1, observation: one of the intuitive teaching methods in kindergartens, observation education. The main method of scientific education and teaching activities refers to perceptual activities with expected purposes. Observation: refers to the specific method of observing things. According to the purpose of observation, choosing scientific observation methods will improve the efficiency of observation.
(1) Children's spontaneous observation: Children take the initiative to observe the novelty around them without the guidance of teachers. Such as airplanes in the sky, ants under trees, etc.
(2) Observation of individual objects: in a certain period of time, organize children to observe an object or phenomenon, so that children can master the name, external characteristics, functions and relationship with people and society of this object or phenomenon, thus obtaining relevant superficial knowledge. For example, food, animals and plants generally understand this.
(3) Comparative observation: refers to organizing children to observe two or more objects and phenomena and compare their similarities and differences. Through analysis, comparison, judgment and thinking, we can understand things more accurately, carefully and completely and form concepts. Such as knowing figures (squares and rectangles), knowing evergreen trees and deciduous trees. It can also be divided into overall comparison and decomposition comparison. Overall comparison is to compare two or more things as a whole and find out their similarities, opposites and similarities. Decomposition comparison is to compare two kinds of objects one by one.
(4) Long-term systematic observation: also called "follow-up observation". Organize children to observe the development and change of an object or phenomenon intermittently and systematically for a long time. For example, observe the changes of plants and the moon from the perspective of planting.
(5) sequential observation: that is, carefully observe the observed objects from different angles in order. Animals are generally observed from head to toe, from top to bottom.
(6) Characteristic observation: it is a relatively static observation of the most important or some characteristics of the observed object.
(7) decomposition observation method: it is to carefully decompose and observe all parts of the observed object, and then synthesize them to achieve the purpose of clearly understanding the whole picture.
(8) exploratory observation: that is, observing the connection, transformation and cause and effect between things to explore.
2. Demonstration method: refers to the teaching performance made by teachers through their own language and actions, and provides concrete imitation examples for children. Widely used in common language, art and health fields.
(1) Complete demonstration: The demonstration of the new teaching content from beginning to end gives children a complete impression, which is easy to understand and master, and forms a whole concept. For example, new songs, poems and morning exercises are often used.
(2) Local demonstration: When children have difficulties and mistakes in the learning process, the teacher will make local demonstrations to help solve local problems, but will not demonstrate what they have learned.
(3) decomposition demonstration: divide the learning materials into several parts and demonstrate them in sections, so that children can master every point and key point of learning.
(4) Demonstration in different directions: Demonstrate from the front, back or side, so that children can get a complete impression from different angles. Generally, dance and rhythm are used more.
Questioning method: It is one of the commonly used teaching methods in education and teaching, and it is the main method to guide children to observe and learn.
1, descriptive question: Remind children to observe and describe things in detail, and generally ask "What kind of woodpecker do you see?"
2, comparative questioning: that is, inspire children to compare the similarities and differences of things. For example, "Where are squares and rectangles the same, and where are they different?"
3. Classification problem: that is, the problem of inspiring children to think with concepts. For example, "What kind of oranges do you think belong to? (Dried fruit or fruit)
4. Explanatory questions: that is, prompt children to understand things and the reasons for changes and explain them clearly. Such as "How is the rain formed?"
5. Selective questioning: that is, the question of choosing among several conclusions. For example, "Do you think raisins belong to fruit or dried fruit?"
6. Interrogative questioning refers to asking questions about the judgments made by children in the process of observation and perception. For example, "Is the baby seahorse born by mother?"
Third, the conversation method: also known as the "question and answer method", one of the ancient teaching methods. Teaching is carried out through teachers' questions and children's answers. That is to guide children to use existing knowledge and experience to answer questions, so as to gain new knowledge, or to check and consolidate knowledge.
1. Reproduction talk method: also known as "summative talk method" or "thematic talk method". It is a dialogue to consolidate knowledge or check knowledge. According to the knowledge that children have learned, ask questions around certain topics and ask children to answer by recalling knowledge. After the reproduction of knowledge, sporadic knowledge will be systematized to achieve the purpose of sorting out, consolidating or checking.
2. Inspirational lecture: This is a lecture to impart new knowledge. Teachers put forward a series of coherent and enlightening questions according to the purpose of learning, and guide children to think positively and make correct answers according to existing knowledge and experience or observation of immediate things and phenomena, so as to acquire new knowledge.
Fourth, teaching methods: teachers describe scenes, facts, concepts and reasons to children through oral language. Include explanation, narration and description.
Discussion: Under the guidance of the teacher, children debate the questions raised to express their different understandings and opinions.
Sixth, the operation method: teach children to learn through their own practical activities according to certain requirements and procedures.