The colors of peaches and stones are "red peaches and stones" and "green peaches and stones". The former is vermilion, delicate and pure, extremely rare, and has been lost for a long time. But recently, the purple Taohe River was mined in the deep water of Taohe River, so it has continued. The green peaches are "duck head green" and "Ying Ge green". There are also a few yellow labels. Huang Tingjian has a poem praising Shi Tao's gorgeous color: "I have heard for a long time that Shi Min's duck head is green, so I can sharpen Guixi Longwen Dao;" Don't be afraid that the righteous officials don't know martial arts. Try to be full of first frost rabbits. "
Yan Taoshi mainly has the following types: First, duck head green, also known as "green stone", with green color, wavy grain, hard and fine stone, like jade, which is superior to Shi Tao. If the green lines are mixed with yellow marks, it is even more precious. Second, parrot green, dark green, delicate stone, with dark "ink spots" eye-catching. The third is Liu Qing, with vermilion spots in the green and hard stone. Fourthly, light green pottery stone has the characteristics of slow water seepage. The preciousness of Yan Tao's inkstone platform lies not only in its excellent stone quality and bright color, but also in its diverse shapes and fine carving. Yan Tao's inkstone style is dignified and heavy, simple and elegant, which is different from other inkstones in terms of technology. Filling lines with appropriate thickness with black is a major feature that distinguishes Yan Tao from other inkstones.
A Yan Tao can only be completed through several processes, such as blanking, blank making, design, fine carving and inkstone mixing. In terms of carving technology, it absorbs the advantages of two kinds of inkstones and gives full play to the "all-in-one carving" characteristics of Gansu, making the carving effect exquisite, elegant and elegant.
Edit the mining history of this section.
Yan Tao was produced in ancient Zhou Tao, that is, the upper reaches of Zhuoni Taohe River in Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu Province, and was collected from the deep water of Taohe River, hence the name Taohe inkstone and Yan Tao.
Mining in Yan Tao began in the Tang Dynasty or earlier. The poet Wu's History of Duan Xi Inks quoted Liu Gongquan's On Inks in the Tang Dynasty: "Qingzhou is the first place to store inkstones, followed by Jiangzhou, and then the end, river and Lintao are the most important." This shows that there was Yan Tao in the Tang Dynasty. Mi Fei's History of Ink in the Song Dynasty pointed out that during the Xining period in Song Shenzong, the court sent Wang Shao to open the Xihe River in Lintao, and Yan Tao became a tribute to the local specialty and entered the heyday of gold mining. Because the fine stones in Yan Tao are hidden in deep water, it is difficult to collect and the output is low. In the Song Dynasty, even some scholars in Beijing only heard the name of Yan Tao, but didn't see its content. In the Ming dynasty, Yan Tao was extremely difficult to mine, and it was said that a slap in the face was also valuable. By the Qing Dynasty, Yan Tao was almost extinct, and some people who were addicted to it actually bought it with gold.
Zhao Xihuan, a great royal connoisseur in Song Dynasty, said in "Lu Qing in the Cave": Except for two stones, the green stone in the north of Taohe River is the most valuable, green as blue and moist as jade, but the stone is at the bottom of the river, which is not caused by manpower and is priceless.
Yan Tao's famous article in the Song Dynasty: "Lintao green stone has flowers like yellow glimpses, and Yu Zhen prepares pictures every year to be colder than the old suburbs." Su Shi, a great writer, wrote Yan Taoming, "If you wash it, it will be rich in gold and iron, and if you follow it, it will be dense. When you arrive in China, you will throw it away in Jian Shen's pen and ink. At the age of Bing Yin, you fought north and south, and Huang Luzhi returned to the child. " Zhang, a famous poet in the Song Dynasty, wrote a poem inscription, "Open the window and try to spit ink to make it smooth, which is not the same as Zhangzhou." Known as Yan Tao, it is also known as "Taohe Shi Gui also looks at the wall and depicts a country without salt". Yuan Haowen, a writer in Jin Dynasty, said in his poem: "A county official spent one million yuan to come to Lintao." Gao Lian, an expert in the Ming Dynasty, explained the Taohe bluestone inkstone: "This Taohe bluestone inkstone is also as light as jade, with good new green and deep blue, which is really a treasure in the inkstone." Educators at the end of the Qing Dynasty wrote an inscription for Yan Tao: "Nod when a stubborn stone nods, and stand out with 3,000 balls of hair." . So I put my hands together and said, "For hundreds of millions of years, I will live forever!"
