Problem description:
I am a freshman, and we have to write a paper. I want to be innovative, so I want to write a paper on sex. This paper mainly wants to write about the different understanding of sex between Chinese and western teenagers, and some problems about juvenile delinquency, and so on.
My aim is not to win any prizes. I just want to tell my thoughts to teenagers in words, which of course belongs to everyone.
So I hope to get your help. If you have any good suggestions, good materials and materials, please give me some suggestions as a lovely primary school student.
I want to pay my highest respects to you here. But not erotic.
Analysis:
Refer to sex education in primary and secondary schools in Japan.
In contemporary Japan, people's sexual consciousness is becoming more and more open and their values are more diversified. Great changes have taken place in the social environment around teenagers, especially the proliferation of sexual reports in various mass media, and the precocious development of teenagers' sexual physiology and psychology, which has caused some problems in Japanese teenagers' sexual consciousness and behavior. This can be seen from the results of the following three surveys.
In a survey on whether Japanese teenagers care about sex or men and women in movies, TV plays and magazines, the conclusion is that the proportion of "very concerned" and "slightly concerned" is on the rise. The proportion of people who answered "very concerned" was 10.4% in 1977 (13.6% for boys and 6.8% for girls) and 18.3% in 1984 (20% for boys) The proportion of people who answered "slightly concerned" was 6 1.7% in 1984 (58.7% for boys and 65.0% for girls), and 62. 1% in 65434 (6 1.7% for boys and 62% for girls). That is, from 1977 to 199 1, the number of teenagers who are "very concerned" and "slightly concerned" has increased from 72. 1% to 85.0% (pages 47-48), which shows that more and more Japanese teenagers wake up earlier and have sexual awareness.
From 65438 to 0987, the "Third Adolescent Sexual Behavior Survey" conducted by Japan Sex Education Association showed that junior high school students attached great importance to the channels of obtaining sexual knowledge or the aspects that influenced their sexual consciousness and behavior, such as friends, mass media and schools. The proportion of attaching importance to the former two is much greater than that of the latter. The specific proportion is: 68.2% of the respondents value their friends, and 58.8% are girls; 65.8% of the respondents pay attention to the mass media, and 55.5% are girls. 34.4% of the respondents attach importance to schools, while 29.2% of the respondents are girls.
Another Japanese survey (JASE National Survey) shows that among junior middle school students,11%boys and1%girls have dating experience, 5.6% boys and 6.6% girls have kissing experience, and 2.2% boys and 65.0% girls have kissing experience. Among senior high school students, 39.7% boys and 49.2% girls have dating experience, 23. 1% boys and 25.5% girls have kissing experience, 1 1.5% boys and 8.7% girls have * * experience, 865438. This shows that among some middle school students, some sexual behaviors are biased or wrong.
Faced with the situation that teenagers wake up earlier and earlier, their sexual consciousness is getting stronger and stronger, sexual behavior deviation or criminal mistakes exist in different degrees, and the channels for obtaining sexual knowledge are mostly friends and mass media rather than schools, it is considered to be an important task and subject of school education to strengthen sex education in primary and secondary schools, so as to make students have a scientific understanding of sex and cultivate their autonomy in sexual behavior.
First, the goal of sex education in primary and secondary schools in Japan
Different scholars have different views on the goal of sex education in primary and secondary schools in Japan. Tetsuo Ishikawa, the discipline investigator of school health education in Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, also believes that the goal of sex education in primary and secondary schools is to "adapt to the development stage of children and students based on the spirit of respecting humanity, and help them form their personality and rich humanity while making them understand the scientific knowledge about sex."
Japanese scholars such as Yoshikazu Kurokawa and Mori James Tien believe that the goals of sex education in primary and secondary schools include the following four aspects:
(1) Emotion and sensibility. Namely: ① Cultivate students' feelings of accepting "sex" naturally and richly; ② Let students appreciate the mystery, greatness and innocence of life; ③ Cultivate students' awe of the great natural discretion such as the continuation of life and the fate of parents and children.
(2) Sociality. Namely: ① Let students know the preciousness of their own lives and make them realize that they live with other lives; ② Cultivate students' spirit of respecting individuality and equality between men and women, ③ make students understand the role of gender and the proper state of the relationship between men and women, and cultivate their attitude of mutual cooperation; (4) Make students have a firm understanding of sexual problems in society, cultivate their eyes to examine sexual culture and sexual morality, and cultivate their qualities in line with social people.
(3) scientific. That is, let learners have a scientific understanding of the physiological and psychological changes of their sexual development, impart correct knowledge, and cultivate their ability and attitude to treat them correctly.
