Rousseau was a famous French enlightenment thinker and educator in the18th century. His philosophy, political thought and educational thought were deeply influenced by Locke. His works cover many fields. Emile, a classic educational work praised by Rousseau, systematically expounded his "natural education view" through the education of the protagonist Emile. Emil in Rousseau's works is the embodiment of a natural person. His image of a natural person is summarized as: "Generally speaking, a natural person should be physically strong and have strong judgment, with both the skills of farmers and athletes and the brains of philosophers." The core of Rousseau's "nature education" is to emphasize the need to conform to nature, humanity, nature and nature when educating children. The fundamental purpose is to cultivate so-called natural people. Rousseau's view of natural education is the theoretical cornerstone of natural sports thought, which is mainly manifested in the following aspects.
First, in the development of children's education, physical education highlights its important position.
In Rousseau's view, human education is "influenced by nature, people or things". He called the education of talent and internal development of organs natural education. Others teach us how to make use of this development, which is called human education; We gain good experience through things that affect us. This experience is called the education of things. He pointed out in particular that only "human education" can be controlled and this kind of education can promote the all-round development of human beings. In this kind of education, physical education highlights its important position and value.
1. Enhance people's intelligence and cultivate people's will. From the works, we deeply understand that we should cultivate children's intelligence by developing physical strength, because physical strength controls people's intelligence. In order to make children have good health and keen wisdom, it is necessary to strengthen physical exercise for children, let them work more and run more, let them become healthy people, let their bodies grow healthily and thrive, and let them grow intelligently and rationally. The work mentioned: "In order to make people have a strong heart, it is necessary to make people have strong muscles; Only by making him develop a good habit of being good at work can he develop a habit of enduring pain. "For teenagers, it is even more necessary to strengthen the training for them to bear all kinds of setbacks, so that they can endure setbacks, pain, hunger and fatigue. In other words, sports is a good way to temper people's will.
2. Physical education cultivates people's fine quality and morality. This is the sports viewpoint of ancient European educators. Rousseau draws nutrition from it and thinks that a healthy body is the foundation of good moral character, and all evils are produced by a weak body. In the book, Rousseau lets Emile know the society personally, observe the society and experience all kinds of life, especially sports activities. "No matter what sports you play, Emil tries his best to participate and always wants to be better than others. When running a race, the pace is light; When performing gladiatorial activities, physical strength is stronger than that of opponents; At work, the movements are more skillful and efficient than others; Take an active part in playing games and have fun. This is Emile in Rousseau's works. Through sports, he cultivated his indomitable enterprising spirit.
From the above analysis, it can be seen that Rousseau's view that a healthy and strong body is the material basis for the development of children's intellectual education and moral education is very clear. The development of sports must take precedence over the development of intellectual education and moral education, and sports should be placed in the first place in the development of children.
Second, emphasize the use of natural means to let the educated develop naturally and keep fit.
Rousseau particularly emphasized the need to conform to human nature and make it develop spontaneously in nature. Spontaneous development means growing and developing like a plant. This metaphor runs through the book Emile. It is believed that children's physical education must follow the requirements of nature and conform to human nature. Rousseau's natural nature here refers to children's own growth law and physiological and psychological characteristics. The sports he advocates mainly include health care and exercise. The task of physical health care is to let the child's body develop naturally, give the child more real freedom, don't restrict the child's active nature, remove all physical shackles, require loose clothes, let the child's limbs move freely, and don't wear too many tight clothes to make the limbs free. Rousseau said: "Cold air can strengthen a baby's physique, while hot air can make him weak, make him have a fever and even hurt his life. When the baby's physique begins to strengthen, let him crawl around the house and let him exercise his limbs. Slowly, the baby will get stronger day by day and develop their ability to adapt to various weather changes and resist diseases. "
In addition to nursing, Rousseau also attaches great importance to children's physical exercise and promotes physical health. The method is to do physical exercise on the basis of physical exercise and use natural forces to exercise yourself in life. Rousseau pays more attention to the exercise of natural forces when expounding his physical exercise methods. The book lists examples of cold water bath to exercise children's body and temper their will to illustrate the scientific nature of his natural exercise method. Rousseau advocates that children should take a bath frequently, which shows that children have this demand in their own physiology. As their physique becomes stronger and stronger, the temperature of water will continue to decrease, and finally they can take a bath with cold water in summer, even in cold winter. In order not to harm his health, we need patience and gradually reduce the temperature of the water. The degree of reduction can be accurately measured by a thermometer, and finally we can take a bath with cold water at any time. Over time, year after year, after a good bathing habit is formed, you must not stop, you must persevere and keep it for life. It is not difficult to see that Rousseau emphasized the natural method of cold water bath to temper people's will and improve their ability to resist the cold.
Rousseau's naturalistic sports thought also points out the important role of running. He suggested that people go to places with fresh air, such as rivers, Woods and fields for running exercise. People think that fresh air plays a great role in children's body form, especially in the first few years of human life. When air passes through the pores of delicate skin, it has a strong influence on the growing body. In addition, more natural geographical environment can be used to train children's ability to overcome "natural obstacles". For example, climbing trees, exercising in winter, exercising in summer, playing ice and snow games, climbing over stone walls, swimming in summer, swimming in winter, walking in the cold wind, climbing mountains, rock climbing and so on. Emil in Rousseau's works is a man who has received such strict training. He exercises in various ways, can live in various environments, and can fight against various difficulties. Through various tests, let children gain inner invisible combat power. When you use your life force at a certain moment, the Force of Life will play a prominent role. Rousseau called these laws of nature.
Third, put forward the principle of age staging to promote the natural and balanced development of children.
Rousseau's concept of age-divided education is also well reflected in sports. The growth of a person's life is divided into infancy, childhood, adolescence and adolescence, and each stage has its own physiological and psychological characteristics. Rousseau believes that as a teacher, we should carefully study the stage characteristics of each period, find out the critical period and sensitive period of its sports development, and let students achieve natural and balanced development in sports invisibly according to the teacher's training or exercise ideas.