents rummage through things in your room. Some students even resist teachers and parents, and even have resistance to school and society.
2, because of the secretion of sex hormones, sensitivity is enhanced, impulsive, not good at controlling emotions with reason, often excited because of a little thing, and it is easy to change from one extreme to the other. Some psychologists call this period "hurricane period", "storm period" and "restless period" If a junior high school girl feels wronged because of the teacher's fierce criticism, she will go crazy. Sometimes I am depressed because of accidents, too naughty or even naughty; When I realize social contradictions, I sometimes feel depressed, indignant and sad.
3. Desire to be accepted and seek a partner. Compared with primary school, you have a stronger sense of self-awareness and participation. You are required to participate in group activities like adults and gain friendship through activities. You are also very concerned about whether your behavior is recognized in the group. What is recognized collectively is more easily valued by you than what is recognized by parents and others. Therefore, when parents, partners, teachers and friends in the class have differences or opposites, you usually listen to the opinions of your partners, stand on the side of your friends and be loyal to your friendship. You are more afraid of criticism from your group partners than from teachers and parents.
(B), some bad psychological characteristics of adolescence
Because girls are in a specific period of insufficient physical development, knowledge and life experience, they may have unhealthy psychological performance. If they are found, they should be corrected in time to avoid serious illness. Its performance mainly includes the following aspects:
1. Melancholy
For various reasons, teenagers will be unhappy, sad and taciturn. As far as I know, some students have brothers and sisters. Because they are young, their parents spend more energy on them, so they feel that their parents don't love themselves and they are redundant. I even think people all over the world are sorry for themselves. In fact, this idea is wrong. Children are parents' treasures, and no parents don't love their children.
2. Shaanxi Pass
Even if I haggle over every ounce, I am too narrow-minded. I also worry about trivial matters and love to get into a dead end.
be jealous of
When others are better than themselves, they are unnatural, uncomfortable and even hostile. What's more, they even use blows and slanders to vent their inner jealousy.
panic
Have a sense of terror about the environment and things, such as fear of needles, fear of the dark, fear of ghosts and so on. The light person's heart beats violently, his hands shake, and the heavy person can't sleep, insomnia, screaming in his dream, etc.
Be cruel
If you are unhappy with a little thing, you will vent it on others, hitting people and cursing them. Others will make fun of others for their own happiness and sneer at others, without warmth.
Stay sensitive
That is, nervousness and paranoia often regard others' unintentional words and irrelevant actions as contempt or ridicule for themselves, which leads to moodiness and great emotional changes.
self-abased
I lack confidence in myself and think that I am inferior to others in all aspects. No matter in study or in life, I always look down on myself and hold my head up. Even the rapid growth of your body often makes you feel at a loss, such as feeling too fat, too tall, too short and too small eyes. This inferiority complex has seriously affected their mood, lacking interest in themselves and feeling too depressed.
(3) Self-regulation of teenagers' psychology
The above-mentioned bad psychological performance can be effectively alleviated through self-regulation. There are several ways:
1. Transfer method.
Transfer method is to shift your attention to happy things when you are unhappy. When we realize that pain is inevitable and can only be endured silently, we should actively shift our attention to the most meaningful things as soon as possible, and to activities that can make you feel confident, happy, full or not painful. For example, when you are in a bad mood, you will relax when you are distracted on campus.
2. Communication mitigation methods.
Communication can not only exchange thoughts and feelings, but also release the tension brought by life and study. When students, teachers and classmates open their hearts to exchange ideas and pour out their troubles, they will eliminate loneliness and tension, forget their disappointment and study actively and happily again. If you communicate with others after being criticized, your emotional troubles can be greatly alleviated.
3. Emotional catharsis.
Emotional catharsis means that when people are in a fierce emotional state, they should consciously take reasonable ways to express their emotional experiences and reactions directly or indirectly. There are several ways to vent your emotions: (1) Talk. When you are full of troubles and worries, you can talk to friends, parents, teachers or psychological hotlines, or you can vent your pain by writing letters and keeping diaries. (2) Excessive activity method. For example, a lot of sports activities, shouting quickly and loudly, etc. , is conducive to the release of tension, eliminate boredom and depression. (3) Crying. When you are extremely sad, you can find a suitable environment or place to cry heartily and release the sense of depression in order to relax and calm mentally. Studies have shown that people who go to extremes because of personal emotions do not cry, and people who cry generally do not go to extremes.
4. expression.
There are many forms to control one's emotions through expression. One is writing, writing to the other party or middleman, and writing out the grievances, boredom and anger in your heart. Read it several times after writing, and let all the sulks in your heart vent. After the anger disappears, tear it off and leave no trace. The second method is to find someone who is enthusiastic, patient, fair, generous, knowledgeable and knows yourself better, so that you can pour out what is in your heart, get the other person's persuasion and feel comfortable. The third way is to have a sincere dialogue with each other directly, so that both sides can make some concessions and accept each other.
5. Understanding method.
Because other people's actions hurt us, we feel wronged, complaining, pessimistic, and even angry and angry. At this time, if we are really angry, agitated and angry, it is tantamount to punishing ourselves. A better way to eliminate this negative emotion is to be considerate. Understanding means putting yourself in the other person's shoes, putting yourself in the other person's shoes. If others misunderstand me, or because they don't really understand me, or listen to others. It's not his fault. Even if he is wrong now, he will understand me when he knows the truth. Even, we can imagine him as a "patient", an unhealthy person, or treat the other person as a person with low understanding. In this way, there will be less expectations for him, and he will not impose too many self-demands on others, which will only increase his troubles. Sometimes you have to think for yourself. Such as extreme tension, anxiety, worry, fatigue, etc., are mostly caused by stretching the string too tightly. Say to yourself: maybe I really can't do this, maybe my body is not as good as others. Maybe you will feel more relaxed.