(4) Self-control ability. That is, in order to cultivate the ability to control expectations correctly, let students understand the means of behavior and the way to treat sexual impulses.
In addition, "About Sex Guidance in Student Guidance" edited by the Japanese Ministry of Education pointed out four goals of sex education in primary and secondary schools: ① Let students really know their sexual characteristics as men or women; (2) To enable students to establish interpersonal relationships between men and women on the basis of respecting human nature and equality between men and women; (3) As a member of family and society, students can acquire basic knowledge; (4) Adapting to physical and mental development and solving various problems; ⑤ Let students learn the ideal life style of their youth.
Second, the content of sex education in primary and secondary schools in Japan
Generally speaking, the contents of sex education in primary and secondary schools in Japan include physical development, psychological development, interpersonal relationship between men and women, and coordination with society. According to the explanation of "Guidance Notes on Sex Education" compiled by Japan Sex Education Association, the contents of sex education from primary school to high school are as follows.
(A) the content of sex education in primary schools
1. The contents of sex education in the first school year include: ① Take care of your body, make students understand the outline of body form and the function of main parts, know the importance and specific methods of keeping sex organs and excretory organs clean frequently, and seek the habit of keeping sex organs and excretory organs clean frequently; (2) Being friendly to men and women enables students to discover that both men and women have advantages, and to think about the importance of mutual recognition and mutual help; In order to prevent kidnapping and sexual harassment, students should be taught the necessary knowledge in order to make this awareness habitual in daily life.
2. The contents of sex education in the second academic year include: ① Growth makes students pay attention to their own physical growth, and at the same time lets them know that although there are gender differences and individual differences in the formation of the body, as human beings, everyone is the same; ② While letting students know the birth principle of life, my parents and I let them know the continuation of human life from the perspective of parent-child relationship. (3) What people hate, let students know that people must respect each other's personality, live in cooperation, and cultivate their attitude of guarding against hurting others' body and mind; ④ TV and Us makes students think about how to accept the sexual information in TV-centered film and television culture and cultivate their ideal attitude.
3. The contents of sex education in the third academic year include: ① keeping sex organs clean, making students understand that sex organs have a deep relationship with the birth of life, and at the same time making them pay attention to keeping them clean, especially for girls, so that they know that their physical preparation for becoming adults has begun; ② People's psychology and animal's psychology make students understand the function of people's psychology. ③ Mutual assistance between men and women allows students to observe the lifestyles of men and women and their parents in school life and family life, thus deepening their understanding of the proper state of cooperation between men and women; (4) When others ask for directions, let students think about how to treat people, and at the same time let them master the specific attitude towards life to avoid sexual harm.
4. The contents of sex education in the fourth school year include: ① The changes of men's and women's bodies let students know that there are individual differences and gender differences in physical development, so that they can deepen their understanding of the characteristics of men and women, and at the same time make them pay attention to discovering the secondary sexual characteristics, so that they can know that women will experience menstruation and men will experience * * *; ② Psychological characteristics of men and women, so that students can focus on the directional psychological differences between men and women in their daily lives, and at the same time let them know about psychological development and seek mutual understanding; (3) the birth of a baby-let students know the principle of reproduction, and at the same time let them know that the birth of life is of great joy and emotion, and let them realize the preciousness of his life; (4) Equality and cooperation between men and women-by deepening students' understanding of the psychological and physical differences between men and women, they can understand the importance of cooperation rooted in the mutual relationship of trust and respect, and cultivate their attitudes and behaviors based on the spirit of equality between men and women; ⑤ Together with comics and magazines, let students know how to accept information centered on comics and magazines and cultivate their information selection ability.
5. The contents of sex education in the fifth school year include: ① the changes of secondary sexual characteristics and body make students realize that the emergence of secondary sexual characteristics will be more obvious, and it is particularly necessary for both men and women to keep their bodies clean; ② The experience of menstruation makes students understand the principle of menstruation and its individual differences; (3) Desire and behavior-imparting students with preliminary knowledge about brain function, making them know the relationship between desire and behavior, and making them pay attention to their own and others' lifestyles on the basis of regulating desire; ⑤ Prevention of Sexual Injury On the basis of understanding the sexual psychology of men and women, make students understand the causes of sexual injuries and sexual crimes, make them pay attention to cautious actions, wording and dress, and cultivate their practical attitude and ability; My family and I help students deepen their understanding of family life, understand their relationship with their families and understand the importance of building a happy family.
