[Teaching objectives]
1. Grasp the concept, research object and task of pedagogy.
2. Understand the emergence and development of pedagogy, and understand the significance and methods of studying and researching pedagogy.
[Teaching Emphasis and Difficulties]
The basic concept and development of pedagogy is the focus of this chapter. The significance and methods of pedagogy, and how mature the theory of pedagogy as a discipline is, are all difficult to learn.
[Teaching method]
Teaching method-oriented
[Teaching time]
3 class hours
[Teaching content]
Introduction is the starting point and the first problem of learning pedagogy. This paper focuses on the research object and task of this discipline, the basic nature of the discipline, the emergence and development of discipline theory and its position and role in normal education, which provides the most general methodological basis for learning educational theory, studying educational problems and revealing educational laws.
The purpose of "Introduction to Learning" is to clarify the direction of learning and studying pedagogy, master the most basic research methods and fully understand the guiding role of educational theory in education and teaching practice on the basis of understanding the basic issues such as the disciplinary attributes of pedagogy. So as to enhance the consciousness and enthusiasm of learning this course well.
The first section is the research object of pedagogy.
First, what is pedagogy?
This is the first question to be answered when learning pedagogy. The most general definition is that pedagogy is a science that studies educational phenomena, discusses educational problems and reveals educational laws.
Second, the research object of pedagogy
The ultimate goal of any subject research is for the objective law and internal essence contained in this subject. The law itself is internal, abstract and essential. We can't study and reveal the law from the law itself, but only from the external phenomenon of the law. Therefore, we believe that the research object of any discipline should include two aspects: one is the phenomenon and problems of this discipline, and the other is the essence and law contained in this discipline.
Pedagogy is a social science, which takes education, a unique phenomenon of human society, as its special research field. Its research objects are education, teaching phenomena and educational problems.
(A) the phenomenon of education
1. Educational phenomena in broad sense and narrow sense
Broadly speaking, all activities that improve people's knowledge, skills and health level and form or change people's ideology are called education.
Narrow sense: the purposeful, planned and organized influence exerted on the body and mind of the educated through teaching.
2. Various educational activities
It is classified from the aspects of subject, scope and purpose, such as national education activities, class education activities and school education activities.
3. Various educational relations
Country (region)
Master plan of school education system
(Research on the overall educational activities of social undertakings-macro)
Schools of all levels and types
Education master plan
(Studying the overall educational activities of colleges and universities from a middle perspective)
Master plan of teacher work
(Research on Individual Communication Education Activities-Micro)
Students' personality development
(Figure 1- 1. Four levels of modern school education system)
4. Various forms of education
Lifelong education-the length of education
Mass information media education-the width of education
Humanistic education-the depth of education
(2) Education
1. Eugenics
Eugenics —— Eugenics.
"Celebrity Sperm+Beauty Egg" = "Best Works"?
2. Quality education
(1) Chinese middle school students have won prizes in international Olympic competitions many times, but up to now, our country has not cultivated Nobel Prize-winning talents. Is this a big puzzle for the intriguing Chinese nation?
"China elementary education+American higher education" = the best combination?
(2) Content of teaching materials
The Race between the Tortoise and the Rabbit (Science \ Philosophy)
"Kong Rong allows pears" (two ways of dividing apples: morality \ market competition)
(3) Who will shoot the penalty? -Vote for yourself
Fan Zhiyi-"feel good about yourself" (zelf-esteem)
Transcending psychological barriers-self-realization
3. Education equity
(1) Inequality caused by the creator's nature and inequality continues from the day after tomorrow. The existence of human differences makes any equality unequal.
The son of a millionaire, the son of a beggar-different backgrounds;
A teenager, a baby-needs are different;
One is good at absorption, and the other is indigestion-the situation is different. ...
Because the difference between people is absolute, the result of putting two cups of milk on them is inevitably unequal (2) the inevitable social division of labor of human beings.
The existence of competitive behavior
Achieve "contention" through "competition"
Manual segmentation
4. Teaching problems
The Good Effect of "Remembering Bitterness and Thinking Sweet" —— White-haired Girl
5. Family education
Liu Yiting, a Harvard girl-"The pyramid structure of society determines that the top students will always be scores, and most people will definitely become an unknown member of the social foundation".
