1: The first unified feudal dynasty in the history of China was established. This is mainly manifested in his unification of the six countries. At the end of the Warring States period, the trend from vassal regime to national unity became increasingly obvious. At that time, Qin had the strongest strength and had the conditions to unify the six eastern countries. At the beginning of Qin Wang's accession to the throne, the state power was dominated by Prime Minister Lv Buwei and eunuch Vivi. In 238 BC, he personally took charge of state affairs, put down the rebellion in Vivi, removed his post and moved to Shu County. Liao Wei, Reese and others were appointed to deploy strategies and tactics to unify the whole country. From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, the six countries of Korea, Wei, Chu, Yan, Zhao and Qi were destroyed successively, and finally the first unified, multi-ethnic and autocratic centralized state in the history of China, the Qin Dynasty, was established.
Qin Shihuang established the feudal autocratic monarchy system, which lasted until the end of Qing Dynasty. (1) In order to show off his achievements in unifying the world and establish supreme authority, he established the title of "Emperor", calling himself the first emperor, and announced that his descendants would be called II, III and even passed down from generation to generation. (2) Subsequently, he abolished the enfeoffment system nationwide and replaced it with the county system; (3) Under the direct control of the emperor, a whole set of bureaucracy was established from the central government to the counties; (4) On the basis of the original laws and decrees of Qin State, absorb some provisions of the laws of the six countries, and formulate and promulgate unified laws. All laws and regulations are regularly checked with the censor, and confusion and tampering are not allowed. In order to develop China's land and water transportation, the "car on the same track" was implemented, which destroyed the battlements of the old East, built the chidao from Xianyang to Yanqi and Wu Chu, and the straight road from Xianyang to Jiuyuan (now Baotou West, Inner Mongolia) via Yunyang. Wuchi Road was built in the southwest, and a canal was dug to connect Xiangjiang River and Lijiang River.
He implemented a series of measures in economic and cultural thoughts to consolidate a unified and centralized country. This further consolidated the unified situation. (1) Economically, vigorously promote the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business, and foster the development of private ownership of feudal land. In the thirty-first year of the first emperor (2 16 BC), it was ordered that "land should be cultivated first", that is, as long as landlords and yeomen who occupy land declare the amount of land to the government and pay taxes, their land ownership will be recognized and protected by the government. (2) Unify the national weights and measures system based on the weights and measures formulated by Shang Yang. Abolish the currencies of various countries during the Warring States period and unify the national monetary system. (3) In terms of cultural thought, seal script was formulated on the basis of the common characters of Qin State, and was promulgated as a standard character in the whole country. He also used the theory of five virtues of yin and yang in the Warring States period to create a theological basis for the autocratic rule of the Qin Dynasty. Qin Wei got water virtue, and the water was black, and finally counted six. Therefore, it is stipulated that clothes, banners and flags are still black, and there are six systems, such as symbol transmission, law crown and riding. Water dominates yin, which represents punishment and killing, so the implementation of criminal law is aggravated on this basis. (4) In the thirty-fourth year of the First Emperor, according to the suggestion of Prime Minister Lisi, he ordered the destruction of poems, books and hundreds of languages collected by the people, and prohibited private learning. Later, more than 400 Confucian scholars and alchemists participated in the escape of Hou Sheng, Lu Sheng and other immortals, all of whom were killed in Xianyang.
Qin Shihuang took a series of measures to maintain the unity and stability of the country's territory. (1) After Qin Shihuang acceded to the throne, he sent Meng Tian to attack the Huns, recover the land in Henan and force them to retreat to the north of Yinshan Mountain. (2) In order to prevent its further invasion, the Great Wall in northern Qin, Zhao and Yan countries during the Warring States period was integrated, starting from Lintao (now Min County, Gansu Province) in the west and building the Great Wall in Wan Li in the east. (3) After conquering Baiyue area, Guilin, Xiang Jun and Nanhai will be established. At the end of the first emperor, the number of Qin counties increased from 36 counties at the beginning of unification to more than 40 counties, with the territory of "East to the Haichao, West to Lintao and Zhong Qiang, South to Beihu, North to the River, and Yinshan to Liaodong". (4) Relocate the former nobles of the six countries to Guanzhong and Bashu to prevent their separatist activities. Only 120,000 people moved to Xianyang. In addition, people are also prohibited from collecting weapons, destroying confiscated weapons, casting twelve golden figures and displaying them in front of the palace.
I think his greatest achievement is:
Mandarin and standard Chinese characters.
Now the northern dialect, Cantonese, Southwest Mandarin and Sichuan dialect all come from Shaanxi dialect.
Most of southern Chinese comes from Chu language, and Chu language, Qin language and Jin language all come directly from Zhou language. Zhou and Qin dynasties are of the same origin, which originated in the Weihe River Basin (now Baoji area).
Zhou Dynasty is the rendering and dissemination of Zhou culture. In this way, the Han areas have a common culture and language. A hundred schools of thought contend from Zhou Wenhua, and Confucius said that I study Zhou. However, the management of China in the Zhou Dynasty was loose and feudal, and all localities had their own governors. Although most of them came from the royal family of Zhou Dynasty at first, they gradually changed their ideas after many generations. It was Qin that completely unified these countries politically and became a complete country, with a county system and no centurion like Zhou Dynasty. As well as Chongqing, Sichuan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou and other southwest regions, were all included in the territory of China at that time. Shaanxi Opera became the official language of southwest China and Guangdong, and evolved into Cantonese and Southwest Mandarin.