6. The contents of sex education in the sixth academic year include: ① the experience of * * * *-while letting students know about * * *, cultivate their attitudes and habits of living a moderate life relative to sexual maturity; (2) The increase of anxiety and troubles makes students understand sexual anxiety and troubles, and makes them know how to treat them; (3) From fertilization to pregnancy and delivery-1) Let students understand the process from fertilization to delivery, and at the same time, let them appreciate the mystery of the birth of life and pay attention to the infinite dignity of life; Friends of the opposite sex let students know that men and women begin to care about each other and seek friends of the opposite sex, so that they can understand the importance of recognizing each other's personality and establishing a friendship based on trust and respect; ⑤ Sex and Society enables students to master social problems based on the spirit of respecting the dignity of life and humanity, and cultivate students' ability and attitude to correctly treat sexual problems.
(B) the content of junior high school sex education
1. The contents of sex education in the first academic year include: ① the relationship between human beings and sex-let students know that human life has a deep relationship with sex, and cultivate their corresponding ideological preparation and attitude while letting them understand the significance of junior high school students; The characteristics of junior high school students' sexual development-let students know that the transition period of junior high school students as children to adults is a remarkable period of sexual development, so as to understand their own growth stage; ③ Physiological development of sex-first, make students understand the appearance of the second sexual characteristic and its personal differences and significance, and make them pay attention to the need to be cautious in dealing with people; ④ Friends of the opposite sex make students understand that it is natural for junior high school students to have a sense of the opposite sex and a high desire to get close to the opposite sex, and also let them understand the interpersonal relationship with the opposite sex and cultivate their attitude and behavior ability of respecting the opposite sex; ⑤ Roles of men and women in the family1-Let students think that most people organize families and family members live together, and men and women have their own roles, and at the same time cultivate their attitude of cooperation with family members.
2. The contents of sex education in the second academic year include: ① The birth of life makes students understand the principle of life, let them think about the social significance of the birth of life, and cultivate the spirit of respecting life and equality for all; (2) Eliminating sexual anxiety and troubles-Junior high school students, because they are in a hyperactive period of rapid physical development and sexual maturity, are accompanied by self-development, so their sexual anxiety and troubles also increase. Therefore, students should master the corresponding ability; ③ * * * Expectation and Sexual Behavior1-Let students know that with the maturity of sex, * * * expectation will increase, and they will have the desire to take sexual action, so that they can know the way of proper behavior; ④ Sexual information and its countermeasures: let students know that there are all kinds of sexual information in modern society, and junior high school students are also influenced by it, so that they can understand the necessity of mastering the ability to handle sexual information, so as to master the ability to properly handle these sexual information; ⑤ Sex and society-Let students know the interpersonal relationship between men and women and their gender roles in modern society, and let them know that people who create social life are basically equal.
3. The contents of sex education in the third academic year include: ① the sexual characteristics of people let students know their sexual characteristics one by one, so that they can master the ability to control their sexual ability and behavior; (2) the history of human beings and human nature-first, let students know that human beings have maintained interpersonal relationships with the opposite sex since their appearance, and have survived in various forms, and cultivate them to deepen their perspective on sexual thinking patterns; (3) The proper state of men and women in modern society-let students know that the way of thinking about the status, roles and interpersonal relationships of men and women in modern society is not fixed, but diversified, and cultivate their ability to create the status, roles and interpersonal relationships of men and women in the future society from the concept of respecting individuals and equality between men and women; (4) About sexual diseases: Let students know about diseases mainly caused by sexual behavior, and make them understand that it is important to prevent sexually transmitted diseases in order to seek personal happiness and human prosperity; ⑤ Family planning and population problem-let students know about family planning and let them know that human prosperity is related to population problem.