Education plan: graduated from primary school at the age of 9, graduated from high school at the age of 13, graduated from university at the age of 16, and graduated from doctor at the age of 2 1. This is a rapid development plan made by Dr. Yuan Honglin from Haiyan County, Zhejiang Province. He intends to train his daughter into a family doctor in an unconventional way. At the time of reporting, the 5-year-old daughter had been able to read the basic courses of New Japanese and New Concept English fluently. Yuan Honglin said: "My goal is to cultivate her into a senior researcher in global information and intelligence who can translate, respond quickly or master multiple languages at the same time. I don't want my daughter to become the standard on the assembly line of the current education system. " He called this early education project "an education project five to ten years in advance".
Zhang Xinyi, a ten-year-old college student, was admitted to Tianjin Engineering Normal University with 505 points this year.
Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude: directional training → purpose, result and ideal.
Beauty: qualitative cultivation → randomness, process and reality.
Third, the research task of pedagogy?
The fundamental task of this subject is to reveal the laws of education, and provide scientific understanding and basis for formulating educational work guidelines, educational principles and determining educational contents and methods.
The law of education is the essential connection between the internal elements of education and between education and other things, and it is the inevitable trend of educational development and change.
Educational Law-Objectivity (Scientific Law)
Education policy-subjectivity (decree issued by the government)
Pedagogy mainly studies educational laws, not educational principles and policies.
Fourthly, the disciplinary nature of pedagogy.
Two dimensions to measure and judge the nature of a discipline: First, does this discipline belong to natural science or social science? Second, is this discipline a theoretical discipline, an applied discipline, or both?
According to the above two dimensions, we believe that the disciplinary nature of pedagogy is as follows:
(1) Pedagogy belongs to social science;
(2) Pedagogy is a theoretical discipline with strong practicality.
Generally speaking, pedagogy should be a theoretical discipline, but it is different from the general theoretical discipline, and it also has strong practicality and application. Therefore, it should be a theoretical social discipline with strong practicality.
The emergence and development of pedagogy in the second quarter
First, the historical development stage of pedagogy
Pedagogy is a science gradually formed and developed with the development of society and the enrichment of human experience. Its emergence and development can be roughly divided into the following four stages:
(A) the embryonic stage of pedagogy
1. time: from slave society to feudal society.
2. Overview: In human history, there was no independent education science for a long time at first. After the slave society, people's understanding and views on education were mostly intertwined with other concepts and incorporated into a huge philosophical system, which did not form an independent discipline.
3. Main achievements
Among them, a few works try to investigate the educational phenomenon as an independent form, such as The Book of Learning and The University of China, and On the Education of Speakers by quintilian in ancient Rome, which can be regarded as the bud of educational science.
(1) Xue Ji is the earliest and most complete monograph on pedagogy in the world. The full text 1229 was written at the end of the warring States period. This book makes an incisive exposition on the function of education, the ancient school education system and guidance system, the principles and methods of education and teaching, and the relationship between teachers and students, which is a high summary of China's ancient educational experience and Confucian educational thought.
(2) In the speeches and works of Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi, Zhu and other western thinkers, there is a great deal of educational experience, which is a valuable legacy in the history of human education and deserves our critical inheritance.
(B) the independent formal stage of pedagogy
1. Time:17th century to19th century.
2. Overview: With the development of capitalist production and the progress of science and technology, the bourgeoisie put forward their ideas and adopted some new measures in education in order to cultivate workers with cultural knowledge and the talents they need. In order to clarify their educational thoughts, bourgeois educators summed up their educational experience on the basis of the new educational practice, wrote some educational works, and a relatively complete pedagogy emerged, and educational science gradually became an independent discipline.
3. Main achievements:
(1) Comenius (J? Answer? Comenins, 1592- 1670), a famous Czech educator, wrote a book on great teaching in 1632, published in 1657, which is the earliest educational monograph in western Europe. This book summarizes the humanistic education thought since the Renaissance and its own long-term educational practice experience, and studies and discusses the class teaching system and compulsory education system for the first time. I am honored as "Copernicus" in the history of education and the originator of bourgeois pedagogy.
(2) Herbart (J? f？ Herbart, 1776- 184 1), a famous German educator, published General Pedagogy in 1806. Based on the latest research results of psychology, this book makes a comprehensive discussion and research on educational objectives, educational methods and principles, basic links in the teaching process, and the status of teachers and students.
(3) the founding stage of science pedagogy
1. Time:19 1950s to 1950s.
2. Overview: The time is from the middle of19th century to the beginning of 20th century. With the gradual decline of capitalist mode of production, the rise of new social forces, the emergence of new ideas, the progress of science and technology, especially the birth of Marxism, have provided new historical conditions for the development of pedagogy, and pedagogy has entered the stage of establishing scientific pedagogy.
