Current location - Education and Training Encyclopedia - Educational Knowledge - Historical position of scientific and technological achievements in Sui and Tang Dynasties *
Historical position of scientific and technological achievements in Sui and Tang Dynasties *
The historical position of science and technology in the Sui and Tang Dynasties: The achievements of science and technology in the Sui and Tang Dynasties were very great, especially in the fields of astronomy, mathematics, agriculture, geography, medicine, water conservancy, architecture, physics, chemistry, porcelain, handicrafts and so on, which laid the foundation for China to become the largest country in science and technology in the world and had a great influence on later generations. This is an important technological progress in ancient China, which improved the living standard.

Contents of scientific and technological achievements in Sui and Tang Dynasties:

1. The Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties made remarkable achievements in astronomical calendars. The Emperor's Calendar, compiled by Liu Zhuo, a famous astronomer in Sui Dynasty, uses quadratic equidistant interpolation method to calculate the movement of the sun and the moon, and the precise value of precession is higher than that in Europe. He also put forward the viewpoint of measuring the meridian length, denying the traditional saying that the shadow is an inch away. In the Tang Dynasty, the seven-character Long song Song of Heaven edited by Wang Ximing was widely circulated, which greatly promoted the popularization of astronomical knowledge. In Xu Ang's Xuan Ming Calendar in the Tang Dynasty, the intersection angle between the ecliptic and the equator was measured to be 23 U 65299 X 5', which was only about 0.5' lower than the modern theoretical value. Monks and their gatherings in kaiyuan period.

2. The Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties also made great achievements in mathematics. Liu Zhuo, an astronomer in Sui Dynasty, created the quadratic interpolation formula with equal spacing for the first time when compiling the calendar, which was a major breakthrough in the history of mathematics. Wang Xiaotong was a famous mathematician in the Tang Dynasty. He devoted his life to the study of mathematics. His greatest contribution was to establish the Classic of Ancient Calculations on the basis of summarizing the previous research results. In this calculation, he put forward the positive root solution of cubic equation for the first time, which made outstanding contributions to the theory of ancient mathematical equations. Taishi Gong, Taishi Gong Li, Taishi Gong Arithmetic Doctor and Taishi Gong Zhu Professor Wang Zhenru were invited to annotate ten arithmetic classics. These ten arithmetic classics are Zhou Pian Arithmetic Classic, Nine Chapters Arithmetic Classic, Island Arithmetic Classic, Wu Cao Arithmetic Classic, Sun Tzu's Art of War, Xiahou Yang Arithmetic Classic, Zhang Qiujian Arithmetic Classic and Five Arithmetic Classics. There is also Han Yan's arithmetic "Xiahou Yang Shu Jing", with 83 cases in three volumes, which are mostly mathematical knowledge and calculation skills commonly used by local officials and ordinary people. According to historical records, in addition to Wang Xiaotong, Li and Monk, there are also Chen Congyuan, Long Deyi, Bian Gang and Liu, all of whom have made contributions in the field of mathematics.

3. Agronomy was particularly developed in Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, with fruitful results. Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty began to implement the system of equal land, which greatly promoted the recovery and development of agricultural production. In the Tang Dynasty, the system of land equalization and rent adjustment was implemented, which rewarded reclamation, stabilized farmers' lives and developed agricultural production, resulting in a social fashion of serving farmers, shaping crops and being diligent in farming. Agricultural production is booming. Great progress has been made in farmland management techniques such as land preparation, soil conservation and expanding fertile fields. At that time, the technical problems of water diversion, drainage and irrigation were also solved scientifically. Qu Yuan's plough appeared in the Tang Dynasty, which is of epoch-making significance in the history of ancient ploughing. Tea production and production technology in the Tang Dynasty reached a high level. The Book of Tea edited by Lu Yu is the first monograph on tea culture in the world. The cultivation, picking and processing of tea trees were discussed in detail. In animal husbandry, the Tang Dynasty adopted the method of introduction and hybridization, and developed new livestock varieties such as beards and mules.

Its scale and achievements were rare in the world at that time, which fully demonstrated the great achievements of ancient livestock breeding science. The Collection of Mussian Sacrifices compiled by Sok Li is the earliest and most complete veterinary ceremony in China. Zhuge Ying's Farming Law in Sui Dynasty, Zhao Ben's Career by Zeus and others, Living in the Mountain by Wang Min, and Protecting Life by Wei Hanggui, etc.