Edit the stone properties of this section.
The value of inkstone lies in its use and appreciation. Users, who want to use it for grinding and storing ink, require fast and fine inking, without consuming ink or damaging pens; Viewers, as far as inkstone is concerned, apart from exquisite carving, the first requirement is the innate conditions of stone: elegant and bright color, fantastic texture and natural wonder. The above characteristics are easy and difficult. Therefore, the stone used in inkstone needs to meet the following four conditions:
1. Stone has fine structure and fine ink;
2. The stone is full of water, moist and mild, which neither consumes ink nor damages pens;
3. The stone material is moderate in hardness, durable and easy to carve;
4. The color is elegant, full of brilliance and interesting texture.
Looking at several kinds of rocks, few people have the above conditions because of their characteristics as inkstones. For example, the original jadeite stone is beautiful in color and similar in structure. Although it is difficult to carve, you can still play with knives. But not ink, smooth and hard; Granite and marble are also beautiful and elegant in color and fantastic in texture, but the granularity of stone structure is too coarse and the hardness is too high. If the surface is rough, the ink color is dim, and the ink particles are coarse and silty. If the surface is smooth, it will refuse to ink. Limestone, sandstone and other rocks have rough structure, irregular particle combination, different particle sizes and extremely undeveloped cleavage. If the particle size is uneven and the structure is rough, the surface can't be polished, and if the cleavage is underdeveloped and the hardness is high, the blank can't be carved into an inkstone. Therefore, stones with the above four characteristics are very rare in rocks, and the advantages and disadvantages of these characteristics are also different. Only the fine mud shale in water rock has the above characteristics more or less. Almost all the stones used as inkstones are made of this kind of rock.
Edit the characteristics of Yan Taoshi in this section.
First, the structure is fine. Yan Taoshi has the basic structure of clay rock in all sedimentary rocks, with extremely fine particles, the particle size is below 0.0 1 mm, and the density is about 3.04 g/cm'. Its structure is conducive to compactness. Moreover, this stone also contains a variety of metal ions. Therefore, not only the ink is fast, but also the ink is thin and shiny. It has the advantages of smooth ink repellent and astringent pen sticking. Generally speaking, the two are opposites: don't send ink if it is slippery, and send ink quickly and carefully, which is vulnerable to brush strokes. It is the most difficult to have both. On the other hand, Yan Taoshi has the best of both worlds: the stone is very fine but not slippery, and the ink is very fast without hurting the pen.
Second, moisturizing is not greasy. Yantaoshi ore belt is close to Taoshui, and there is warm gas to provide nutrition. There is enough water in the ore body, and the stone feels slippery after polishing, and water drops will appear immediately. Because of its compact stone structure and difficult distribution of water, it has the characteristics of neither water seepage nor long-term ink storage. Therefore, it is famous for painting in summer and pouring ink on it.
Third, the hardness is moderate. Yan Taoshi's hardness is Mohs three degrees. As an inkstone material, it is just right: resistant to external friction, durable, moderate in hardness and easy to carve. In addition, it has a well-developed cleavage structure, which is mild, hard but not fragile, and is more ideal as an inkstone. The above three characteristics of Yan Taoshi have perfectly met the basic conditions for being an inkstone material. Judging from the use value, it is well-deserved to be among the best in the inkstone industry with its excellent stone quality.
