The educational reform of the Reform Movement of 1898 was the peak of the reform movement headed by Kang Youwei in the late Qing Dynasty. During the Reform Movement of 1898, the reformists actively eliminated the old and carried out the New Deal, and Emperor Guangxu issued a large number of imperial edicts for reform and reform. Belong to the cultural and educational aspects mainly include:
(1) abolish stereotyped writing and reform the imperial examination system. All the national exams, provincial and township exams, and state and county children's studies (test scholars) that used to use eight-part essays will try to discuss topics instead. In addition to the prescribed examinations, there are also "special courses on economics" to test practical knowledge and select New Deal talents.
(2) Shi Jing University Hall (predecessor of Peking University) was established in Beijing, and the original official bookstore and translation bookstore were merged into the University Hall.
(3) Organize high schools, middle schools and primary schools. All the old academies, large and small, have been transformed into schools that study both middle school and western learning: the academies in provincial capitals have been transformed into institutions of higher learning; Fucheng Academy changed to secondary school; Colleges in all counties have been transformed into primary schools.
(4) Prepare to set up specialized schools in railway, mining, farming, tea, sericulture and medicine.
(5) Establish a translation bureau and a compilation school to compile foreign language books.
(6) Change The Times into an official newspaper and encourage the free establishment of newspapers and associations.
(7) Send people to study abroad. The governors of all provinces select smart students who are interested in further study and send them to Japan to study.
Extended data
The bourgeois reformers, represented by Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, Tan Sitong and Yan Fu, summed up the thoughts and practices of the early reformers, pushed the reform thoughts to a new stage on the basis of critical inheritance, and formed a systematic theoretical system and a set of reform thoughts.
Kang Youwei's three works, Axiom of Human Beings (1884), Research on New Learning and Pseudo-Classics (189 1) and Research on Confucius' Reform (1892), laid the theoretical foundation for the reform. The seven letters from 1888 to 1898 systematically expounded the reform program and plan.
Liang Qichao's General Discussion on Reform, Yan Fu's Yuan Qiang, Bi Han's On the Urgency of World Change, the Theory of Evolution on Salvation and Translation, Tan Sitong's Benevolence, etc. , enriched the theoretical and ideological content of political reform and reform. Kang Youwei is the leader of the reformists and the actual leader of the Reform Movement of 1898. Liang Qichao gained great social influence in the propaganda of political reform.
Tan Sitong advocated breaking through all feudal snares, and his thoughts were more radical, and he became one of the "six gentlemen of the 1898 Movement". Yan Fu systematically introduced the social and political theories and natural science theories of the western bourgeoisie, adding ideological weapons to the Reform Movement. They were pioneers who sought the truth of saving the country and the people from the West at that time, and they were China's modern enlightenment thinkers and bourgeois reformist politicians.
China's revolutionaries were born in the Revolution of 1911. Representative figures are: Sun Yat-sen, Zhang Taiyan, Huang Xing, Zou Rong, Cai Yuanpei, etc. They are mainly different from reformists in means. Revolutionaries advocate the use of violence, while reformers advocate non-violence.
Revolutionaries take the concepts of natural human rights, freedom and equality as revolutionary ideological weapons, and put forward the theoretical program of the Three People's Principles in combination with China's national conditions. Its basic proposition is to overthrow the Qing government by violence and establish a democratic Republic-the Republic of China.