? 4. The geographical achievements of Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties were outstanding, which played an important role in the geographical history of China and the world. Especially in the compilation of local chronicles, the enrichment of cartography, the expansion of geographical knowledge abroad, and the research and investigation of natural geography such as tidal causes and land-sea changes, there has been obvious progress, which has written a brilliant chapter for the development of geography in this period. During the great cause of the Sui Dynasty, the court ordered the compilation of local chronicles on a large scale throughout the country. Local chronicles and maps reported all over the country will be compiled into national general maps. For example, local maps and maps are the first national maps compiled by officials in the history of China. In the Tang dynasty, there were officials in charge of maps and maps, and it was stipulated that all States and governments in the country should compile maps and maps every three years. At that time, more than 50 States had maps and maps, and the national maps and maps also had new development. Among them, Xiao Deyan's Outlooks, Li Jifu's Map of Yuanhe County, Jia Dan's Four Nations in Guxian County, and Kong Shurui's Geography are all excellent. During Yang Di's reign, Pei Ju was ordered to be in charge of the trade in the western regions, recording the landforms and customs of the countries in the region, drawing them into an atlas and writing the Map of the Western Regions; In the early Tang Dynasty, Wang Xuance went to India for three times, and when he came back, he wrote Biography of the Western Regions. During the Zhenguan period, Xuanzang went west to learn the law, and after he came back, he wrote the "Datang Western Regions"; During the Tianbao period, Du Huan stayed in Dashi for 10 years, and later wrote "Beijing-Hangzhou Ji"; In the third year of Tianfu at the end of Jin Dynasty, Gao Juhai wrote travel notes. The appearance of these records not only makes cartography develop rapidly, but also fills the gap in foreign geography. In addition, the administrative division map and military map of the Tang Dynasty also made a breakthrough, which became the masterpiece of ancient geography in China. China has a vast coastline, so the prevention and utilization of tidal disasters are very important. On the basis of years of observation and research, Dou wrote. Yan Feng also studied the tidal phenomenon. When talking about tides, he described in detail the law of tides passing day by day. Yan Zhenqing's Fairy Altar in Magu Mountain, Nancheng County, Fuzhou, and Bai Juyi's Tide Fu vividly record the understanding of the land and sea changes in the Tang Dynasty. The investigation of the source of the Yellow River and the understanding of natural geography such as underground karst topography, coastal topography and desert topography have made scientific conclusions.

? The medical achievements of Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties are still widely known. The General Theory of Diseases and Syndrome written by Chao, a famous doctor in Sui Dynasty, describes the causes, diagnosis, treatment and prevention methods of many diseases, which reflects that the medicine in Sui Dynasty has reached a quite high level. At that time, intestinal anastomosis, vascular ligation, tooth extraction and other surgical operations were unprecedented in the world. Sun Simiao was a famous physician in Tang Dynasty, who devoted his life to medicine. The New Materia Medica compiled by him in Tang Gaozong is known as the "King of Medicine" and is the first pharmacopoeia promulgated by the state in the world. By the Tang Dynasty, acupuncture had reached a fairly high level, and a large number of acupuncture wall charts, maps and monographs appeared, and acupuncture therapy was formally included in the national medical education curriculum. In addition, during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the medical system was perfected, medical classics were systematically sorted out and deeply studied, and medicine was scientifically divided.

6. The Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties made great achievements in water conservancy. The Grand Canal, which connects five major water systems, goes down in history with its grand scale and superb design level. Fuling Shi Yu is the earliest water level station in China. Irrigation from the Yellow River in Tang Dynasty and the restoration and transformation of irrigation system in Guanzhong Plain have scientifically solved major problems such as water diversion, drainage and irrigation, and provided valuable experience for human water conservancy.

7. The architectural technology of Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties made brilliant achievements. Daxing City and Luoyang City, which were built by Yuwen Kai, a famous architect in Sui Dynasty, and Chang 'an City, which was carefully planned and expanded in Tang Dynasty, have reasonable design ideas and large-scale buildings. The functions of palaces, houses, workshops, markets, streets, water sources, shipping, greening, etc. have greatly surpassed those of previous capitals, with far-reaching influence. Zhao Zhouqiao has a peculiar appearance and exquisite design.

8. Physical chemistry in Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties also made some achievements. Scientists at that time had a profound understanding and research on physical phenomena such as sound, light, heat and magnetism. The metal fish-washing and dragon-washing pots made in the Tang Dynasty used the propagation and interference principle of solid vibration in liquid, and also mastered the knowledge and methods of eliminating resonance. In the Tang dynasty, they also mastered the technology of artificially manufacturing and extracting crystalline potassium sulfate, and discussed the cause of rainbow. Kong Ying Da

In terms of chemistry and chemical engineering, the alchemy work "Taiqing Shibi Ji" in the Tang Dynasty recorded the method of making mercury.

In experiments, alchemists found that sulfur, nitrate and carbon can be combined to make gunpowder, which is one of the four great inventions in ancient China. In the late Tang Dynasty, the formula of gunpowder was transferred to military strategists, and the application of this technology accelerated the emergence of rocket weapons.

9. Porcelain production in Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties is unprecedented, and the technical level has reached the level of perfection. Blue-and-white porcelains in Sui Dynasty have made great progress in quantity and quality, and other glazed porcelains such as yellow, sauce and cyan are also exquisite. Porcelain-making technology developed by leaps and bounds in the Tang Dynasty. The Yue porcelain with a thousand peaks and the white porcelain like jade are all treasures condensed by superb technology. Tri-colored porcelain unique to the Tang Dynasty still has its technical level.

10. The handicraft industry in Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties was highly developed and had far-reaching influence. During this period, both the scale of handicraft production and the development of production technology reached an unprecedented level. In particular, the achievements of metal smelting, paper making, textile, printing and dyeing, shipbuilding technology are far higher than those of other countries in the world, and the emergence of block printing is a great pioneering work in the history of scientific and technological development in the Tang Dynasty.

Abstract: The Sui and Tang Dynasties were the golden age for the development of Chinese civilization. At that time, it was China, which was highly respected by foreign civilizations, which was related to the development of science and technology at that time. The fields involved in the Sui and Tang Dynasties were almost all over the world. Therefore, wide coverage, high level and new technology were the important characteristics of science and technology at that time.

Remarks: Apart from the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Song and Yuan Dynasties were also a period of high scientific and technological prosperity in China, both of which need careful study.