In the late Qing dynasty, the imperial examination was abolished and learning was promoted. Private schools, social schools, Yi schools and academies in China have all been transformed into primary schools. Most colleges have been converted into higher primary schools or junior and senior primary schools. There are three types of primary schools: government-run, public and private. Local officials and gentry contribute or allocate funds to advocate running schools.
(1) Yan 'an County
The name of the academy originated in the Tang Dynasty and developed into an important educational organization form in the Song Dynasty, which once played the role of a local school in education. There are various forms of academies, including private management, official management and private office assistance. The host of the college is responsible for the management of college affairs and the main teaching work. The funds are located in the hospital, students come to the hospital to listen, and the hospital provides meals. Textbooks are donated by private individuals or issued by the government. Teaching is based on students' self-study, combined with listening and teacher guidance. The academy in Yan 'an is recorded in Yan 'an County Records:
Jialing Academy, located in the southeast of Fucheng, was built by Fan Zhongyan in Song Dynasty. Zhang, a scholar in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, was added.
Longxi Academy is located in Sunshine Valley in the north of Fucheng. This website still exists.
Mengyun Academy, located in the north gate of Fucheng, is engraved with three Chinese characters "Yunmeng Mountain" on the rock.
Yang Gong Academy, in the northwest of Fucheng.
Yunfeng Academy, Cai Yuanxi. In the 13th year of Qing Yongzheng (1735), the magistrate Xu was established.
Yunyan Academy is located in Zi Cong Temple in Fucheng. Built by Jinshi Li Fuxiu.
Zhao Gong Academy, in Ruizhi Garden, Beiguan. Founded by Zhao Yan.
Yu Ying Academy, built in Hongzhi period of Ming Dynasty, was built by Wang Yanqi, the magistrate.
Heming Academy, located in Fucheng North Street, was rebuilt in the 12th year of Qing Jiaqing (1807), with an annual income of 80 chords. There have been 48 14 funds with an annual rent of 60 strings.
Jin Ming Academy, located in the north lane of the county seat, was rebuilt in the 15th year of Guangxu (1889).
(2) Zhidan County
Shiyu College
Li Tang, a magistrate of a county in Ming Dynasty, founded Shiyu Academy for students to study and also served as an examination room. At the end of Chongzhen (1644), it was destroyed by soldiers.
Yongkang academy
In the 24th year of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty (18 19), the magistrate of a county, Wang, persuaded him to donate to build Yongkang Academy in the south of the city, and received thousands of strings of money, with interest of18,000 years old. After that, I accumulated 1000 yuan, and the annual interest was 12000 yuan. I rented school buildings and other local public funds and donated them to the college, with an annual income of about 60,000 yuan. This is used to repair fire food, give birth to children, and repair school buildings. Tongzhi for six years (1867), the academy was destroyed. In the first year of Guangxu (1874), Yongkang Academy was rebuilt in Wang Daoquan, a county magistrate, with three lecture halls, three back rooms, about six study rooms, a gate and a Kuixing stone kiln building. After the school is completed, no one will leave behind, and on the right is the county department.
(3) Yichuan County
Ruiquan academy
Yichuan Academy was originally Zheng Xue Academy, and later changed to Danshan Academy. It was built on the east side of Daguanlou at the foot of air billow Mountain (formerly known as the Temple of Fire, that is, the east side of the theater of the county troupe). In the fourth year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1647), Chen Yiming, a magistrate of a county, sent a man to dig a well in the academy, but it didn't dig very deep before the water came out, so he renamed Danshan Academy "Ruiquan Academy". In the thirty-second year of Kangxi (1693), Bi Yijin, a magistrate of a county, renamed the academy "Yixue" and allocated funds to run the school. In the seventeenth year of Qianlong (1752), Wu Bing, a magistrate of a county, rebuilt Ruiquan Academy, moved to Hou Xue Lane (now the former site of Yichuan Middle School), and expanded the school yard to meet the school funding.
(4) Zichang County
Xue Jing College
In the seventeenth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1589), Wang Guangzu, the magistrate of a county, founded Xue Jing Academy in the old town of Anding in the county, which was abolished in Chongzhen.
Fenchuan academy
In the 11th year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty (1733), Dong Sanxi, the magistrate of a county, founded Fenchuan Academy in the east corner of the Confucian Temple in Anding.
Wenshan academy
In the 10th year of Qianlong (1745), Zhigaogao founded Wenshan Academy in Wayaobao. The location of the college is sometimes abandoned.
Bifeng academy
In the 11th year of Daoguang (183 1), Fu Deqian, a county official, established Bifeng Academy in the south of the Confucian Temple in Anding.