(C) the content of high school sex education
The content of sex education in senior high school includes 16 points: (1) Growth and maturity make students understand the relationship between the development of endocrine function and sexual maturity and aging; (2) Structure and function of sex organs-let students know about the differentiation, development, structure and function of male and female organs, and let students know that sexual maturity is related to the psychology and behavior of men and women; (3) *** and behavior-first, let students understand the relationship between brain development and * * *, so that they can understand the relationship between the characteristics of human sexual behavior and personality; (4) Gender differences make students know that gender differences are not only physiological functions, but also related to social, cultural and other historical factors, so as to cultivate a cooperative attitude on the basis of deepening mutual understanding; (5)***- First, on the basis of letting students master the relationship between sexual maturity and spiritual maturity of men and women, they know that human beings * * * are not only for reproduction, but also an act that contains various elements of culture and society; (6) Fertilization and baby vibration make students understand the principle of fertilization and baby pregnancy, and let them understand the meaning of reproduction and the roles of men and women through maternal function; (7) Childbearing in childbirth lets students know that they have correct knowledge about childbirth, eliminates women's anxiety, and cultivates men and women's sense of responsibility in parenting; (8) Contraception and induced abortion enable students to master the necessity and methods of contraception from the perspective of individuals and society, and at the same time let students know the obstacles associated with induced abortion; (9) Sexually transmitted diseases enable students to understand the types, symptoms, prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, so that students can master the ability to prevent sexually transmitted diseases; (10) Sexual anxiety and troubles enable students to understand the multifaceted and individual differences of human nature, and enable them to master the methods of dealing with sexual troubles related to personal lifestyles; (1 1) Love makes students notice that the love shown in various interpersonal relationships is based on personal respect, and makes them think about love from multiple angles; (12) Interpersonal Relations between Men and Women enables students to think about the historical interpersonal relationship and the relationship between men and women, understand the importance of the sense of connection and responsibility as the founders of a democratic society, and cultivate their attitude of establishing personal values and social norms; (l3) Marriage and family-let students understand the significance of marriage in human society, the relationship between marriage and family groups, and the role of marriage, so that they can establish the foundation of youth's marriage view; (14) Sex and Human Rights enables students to understand various issues surrounding sexual behavior from the standpoint of basic human rights; (15) sex and society-human nature is multifaceted, and many of its contents are guided by social structure. Therefore, students should understand the background of various problems surrounding the social phenomenon of sex and the relationship between men and women, and cultivate their attitude and ability to correctly treat sexual problems; (16) Sex and culture make students understand that sex is a personal problem and a reflection of social customs and culture.
Third, the ways and means of sex education in primary and secondary schools in Japan
(1) Ways of Sex Education in Primary and Secondary Schools in Japan At present, there are no sex education courses and textbooks specifically for primary and secondary school students in Japan, and their sex education runs through all educational activities in schools.
Sex education in Japanese primary and secondary schools includes two parts: "sex learning" and "sex guidance".
The so-called "sex study" refers to the planned sex education in certain disciplines and subjects in accordance with the requirements of "Learning Guidance Essentials" in order to impart scientific sex knowledge to students, make them understand the preciousness of life, have a correct view of the opposite sex and have the autonomy of sexual behavior. These subjects and subjects mainly include primary school health care, junior high school health care, senior high school health care, science, home economics or technical home economics (junior high school), social studies or civic studies, life studies and Chinese studies. In addition, in the special "moral" time, sexual knowledge and sexual morality are also partially taught. It should be pointed out that these subjects and subjects are carried out according to their respective teaching objectives, goals and plans, and are not specialized courses in sex education. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the role of various disciplines and topics, strengthen the coordination of their teaching, and make their contents continuous and systematic in sex education.
"Sex guidance" mainly carries out sex education through special activities and "off-site activities" (that is, activities outside the education curriculum system including subject courses, morality and special activities). This kind of sex education is not aimed at imparting sexual knowledge, but mainly enables students to master all kinds of abilities needed to deal with and solve their own sexual problems, form a correct attitude and form good habits. Among the special activities, the activities related to sex education mainly include class activities (high school extracurricular study room activities), children's clubs (junior high school and high school student unions) and school routine activities. Sex education in extracurricular activities is mainly for students who are not suitable for sexual development and students with sexual behavior problems, and teachers conduct individual education before and after class. In addition, this kind of sexual guidance is also carried out in the "moral" time.
(B) Japanese sex education methods in primary and secondary schools
There are two methods of sex education in primary and secondary schools in Japan, namely collective guidance and individual guidance.
1, collective guidance
Collective guidance in sex education refers to the guidance of students' sexual knowledge learning in specific subject teaching, with the whole grade or a class or a group as the unit. For example, sexual knowledge learning guidance in sports (or healthy sports), science, home economics (or science and technology home economics), society and other disciplines and "moral character" and special activities mainly belongs to group guidance. This kind of guidance is carried out according to a certain teaching plan.
2. Individual guidance
Individual guidance in sex education refers to giving appropriate special guidance to a certain student in view of all kinds of sexual problems between them. This kind of guidance is the supplement and perfection of the above-mentioned group guidance, and it is arbitrary in implementation. Its forms are various, including questions or tips in class, interviews and correspondence after class. Psychological consultation and health consultation are one of the main forms.
To sum up, sex education in primary and secondary schools in Japan pays attention to adapting to students' physical and mental development stages and their characteristics when determining educational objectives and contents; In terms of educational methods, it pays attention to the combination of collective guidance and individual guidance. In addition, in order to strengthen sex education, Japan has recognized the necessity of strengthening the close relationship between related courses. These are all worthy of our reference and reference. However, the effect of sex education in primary and secondary schools in Japan is still unsatisfactory, which is manifested in some students' unhealthy behaviors, pregnancy, abortion and "* * *". Therefore, how to further strengthen sex education is still an important topic in Japanese primary and secondary education.