From birth to adulthood, children's physical and mental development is a continuous development process from junior to senior, from quantitative change to qualitative change. This process presents a certain order. For example, the physical development of newborn babies is from the head to the lower limbs, from the central part to the peripheral part. Children's psychological development is from low level to high level. For example, children always develop concrete thinking in images first, then abstract logical thinking, then mechanical memory, and then meaningful memory.
People's physical and mental development also has stage characteristics. The so-called age characteristics are the common and typical essential characteristics that children have in a certain age stage that are different from other age stages. For example, children's thinking characteristics in childhood are concrete and vivid, and their abstract thinking ability is weak, so it is difficult to understand abstract truth. Adolescent children's abstract thinking has made great progress, but it still needs the support of perceptual experience. Students' abstract thinking has occupied a dominant position in the early youth and can carry out theory.
Because of the sequential characteristics of students' physical and mental development, education and teaching work must be carried out step by step according to the order of students' physical and mental development, from easy to difficult, from simple to complex, from concrete to abstract, which is not only "ignoring the festival" but also "encouraging the seedlings", not backward and violating the objective law and order.
Because students' physical and mental development has the characteristics of stages, students of different ages have different laws of development, so education and teaching work must proceed from the reality of educational objects, put forward different tasks for students of different ages, and adopt different education and teaching contents and methods to prevent "one size fits all" and "one pot cooking" regardless of students' age characteristics.
Second, imbalance.
The imbalance of people's physical and mental development means that individual development has the characteristics of non-uniformity, nonlinearity and non-commonality, that is, the phenomenon of fast and slow, high and low, and unbalanced development fields in the development process. From the perspective of physiological development, firstly, it is manifested in the imbalance of development in the same direction at different ages. For example, the growth of people's height and weight has two growth peaks. The first peak appeared in the first year after birth. The second peak appears in adolescence. For another example, the most rapid period of brain development is one month after birth, and then the development has experienced two obvious accelerated periods, one is between 4 and 6 years old, and the other is between 13 and 14 years old. Secondly, it is manifested in the uneven development in different aspects. For example, the development of various human systems does not go hand in hand. From the perspective of psychological development, it is also the critical period of development that people often say. For example, people's adolescence is a period of sudden change in formal thinking. Education should not miss the opportunity of development. We should be good at grasping the critical period of development, teaching in time, and promoting individuals to achieve the best development in the best period and in the best field.
Third, stability and variability.
This means that the age stages and characteristics of individual physical and mental development are basically the same and stable. Generally speaking, under certain social and educational conditions, the age characteristics of children's physical and mental development always have certain stability. Piaget, for example, suggested that human intelligence development should go through four stages: perceptual movement stage, pre-operation stage, concrete operation stage and formal operation stage. Of course, people of the same age have different possibilities of development under different social and living conditions.
The stability and variability of people's physical and mental development are relative. On the one hand, education should organize educational content and choose teaching methods based on the stability of physical and mental development and the relatively stable commonality of the educated; On the other hand, we should make full use of the variability of development and spare no effort to promote the accelerated development of the educated through well-organized education.
Fourth, individual differences.
Due to various reasons such as heredity, environment and education, the physical and mental development of young students is different. The development speed and level of different students in the same aspect are not exactly the same. Even the development of the same student in different aspects and the relationship between them are different. For example, some students' painting ability has reached a considerable level, but their math ability can't meet the general requirements. This difference is also manifested in different psychological tendencies of different teenagers, such as excitement. Others are calm and their emotions are not easy to show.
According to the individual differences of this development, teachers should pay attention to understanding students deeply and teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. Teachers should give full play to the potential and enthusiasm of each student, make up for personal shortcomings and deficiencies, and be good at recovering losses. They should choose the most effective educational channels, so that students with various differences can get the greatest development in appropriate places.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) is not repeatable.
The non-repeatability of development means that a person's physical and mental development state in a certain period or age stage cannot be restored to its diachronic state. Development is a "mental process" or "physical growth" in which people actively pursue life goals and values. It is the unity of process and method, and it is the non-repetition of physical and mental development. Scientifically reflects the unrepeatable nature of human life, which requires educators to understand education in a wide range of social, political, economic, scientific, historical, cultural and national backgrounds, to understand the true meaning of education in connection with personal deep spiritual world and life experience, to treat students with a developmental attitude, and to treat each student as a living person with a distinct personality, and to respect and care for them.