3. Main achievements:
(1) The emergence of progressive education movement and modern education school.
/kloc-from the end of 0/9 to the beginning of the 20th century, many educators lashed out at Herbart's traditional educational thoughts and emerged new educational viewpoints under the impetus of European new educational thoughts and American progressive education movement. The most representative figure is Dewey (J? Dewey,1859-1952). His representative works are: Learning of Tomorrow, Democracy and Education (published in 19 16) and so on. He put forward a new "three-centered theory", which is centered on children, students' life experience and middle school practice. The educational theory represented by him formed the so-called "modern education school", that is, the "modern education school"
(2) The formation of educational research foundation and the application of scientific methods.
/kloc-from the end of 0/9 to the beginning of the 20th century, people began to use experiments, statistics, measurement and other methods in education, so that children's psychological activities, development level, learning behavior and other elusive and unpredictable phenomena were objectively revealed and scientifically explained. 190 1 Man Mei put forward the idea of establishing experimental pedagogy, and Rai published experimental pedagogy in 1903; Kit in the United States publishes "Scientific Research in Education" and so on. Greatly improved the scientific level of pedagogy.
(3) The establishment of Marxist pedagogy.
Ma and En's exposition of some educational issues in the original works: educators such as Kalinin, makarenko, Krupskaya and Kailov. Krupskaya wrote "National Education and Democratic System" in 19 15, which is the first book to guide educational practice with Marxism. On the road of its educational science development, Kailov tried to establish Marxist science pedagogy and made due contributions to its theoretical system. The representative work is Pedagogy published by 1939.
(4) In1930, the New Education Outline was published under the pen name of Li, which was the first book in China that tried to discuss education from a Marxist point of view.
Tao xingzhi's educational thought. Tao Xingzhi (1891-1946.7.25) was born in Shexian County, Anhui Province. He is the most influential and famous progressive educator in China after the May 4th Movement. His educational thought was formed on the basis of criticizing the old traditional education. It is a creative and progressive educational theory. Tao Xingzhi is a shining example of patriotic intellectuals in old China who embarked on the road of democratic revolution from "saving the country through education". He advocated popularizing education and serving the public, and demanded that education be linked with life and labor. He founded Xiaozhuang Normal University, Shanhai Engineering Group, Yucai School and many other first-class schools at that time, and trained a large number of talents.
(4) The development of modern educational theory and the formation stage of modern educational science.
1. Time: Since 1950s.
2. Overview: Since 1950s, due to the rapid development of science and technology, the development and application of intelligence has become the main factor to improve production efficiency and develop economy, which has caused new educational reform and promoted the development of pedagogy worldwide. Under the guidance of different ideological systems, the theories of educational science in various countries deepened in theory during this period.
3. The main achievements of the development of modern educational theory: there are some representative educators and their educational monographs. such as
1963 Bruner, a famous American psychologist, put forward the theory of structured curriculum and discovery method in the process of education.
1975 zankov, a famous educator in the former Soviet Union, published Teaching and Development. Taking the general development of students as the starting point of teaching, he put forward five teaching principles of developmental teaching theory, namely, high difficulty, high speed, taking theoretical knowledge as the guide, understanding the learning process, and making all students, including "poor students", develop.
The Swiss educator Piaget's "Educational Science and Child Psychology" consists of two articles, which discuss the various stages of intellectual development, emphasize the teaching methods of activities and actions, and think that the main purpose of teaching is to develop students' intelligence.
Su Homlinski, an educator in the former Soviet Union, wrote "One Hundred Suggestions for Teachers" and "Give All My Heart to Children", which expounded his harmonious education thought and had a great influence on world education.
4. The symbol of the formation of modern educational science
(1) development of educational science: since the 1950s, except for a few countries such as Germany and the Soviet Union, the name of pedagogy): Teaching science has disappeared in most countries, and many interrelated disciplines that study all aspects of education from different angles have emerged and formed, forming a discipline group called educational science. People began to use the term "educational science" universally.
Educational science, according to g? Alalei's classification methods in Introduction to Educational Science include educational philosophy, educational history, educational sociology, educational economics, educational management, comparative education and educational physiology. Pedagogy studies the general principles and methods of education, which is one of the important basic disciplines in educational science.
(2) the composition and structure of educational science
There are two ways to divide disciplines according to different standards:
A. With the object, place and content of education as the basic elements, the system structure of education discipline is shown in figure 1-2.
(Figure 1-2. Educational science building)