Fourth, the color is elegant. Yan Taoshi is emerald green, reddish purple and crimson, and green is the main color. Its green color is the first among all inkstones in terms of hue, chromaticity, purity and color.
In the visible spectrum, the wavelength of green light is in the middle. The human eye reacts most calmly to green. Of all the high-purity colors, green is the color that the eyes can best adapt to and get a rest from. Green symbolizes peace, life and spring, and it gives people a sense of calm, health and safety. In the study, the combination of pen, ink, paper and inkstone is more elegant and full of vitality, quiet and smart. Therefore, color is the primary factor of the ornamental value of inkstone.
As an inkstone, its texture is delicate and solid, which can be described as "noble morality"; Sending ink quickly does not damage the pen, which can be described as "outstanding talents"; Jin Zirun Lang's ink storage is "elegant"; Green Zhang Huang and elegant colors can be described as "beautiful". Yan Taoshi can be described as "virtue", "talent", "quality" and "appearance" in the inkstone forest, which is unparalleled!
Edit the value of this paragraph.
Yan Tao's stone quality determines its position and value. Zhao Xihuan said in Dongguan in the Northern Song Dynasty: "Apart from Duanhe Stone, Taohe Bluestone is the most valuable in the North. Green as blue, moist as jade, splashing ink does not reduce the rocks under the stream, ... is priceless. " Therefore, many scholars in the past dynasties praised Yan Tao's poems and songs. Zhang Wenqian in the Northern Song Dynasty said, "Open the window and spit ink to test its smoothness. Duanzhou and Zhangzhou have no such color." Huang Tingjian said, "Zhou Tao bluestone contains wind ripples, so you can sharpen your pen like a cone." Today, Zhao Puchu said: "Wind ripples share the green of Zhou Tao, which is as firm as bronze and as smooth as jade. ..... a pool of clear water, clean as jade ". It can be seen that the literati admired Yan Tao.
There are red and green inkstones in Yan Tao, most of which are green and ordinary, and those stones with green and blue colors are the best. The ancients called it "duck head green" and "parrot green". Yan Tao is expensive and fat. Among the blue pottery, the "yellow turquoise" with wavy lines and rust marks is the most precious, and it is the best of the five products of "God, Extremity, Treasure, Wonder and Energy". The ancients said, "Yan Taogui, yellow fat man has green waves."
Yan Tao is made of Taohe greenstone, which is taken from Zhou Tao, Gansu Province, namely Lama Cliff, Zhuoni Yantao Township, Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu Province. Here, the cliffs are steep, the roads are rugged, and it is surrounded by water on three sides. The water potential is very dangerous and it is very difficult to obtain materials. Shitao is a metamorphic fine mud shale of Devonian system, with fine structure and containing many kinds of metal particles. It is jade-like, so it can be knocked silently and made by water droplets coming out of it.
The preciousness of Yan Tao lies in its stone quality and carving spirit, which is a unique style. There are: hollow hanging carvings, mostly dragons, phoenixes and cranes, formerly known as palace inkstones, as well as figures, landscapes, orchids, bamboos, flowers and birds, insects and other expressions, which are simple and elegant, rough and unrestrained, and can be called the treasures of folk art. At present, a new generation of inkstone artists make art according to the stone and materials.
Edit this process
The origin of Yan Taoshi is not only the old pit sites excavated in Song and Ming Dynasties, but also the new caves excavated by quarrymen in Qing Dynasty and modern times. The stone in the cave is the treasure of inkstone making, and its Shi Jian is thin, with dark stripes in light green, forming endless flowing water, clouds, wind ripples and fog dew. The ink on the inkstone is fast and fine, the ink color is bright, and the stone is polished into beads. Stored in an inkstone, it will not dry up or rot after a few months. Those stones are covered with golden yellow and white jade-like stones, which are even more valuable, so there are praises such as "How expensive Yan Tao is, and Huang Chengcheng is full of green waves", as well as purple stones with bright colors, which are better than Duan Xi's stones.