Zhengyi academy
In the eighth year of Tongzhi (1869), Long Xiqing, who is well-known in Suide, built the Justice Academy under the Longhu Mountain in Wayaobao.
Miao literature college
In the late Qing Dynasty, the Confucian Temple Academy was established in Anding City. In the 29th year of Guangxu (1903), academies were abandoned and higher primary schools were established.
5. Yanchang County
Yucai academy
Academy was the place where feudal society prepared for imperial examinations. Qianlong's "Yanchang County Chronicle" records that "in the tenth year of Qianlong (1745), Shenbao, a magistrate of a county, established an academy in the west of Shuigou in the city, which was completed the following year", and "in the twenty-sixth year of Qianlong (176 1), Wang Chongli, a magistrate of a county, advocated donating money to lead the citizens to lose their help, and started work at the same time as compiling local chronicles. More than twenty
(6) Ganquan County
Tang Ding College
Academy is a place where feudal society prepared for scientific research. Ganquan Academy, named Tang Ding Academy, is located in the city. After the Hui uprising, the academy was destroyed. In the first year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1875), the provincial government allocated 300 taels of silver to establish a school in the Confucian Temple, which was renamed as Temple Studies. Later, the magistrate Wang donated 50 taels of silver and raised 300 taels of silver to rebuild the academy. Fifteen years (1889), the magistrate of a county donated money 120 yuan to continue his studies. In the twentieth year of Guangxu (1898), after the Reform Movement of 1898, the imperial examination was abolished and the academy was changed into a higher primary school hall.
(7) Huanglong
Qiao Shan College
Confucianism in the Central Plains, founded in the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, was originally located in the southeast foothills outside the city, and has now been abandoned as a hill. In the fifth year of Chongzhen (1632), Yao Yilin, a magistrate of a county, moved the academy to the west side of the county (that is, the current vocational and technical school). In the 11th year of Yongzheng (1733), Confucianism in the Central Plains was changed to Qiao Shan Academy. After that, it was rebuilt many times under the leadership of Li Yongtai, Yang Biming, Luo Nanying,, Cao, etc., and it was destroyed by war for six years (1867). Guangxu two years (65438+)
The host of the academy was first called the dean, and later became the leader of a famous mountain, appointed by the magistrate. County juren Jia Zimao, Cai Congzhan, Zhang Xietang, Bagong Zhang and Jia successively gave lectures in the Academy. In the thirty-first year of Guangxu (1905), Qiao Shan Academy was changed to the Central County Higher Primary School Hall (and changed to the Primary Primary Primary School Hall at the same time), with a director of 1 person, 65,438 administrators and several teachers. The dean is appointed by the county magistrate, and the teachers and administrative personnel are appointed by the dean. Recruit all primary school students and graduate after four years of study. My main subjects are Chinese studies, arithmetic (including abacus) and Confucian classics. At that time, there were only a few dozen students. Zhang, Wang Xuesan and Liu Han, a revolutionary martyr, all studied and graduated from this school.
8. Ansai County
Xinle academy
Outside the yamen gate of Xinlezhai County, it was moved to the south of Guandi Temple, which is now abandoned.
Pingsheng academy
In the south of Diezigou County, in the 20th year of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty (18 15), the county magistrate Chun Zhu Xi was established. Destroyed by soldiers in Tongzhi. Guangxu three years (1877), the restoration of magistrate Wu Guangqi. In the thirty-first year of Guangxu (1905), the magistrate of a county changed the academy into a higher primary school hall. The head of the college (also known as the dean) is hired from local tribute students.
(9) Yanchuan County
Dengfeng academy
In the fifty-first year of Qing Qianlong, Zhao, a magistrate of a county, led a scholar to establish Dengfeng Academy in the eastern corner of Confucianism and set up a school. In the 9th year of Jiaqing (1804), the county magistrate was rebuilt, and in the 21st year (18 16), the county magistrate Zeng Jixiu rebuilt. In the seventh year of Daoguang (1827), Luo, a magistrate of a county, repaired it. In ten years (1830), Xie Changqing, a magistrate of a county, founded a four-hole stone kiln in the north of the courtyard, renovated the reading hall and built a fence. Tongzhi for six years (1867) was abandoned for more than half due to war. In the second year of Guangxu (1876), Li Qingrui, a magistrate of a county, was rebuilt. There are three reading rooms in the east, west, south and north, with a lecture hall in front of the reading room; Jiyumen, East Lecture Hall, West Lecture Hall; The gate is in front of the lecture hall. Liu Yin's Dengfeng Academy, with its loud sound of books, enjoys a high reputation as one of the eight scenic spots in Yanchuan. In the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu (1908), Qian Songnian, a magistrate of a county, transformed this academy into Yanchuan County High School.
