Dale Carnegie is a pioneer of American adult education movement. He believes: "Adult education not only refers to the education of learning scientific knowledge, but also covers training people to create a better life. Adult education should be a knowledge of social relations. In this sense, adult courses must be different from traditional education. Adults want to improve or develop a skill to increase the effectiveness of life, which is the inevitable trend of commodity socialization today. Adult education should help adults study and live better. Some basic facts about study and life are topics of social research and should be the curriculum content of adult education. " Dale Carnegie's understanding of adult education is based on the educational philosophy behind him. From the beginning, he was interested in john dewey's "positivism" philosophy. Education is now, not preparing for the future. Therefore, he listed what adults need most as the content of learning and pursued the effectiveness of adult courses. The content of adult learning must be closely related to society, the happiness of adults and the all-round development of individuals. These understandings are worth learning from. Of course, it is biased to regard adult education only as a social relationship, but it is inseparable from the needs of American adults at that time.
Enlightenment from Dale Carnegie's view of adult education: Adult education is an education to cultivate people to live a better life, which can help people realize their own pursuit and promote their all-round development; Can effectively realize the transformation of productive forces and promote the flow of social strata; It plays a very important role in the inheritance and transmission, criticism and selection, coordination and integration, creation and renewal of social culture. In addition, according to Dale Carnegie's adult education curriculum, the curriculum should also be based on the learning characteristics of adults, and adult learning should be life-centered and problem-or task-oriented. Although adults have different learning motivations, their goals are clear, that is, to apply what they have learned.
Basis of teaching theory
From 19 12, Carnegie kept trying new teaching methods and adopted teaching methods that fit his own purpose. After continuous exploration, he took the theory of Gestalt Psychology School and the "self-suggestion method" proposed by Aimo Kuhl as the theoretical basis of his teaching.
1, gestalt psychology theory. Gestalt psychologists believe that people should consider the overall form of a situation, rather than the various components of the situation. They believe: "The beauty of the whole is greater than the sum of its parts." This concept is applied to Carnegie curriculum through teachers, that is, teachers pay attention to the whole individual. By paying attention to the whole, not the part, teachers can trigger students' positive and positive behavioral responses. Paying attention to the overall development of adult students, rather than one aspect of development or one aspect of bad performance, is conducive to the overall development and all-round development of students.
2. Self-suggestion method. Another important theoretical basis of Carnegie's teaching method is "self-suggestion", which was put forward by Aimo Kuhl in%&; ; Proposed at the beginning of the century. Kuhl believes that a person's inner "soliloquy" determines a person's view of himself and affects his actions. Kuhl's most famous advice to "soliloquize" is: "Keep telling myself that I am getting better and better every day." Carnegie curriculum provides the method of this concept. Because a person must feel successful to succeed, Carnegie's teachers try to encourage every student to feel successful and make self-confidence a part of the students' whole lifestyle. Good performance is praised and strengthened immediately, and students will naturally form a habit of good performance. The most progressive students in each class were rewarded. Winners pay special attention to these awards and regard them as a testimony of self-confidence. In addition, the atmosphere of praise and praise also cultivated students' positive attitude.
1, respect the individual differences of students. Carnegie training course is divided into six courses according to different students, namely: Carnegie lecture class, Carnegie interpersonal class, Carnegie sales class, Carnegie customer relationship class, Carnegie management class and Carnegie personnel development class. Carnegie course teachers help students set their own learning goals according to their basic situation. Teachers will remember everyone's goals and point out how future courses can help them achieve them. After learning, the teacher will ask the students to compare their feelings before training in all aspects, instead of comparing them with students who have made rapid progress and a good foundation. Let every student feel that he is making progress every day, so that his self-confidence will increase day by day until self-confidence becomes a part of their lives. As a result of training, students with different foundations and personalities have developed to varying degrees after training.
2. Try to make every student feel comfortable. Whether an adult learner is satisfied or not plays a very important role in his relationship with teachers and classmates. In the classroom environment of Carnegie course, all students are friends, and everyone shares their learning results in a friendly atmosphere. Teachers are also full of initiative and are willing to inspire people.
3. The teaching process is full of dialogue. Carnegie realized that adults can only learn best if they go deep into the learning process. He changed the teaching method of cramming. It has also been pointed out that if lectures only attempt to impose teachers' knowledge on students, students may not really learn it. He asked the teacher to encourage all the students to take part in it personally. Participants participate in activities such as submitting reports, group exercises, role-playing and group discussions.
4. Encourage every student to pursue self-development. William james, a professor of psychology at Harvard University, once commented on Carnegie's achievements. "Compared with our achievements, we are only half awake, and we only use part of our physical and mental resources. Carnegie helped professional men and women develop their potential and started a global adult education movement. Carnegie curriculum urges people to work hard and challenge themselves. It inspires and strengthens people's self-worth and life goals. Carnegie initiated and advocated the theory of personal success, which became the ladder for aspiring young people in his time to succeed. Through his communication and teaching, many people understand the meaning of active life, thus changing their destiny.
5. The teaching results are fruitful. Carnegie said in "The Weakness of Human Nature", "If you can give them what they need, that is, if you give them something, they can come in handy tomorrow and increase their income, or increase the effect of their business and social interaction." "So I must be practical." Carnegie requires students to integrate what they have learned into all aspects of life and guide them to apply what they have learned to life in a meaningful way. Carnegie's curriculum structure is from simple to complex, and it is applied before, during and after class. For example, discuss a principle of interpersonal relationship in one class, learn relevant written materials after class, use them before the next class, and then make a report in class. And because of the group driving force in the classroom, students almost always use it automatically and consciously. Under the influence of Carnegie's rich and important courses, people have improved their quality of life. From the growing self-confidence and enthusiasm, they gained the strength of life, enhanced their ability to communicate opinions and learned the skills of being a man. In business, social life and private life, I have enjoyed better interpersonal relationships and achieved greater success and happiness.