Yantao stone ore belt covers an area of about 20 square kilometers in the county, with an annual output of 80 tons of stone. This inkstone is concentrated in more than 30 natural villages in Yantao Township. It used to be sporadic production by a single family. With the continuous development of reform and opening up, Yan Tao Production and Operation Co., Ltd. was established in the county to carry out organized and planned Yan Tao development.
Yan Tao's production and carving techniques are exquisite. From the natural and regular modeling, the Mo Chi, the pool and the "stone-shaped hijab" in structure have two styles: single inkstone and double inkstone, and the decorative patterns and characters are very exquisite. In the practice of carving for nearly a thousand years, inkstone workers have created thousands of exquisite traditional patterns, such as "Dragon and Phoenix Facing the Sun", "Feng Dan Facing the Sun", "Two Dragons Playing with Beads", "Exploring the Sea Alone", "Four Dragons Fighting Rain", "Dragon Playing with Heaven", "Phoenix Wearing Peony" and "Dragon and Phoenix Qi Fei". The homophonic meanings of Five Blessingg's birthday, loving his son and Pisces, long life, wealth and prosperity, and small happiness. The four gentlemen, three friends in a cold year, living in a loose house and prolonging the life of a crane, three stars shining high and three suns opening Thailand are also implied in the patterns. Legendary story modes include Three Marriages in Peach Garden, Wang Wen's Visit to Taigong, Song Wu Beats Tigers, Wagangzhai, Kangxi's Visit to the Sage, Cowherd and Weaver Girl, Fairy Couple, Passage of Time, the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon, Mending Heaven, etc. Originated from folk stories, such as "Ma Gu offers a birthday present", "Blowing a flute to attract a phoenix", "Walking through the tiger into the mountain", "Walking through the snow in Xun Mei", "The Dragon Maiden Shepherd" and "Wishing Nine Deer a Longevity", among which there are famous mountains and rivers, beautiful scenery, ancient temples, towers and pavilions, strange rocks, strange pines, insects, birds and animals, chess, calligraphy and painting, and Four Treasures of the Study. ...
Yan Tao's carving craft contains some elements of all sister arts. For example, jade carving and tooth carving have round carving techniques, brick carving and stone carving have high and low relief techniques, and wood carving and stone carving have seal cutting techniques. With the help of its sister art, the through carving and relief in Yan Tao's carving technology have formed and enriched their unique and systematic artistic style. It is difficult to determine when Yan Tao's carving technique originated, but judging from the inkstone carving patterns of Taohe Stone Penglai Mountain inkstone in the Palace Museum and Taohe Qingshi inkstone in the Embroidery Research Institute of Song Dynasty, some through-carving techniques have been used, and "Penglai Mountain" on Penglai inkstone pavilion and "Yun Yun" on tortoise shell are the first examples of Yan Tao's relief.
The sculpture art of Jonny Yan Tao is a link between the past and the future. 1984, Li took the lead in establishing the first craft factory in Zhuoni, which not only taught more than 20 disciples, but also created the giant eight immortals crossing the sea. Fu Hongyun studied with him from 1984, and his carving skills and composition were exquisite. Participated in many national art exhibitions: 1987 and 1988 participated in the 23rd and 24th National Tourism Crafts Exhibition and National Arts and Crafts Exhibition respectively. At present, Fu Hongyun, the legal person of County quaint Yan Tao Company, is working on the artistic design and sculpture of the four symbols of the county square with Yan Taoshi as the basic material.
The packing materials in Yan Tao are mainly wooden cases. Ordinary wooden cases include pine, elm, willow, wild clove, walnut, apricot and so on. Wooden boxes made of their roots are also very useful. Boxes are generally padded with cotton satin, velvet or sponge, plastic foam and other shock-proof materials, and the surface of wooden cases is also decorated with words. Some are carved with wooden boards, others write directly on them, and the surface is polished with varnish or tung oil. In recent years, exquisite packaging has become an excellent tourist souvenir and an elegant and precious gift.