The Qin dynasty laid the foundation for the formation of the Han nationality, and the Han dynasty consolidated the labor achievements of the Qin state. Zhou Wenhua went deep into every place in the Han Dynasty, and the Han nationality was thus formed.
So without the Qin Dynasty, there would be no Han nationality. All ethnic groups in the western regions used to call Han people Qin people directly, but now Turkey still calls Han people Qin people.
It's just that the Qin dynasty is relatively short, otherwise the Han nationality may be called Qin nationality this year, hehe.
The most important historical achievement of "Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty"
First, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty implemented some political systems to strengthen centralization, which consolidated the unity and development of the Western Han Dynasty.
When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty first ascended the throne, his grandmother Dou Taihou held the power. In 135 BC, Dou Taihou died, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty began to hold all power in his own hands to show his political ambitions. He first attacked the consort Tian, the prime minister, and then strengthened the position of the minister who sent and received documents around him, making the prime minister a nominal position. Since then, Zhongshu and Shangshu have become the central institutions that give orders.
In order to strengthen centralization and thoroughly solve the problems of vassal States, he ordered the kings of vassal States not to pass on the fiefs only to the eldest son who succeeded to the throne, but also to set aside some of them for other sons, and they were not unified. As a result, the land of the vassal States is getting smaller and smaller, and their strength is getting weaker and weaker, so they can't compete with the central authorities. This is a clever move by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also strengthened the original supervision system and established a new system of selecting officials. He adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion, ordered each county and township to honor one person's loyalty every year, and adopted the method of "writing a letter on the bus" so that officials and people could write a letter to the emperor and suggest state affairs. If the opinion meets the requirements of governing the country, it will be awarded an official position according to the author's specialty.
Second, in order to strengthen and consolidate his rule, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", which consolidated the unity and centralization of the country and had a long-term impact on later history.
Dong Zhongshu believes that the emperor manages the people according to God's will, and God has given him the power to rule the people, which can never be violated. This statement just catered to the wishes of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, who regarded this thought as a tool for ruling ideology and maintaining the feudal system. When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took the exam, he did not take other schools of thought, but only took the exam of Confucian scholars. Therefore, if you want to be an official, you have to accept Confucianism, and scholars have become Confucian scholars.
Third, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent troops to crusade against the Huns, which made the regime of the Western Han Dynasty more consolidated and the country more unified, and created extremely favorable conditions for the economic and cultural development of the Western Han Dynasty.
From 133 BC to 1 19 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent troops to carry out many large-scale battles with the Xiongnu, and finally won an all-round victory over the Xiongnu, which fully reflected his great talent and excellent military command ability. In the process of fighting against Xiongnu, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also enriched the frontier defense and developed production through a large number of immigrants.
Fourthly, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions twice, which strengthened the economic and cultural exchanges between the Han Dynasty and the West.
In BC 138, Zhang Qian, a famous and great explorer in the history of China, was ordered by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to go to the Western Regions, with the purpose of jointly defending and attacking the Xiongnu forces with Da Yue. In BC 1 19, Zhang Qian was ordered to go to the Western Regions for the second time. Subsequently, countries in Central Asia and the Western Regions often visited and traded in Chang 'an in the name of tribute. The exchange of personnel and trade between China and other countries in the western regions lasted for more than 1000 years, starting from the Western Han Dynasty, passing through the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties and finally the Tang Dynasty.
Fifth, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty opened up the southern and southwestern territories, which made the Yue ethnic group, the southwest ethnic groups and the Han nationality better integrated.
After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty returned the three tribes of the Yue nationality to the Han Dynasty, they successively moved to the Yangtze River, Huaihe River, Nanhai and other places, lived together with the Han nationality for a long time, and gradually merged with each other, forming an unfinished "great unification" situation since Qin Shihuang. In the process of developing southwest China, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty spread iron tools and high Han culture to these areas, which more or less broke the occlusion of these areas and promoted the development of local economy and culture.
Sixth, vigorously build water conservancy and develop agricultural production.
During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Cao Canal, Bai Canal and Longshou Canal were built, and six auxiliary canals were opened next to Zheng Guoqu, which was opened in the Qin Dynasty, to irrigate highlands. In BC 109, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty recruited tens of thousands of soldiers to block the breach of the Yellow River. After this operation, there was no major flood in the lower reaches of the Yellow River for about 80 years.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also vigorously promoted reclamation and other major measures to develop agriculture. He also vigorously promoted the method of replacing cultivated land and new farm tools, which greatly promoted the development of agriculture.
In the global historical ranking, Genghis Khan's achievements rank first.
1, creating the largest empire in the world.
2. Established the earliest traffic contact system.
3. Push the military art to the peak of the cold weapon era.
4. The most influential person in world history.
5. The earliest emperor who practiced political democracy.
6. The richest man in a thousand years
7. Pursue the policy of freedom of religious belief.
8. "Globalization" was first put forward and practiced.
You can't be watching the spring snow in Qinyuan!