(10) Fuxian County
Academy is an institution that collects books and gives lectures, and it is also a higher-level institution for scholars to further their studies. Courses such as Confucian classics, history, science, literature, mathematics, etc. Can only be admitted to hospital for study. The academy is presided over by Changshan and teachers, and the funds are donated by local officials and gentry. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were Xishan Academy, Longshan Academy, Diaoyin Academy and Zheng Jing Academy.
Xishan academy
During Hongzhi period of Ming Dynasty (1488— 1506), Wang Yanqi, the magistrate of Zhangzhou, changed Xishan Temple into an academy, hence the name Xishan Academy. After breg Gemu, he built 28 lecture halls and houses on the right side of the Confucius Temple in Zhoucheng, named Li Ze College, which is the residence of the bachelor.
Longshan Academy
In the twenty-seventh year of Qing Qianlong (1762), Zhangzhou defended Huanglong Mountain State and Xie Fangqi presided over the construction of 1 Academy, which was named Longshan Academy.
Diaoyin academy
In the forty-four years of Qing Qianlong (1779), it was known that Wu Yilong purchased land on the west side of the south of the city (now the site of Fucheng primary school), and built five lecture halls, 12 bookstores, four houses, six wings, three gates and three dining halls, totaling 3 1 room. Because of the Diaoyin City built by Long Jia, a general of Wei State during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (southwest of Fu Huang Dian Village in Chafang Town today), the Academy was named Diaoyin Academy. Tune Academy has a library and a nursery. And there are famous teachers to teach, and the style of study is rigorous. Students from Yanzhou and its counties of Luochuan, Zhongbu (Huangling) and Yijun were admitted to the college, which was a famous academy in northern Shaanxi at that time.
Zheng Jing College
In the first year of Daoguang reign in Qing Dynasty (182 1), the Luohe River soared, the flood flooded the city, and more than 20 houses of Tiaoyin Academy collapsed. In the second year of Daoguang (1822), it is well known that Yang Mingxi donated money to rebuild it. In addition to restoring the original houses, more than 1 gatehouse, 1 pavilion, 1 facade and north-south 10 houses were added, which expanded the area of the academy and made it look brand-new. After the restoration, Yang Mingxi said: "Righteousness is the court, the court is the official, and the official is the people; The theory that "the righteous are classics, and the classics are innocent" was written in the provincial capital, and the tuning academy in Zhangzhou was renamed Zheng Jing Academy.
(1 1) Luochuan County
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, academies were set up in counties, and social studies and voluntary schools were set up in townships (towns). The academy was formerly a county school. County School is the highest institution of learning in Luochuan, also known as "Confucianism". It is located in Confucius Temple, so Confucius Temple is also called "Gong Xue". Luochuan Gong Xue is located in the ruins of Song and Yuan Dynasties, that is, fifty paces west of the old county (now west of the old county street). In the second year of Hongwu in Hong Mei (137 1), Luochuan county magistrate Zhu Bing and other six ministers built Gong Xue. In the thirty-third year of Qing Qianlong (1768), he moved the county to Fengqibao (now the county seat), moved the Confucius Temple to Dongcheng (now the compound of agricultural machinery company), and built a "Minglun Hall" in the west of the temple for scholars to study.
Chaoyang academy
In the forty-seventh year of Qianlong (1782), Shi Yangyuan, a magistrate of a county, advocated the development of education. He personally donated 20 taels of silver and local officials and people donated 20 taels of silver 1560 taels to establish Chaoyang Academy (now the former site of Beiguan Primary School). In the same year, he enrolled 100 students. In the academy, Shi Yangyuan taught in person. Forty-nine years after Qianlong (1784), dozens of students have dropped out of school, and Luochuan's style of writing has flourished. In the fifth year of Daoguang (1825), Yan Chun, Zhili and Zhangzhou wrote articles to commemorate Chaoyang Academy's achievements in cultivating talents, and Xie Jihua, the governor of the state, erected a monument (between the western walls of Beiguan Primary School Auditorium). In the thirty-second year of Guangxu (1906), Sun Feng, a magistrate of a county, was a relative and supervisor of the Academy, which had 32 students. Textbooks include: Poetry, Book, Book of Changes, Book of Rites, Spring and Autumn Annals, Four Books and Righteousness, Complete Works of Sexual Theory, Authentic Products, An Introduction to China Ancient Literature, and A Brief Outline of Zitongzhi. The teaching form is the combination of teachers and students' self-study.
Note: The above data are all from county records and the Internet.