Edit this passage by Jonny Yan Tao.
Zhuoni is a characteristic cultural county in Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture with vast territory, rich products, splendid culture and outstanding people.
Yan Taoshi is produced along the Taohe River in Yantao Town, Zhuoni. Therefore, it belongs to the jurisdiction of Zhou Tao in history, and the stone was collected from the bank of Taohe River. The inkstone made of this stone is called Yan Taoshi. Yan Tao's mineral area is about 40 square kilometers in Zhuoni, and the locals call the stone "Wozi Stone" produced in the old pit of the Song Dynasty the most famous first-class stone. Legend has it that the founder of Yan Tao sculpture is a Buddhist monk. A long time ago, he dug stones and carved inkstones on this cliff. In memory of the founder of Yan Tao sculpture, the local people called this cliff Lama Cliff. )
Yan Tao can be as famous as Guangdong Duanyan and Anhui She Yan because Yan Taoshi has the characteristics of fine structure, moist and greasy, moderate hardness and elegant color. This kind of stone is fine in texture, smooth to the touch, and the ink is not volatile and impermeable. Wear-resistant, not brittle, moderate hardness. Its representative color is green, and there are dark green, bright green, emerald green, light green and so on due to different shades of color. There are also a few red, purple and dark red. The green inkstone can remind people of the green Taohe River and the pines and cypresses on both sides of the Taohe River.
Yan Tao sculpture has a long history of 1300 years since the Tang and Song Dynasties, and it was famous as early as the early Song Dynasty. Yan Tao's carving techniques include hollowing out, round carving, flat carving, relief carving, through carving and other styles, which are very exquisite. The content of the pattern is very rich, including flowers, figures, landscapes, birds and animals, pavilions and so on. The formed Yan Tao inkstone platform is exquisite, and the pattern has far-reaching implications. There are auspicious patterns such as "Five Blessingg holds longevity", "Fu Shou Yan Nian", "Furong Jade" and "Flower a Full Moon", as well as legends or historical stories such as "Three Marriages in Taoyuan", "Eight Immortals Crossing the Sea", "the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon" and "Jiulong inkstone". The shape of pottery inkstone depends on the shape of inkstone, such as round, square and fan.
Yan Tao has high collection value and artistic value. It has been a treasure since ancient times and is also the most ideal gift. Praised by calligraphers and great poets in various dynasties. In the Qing Ji of Dong Nei Lu, written by Zhao Xihou, a famous archaeologist in the Northern Song Dynasty, the evaluation of Yan Tao is: "Apart from the two stones, the greenstone of Taohe River in the north is the most valuable. Green as blue, moist as jade, ink does not reduce the rocks under the stream. But the stone is at the bottom of the river, which is not made by human beings and is of great value. " Huang Tingjian, a calligrapher in the Song Dynasty, praised Yan Tao: "The green stone in Taohe River contains wind, which can sharpen a pen like a cone." Zhao Puchu, a contemporary calligrapher, once wrote a poem for Yan Tao: "The wind is green, as firm as copper and as smooth as jade".
Zhuoni, the hometown of Yan Tao, has been quietly writing his own history in the cultural history of Taohe River. The Palace Museum has the "Penglai Mountain inkstone" in the Song Dynasty; Tianjin Art Museum has the "Eighteen Arhats Taohe Stone Inks" in Ming Dynasty, and the Palace Museum also has oval stone inkstones. 1997, people of all ethnic groups in Gansu presented the "99-to-1" giant inkstone to the government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region as a celebration gift, making Yan Tao famous. Especially in recent years, due to the opening of Lanxin, Jiuquan and Dunhuang, Yan Tao has supplied tourists from Japan, Hong Kong and Macao, which is very popular among domestic painters outside the book and collectors who like famous inkstones.