6. Self-suggestion method
Hint is a psychological adjustment mode to correct and change individual psychological state or behavior by means of language stimulation. It means that a person consciously strengthens a certain concept to influence his mood and behavior. "Hint" has obvious influence on human psychological and physiological activities, and may even lead to some hallucinations. Commonly used self-suggestion methods include language self-suggestion, action self-suggestion and psychological image self-suggestion. Correct and positive self-suggestion can increase students' self-confidence and motivate themselves to forge ahead. For example, during my study, I can hint to myself at any time: "I can learn well", "I can learn well before, and I can learn well this time." On the other hand, self-suggestion can also suppress anger and relax tension. For example, when you are impulsive and irritable, you say to yourself, "I want to be calm;" Calm down again, anger can't solve the problem "; When the exam is tense, you can tell yourself, "I want to relax, and I will do well in the exam this time." In addition, self-suggestion in written language is also an effective way. For example, many students stick the word "struggle" on their desks to motivate themselves. For example, walking on the ground 30 meters wide is different from walking on the wall 30 meters wide in the sky. This is because when walking at high altitude, there is already a self-suggestion of "air danger" in my heart. The psychologist told a death row prisoner that he would be drawn to death. The doctor only symbolically pricked the needle for drawing blood, and did not draw a drop of blood from the condemned man, but the condemned man still died. This is also the role of suggestion.
Third, the problem of puppy love among students.
First of all, I tell my classmates a short story: when spring comes, a sensitive peach tree first smells the breath of spring and can't wait to open its delicate buds and blossom beautiful peach blossoms. But the weather was unstable in early spring, and suddenly frost came overnight, and peach blossoms were scattered all over the floor. In autumn, all other peach trees have fruit, but it doesn't bear fruit. Puppy love is like this peach tree. Although the number of people involved is very small, its harm cannot be ignored.
(1) Distraction affects school work.
Some middle school students mistakenly think that "as long as two people have the same interests, falling in love will not affect their studies" or "love generates motivation and promotes their studies", which are extremely objective. In fact, people who fall in love early often take love as the center and each other as the process, and their feelings are restrained by each other. Their studies were not distracted and their grades did not decline. Although many puppy lovers have a secret relationship, they are finally discovered by their parents and teachers. The main reason is that the decline in academic performance has attracted the attention of parents. Under questioning, they told the truth.
Among the objects consulted by psychologists, almost 100% of the "puppy love" middle school students suffered a fiasco. Some of them were expected to enter key high schools, but now they can only "borrow"; Have a plenty of recognized university prospects, but the college entrance examination failed in Sun Shan. Although they lost their way today, they were left behind by their peers because they took a detour. These lessons cannot but arouse our reflection.
For example, a girl of 16 years old in a school got excellent grades when she first entered school. Because he secretly loved a male classmate in his class, he quickly fell in love, was distracted in class, missed class, and dated after school. As a result, in less than a semester, her academic performance dropped sharply and she did not enter high school at last.
(2) The relationship is extremely unstable.
Adolescent boys and girls fall in love, which can be said to be carried out under the condition of immature body and mind. In addition, teenagers have no economic foundation, and most of their financial resources are pinned on their parents. So this kind of love has no solid foundation, and it is easy to give up halfway. When they first fell in love, they often believed in philosophy and even called each other names. However, with the passage of time, they entered the university from middle school or went to the society, gradually enriched their knowledge and experience, accumulated their own life experience, really matured, established their own world outlook and had new criteria for choosing a spouse. People who once loved each other may be difficult to combine because of their personality changes and different interests. At that time, they will look back on an old experience and think it is like a game. Someone has done a follow-up survey and found that the success rate of puppy love marriage is extremely low, and few people who became warm to each other in middle school can eventually form a family. It is a pity that this "love" with more bitter fruit than sweet fruit has spent many of the best time in life.
(3) Emotional impulse, planting bitter fruit.
After boys and girls fall in love, they are alone all day. They either go out for an outing together, or freely enter and leave the film and television hall. The scene of love will become the focus of their attention and imitation, especially the kissing and cuddling of men and women in movies and television will stimulate the emotional impulse of boys and girls. Strong sexual impulses often make them lose their senses, have sex without considering the consequences, and even get pregnant before marriage. The moral concept and public opinion in our country can't tolerate teenage pregnancy, so some students and girls pretend to be sick and secretly go to hospitals or private clinics far from home for abortion because they are afraid of being known by others and have no face to tell their teachers and parents. Not getting enough rest after the operation will cause great harm to the body, even lifelong infertility, and live in regret and pain all my life. Some students and girls even died because they bought medicines and had abortions. Some students and girls were ashamed of their parents' abuse, school punishment and classmates' cold-eyed ridicule after the incident was exposed, and then committed suicide. It can be seen that the result of puppy love is often that girls become the ultimate victims.
(4) Take the road of crime.
Criminal cases caused by "puppy love"
Lei is a junior high school student in Nanzheng County. Because he talked to a girl at the same level in our school once, another classmate at the same level, Song, was jealous because Song already thought that girl was his girlfriend. To this end, Song repeatedly threatened to find someone to thunder. After knowing this, Lei often carries a dagger about 20 cm long with him. 65438+1At about 8 o'clock on the evening of October 26th, the school just studied by itself at night. About 40 meters away from the school gate, Song gathered about seven or eight students from the school to besiege Lei. In desperation, Lei stabbed one person seven times with a dagger. The school leaders who heard the news rushed the injured to the hospital for emergency treatment, and eventually died because of his injuries. This malignancy has attracted the attention of local leaders at all levels. Lei has been captured by the county public security bureau.