Keywords: institutions of higher learning; Entrepreneurship education; Essence; path
At the end of 1980s, UNESCO put forward "entrepreneurship education" at the international seminar on the development trend of education facing 2 1 century.
Education), a new educational concept, requires colleges and universities to take cultivating students' entrepreneurial skills and spirit as one of the basic goals of higher education, and at the same time, it is required to raise it to the same important position as academic research and vocational education in colleges and universities. Entrepreneurship education is essentially a new educational concept, aiming at cultivating students' entrepreneurial awareness, entrepreneurial ability and entrepreneurial personality. Colleges and universities must reform the curriculum system, teaching content and teaching methods. And apply the concept of entrepreneurship education to classroom teaching and extracurricular activities of higher education, continuously improve students' comprehensive quality, and enhance their innovative consciousness, innovative spirit and entrepreneurial ability to meet the needs of economic society for applied talents.
First, entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities is a new educational concept.
Entrepreneurship is a creative practical activity. The essence of entrepreneurship education aimed at cultivating and improving college students' awareness and spirit of self-employment is that it is a new educational concept. It not only embodies the connotation of quality education, but also highlights the significance of educational innovation and the cultivation of students' practical ability. At the present stage in our country, it is an important measure for colleges and universities to strengthen entrepreneurship education through course teaching, cultivate college students' entrepreneurial consciousness and innovative spirit, shape their good entrepreneurial psychological quality and improve their entrepreneurial innovation ability.
Entrepreneurship education is not simply imparting entrepreneurial knowledge and cultivating entrepreneurial skills, but a process of quality education and training qualified college students who meet the needs of society. Therefore, we should change the concept of entrepreneurship education and infiltrate the idea of entrepreneurship education into all aspects of higher education, running through the whole process of teaching, management and service. For a long time, China's education system has paid more attention to students' basic education and neglected the cultivation of students' innovative spirit and creativity. Facing the further pressure of college students' employment and re-employment, how to effectively cultivate students' entrepreneurial spirit and ability is the primary problem to be solved urgently. At present, college students are under great employment pressure. They should not only have social skills, interpersonal skills, organization and management skills, expression skills, practical skills, pioneering and innovative skills, competitiveness, decision-making skills, communication skills and cooperation skills, but also have basic abilities and qualities such as moral cultivation and positive attitude. There is no doubt that these contents are based on having basic knowledge, but many contents can not be obtained by receiving a single classroom education, which requires the deepening reform of the education system. At present, the pioneering spirit and employment guidance we advocate are a little too eager for quick success and instant benefit, and have not fundamentally changed the deep-rooted idea of "being a good student and doing everything well" cultivated by students since childhood. Only by starting from the roots, changing students' ideas, attaching importance to the "reverse" transformation of liberal arts students and making them truly versatile and applied talents can they be comfortable in society and meet the needs of society for talents.
Since entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities is a new educational concept, it must be rooted in the educational thought of colleges and universities and guide the education and teaching reform in colleges and universities in practice. (1) From the moment students enter school, it is necessary to cultivate their entrepreneurial and innovative ideas. University is an important period for a person to form a mature world outlook and employment outlook. When we educate freshmen, we should make them fully aware of the severe employment situation and let them feel a strong sense of employment pressure. In this way, the sense of pressure will drive and promote the formation of innovative ideas in students' minds, so that students can objectively understand the importance of innovative ideas. At the same time, it is necessary to run through the whole college students' understanding of entrepreneurship and innovation for four years, so as not to make students feel that advocating entrepreneurship is impulsive; (2) Enrich students' innovative ideas in practice. When thought is in ideology, it is still just an idea. Only by concretizing this idea will the function of the idea be highlighted. Students in our business school basically hold an entrepreneurial design competition once a year. In these activities, in order to better accomplish their tasks, they have mastered some authoritative market quotes and market survey data through the library and the Internet, and combined them with the book knowledge in the classroom, and achieved good results. At the same time, in order to make the planning book they designed scientific and feasible, they also conducted a detailed survey of restaurants, bars and related markets to obtain a large number of real and reliable first-hand materials, which are knowledge that can't be learned in any books and valuable wealth that can only be obtained through social practice. All the students who have participated in similar activities realize that it is absolutely impossible to master book knowledge in today's society, and it is also impossible to have a certain entrepreneurial spirit and social coordination ability. (3) Pay attention to cultivating students' spirit of self-reliance, independence and self-improvement. Today's society is a society that advocates individuality. Obviously, it is very important to cultivate students' independent and distinctive talents. Entrepreneurship needs the spirit of the new era of continuous development and active efforts, rather than the old idea of just being Nuo Nuo and following the crowd. It is necessary to fundamentally change the image of scholars in the ivory tower of college students before, and let them establish a new image of having knowledge, applying what they have learned and making contributions to the country and society. Being the best in the world should be the ideal and pursuit of college students. (4) Intentionally cultivate students' skills and methods to adapt to society, and enhance students' ability to grasp future career opportunities and entrepreneurial opportunities. It is inconceivable that a person who can't accept the world can change the world. Therefore, college students facing numerous opportunities and challenges must cultivate their ability to adapt to society if they want to make a difference. To adapt to society, we must first adjust our ideas, face the world bravely and accept the world.
At present, the society has very strict requirements for talents, and compound and applied talents have become the new favorites. With the increasing demand for talents in society, it is far from enough to rely on one's own major as a stepping stone.
Second, entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities is a quality education to cultivate college students' entrepreneurial ability.
(A) Entrepreneurship education is to cultivate entrepreneurial ability.
As a new educational concept, entrepreneurship education is not to educate every college student to start a business or start a company, but to cultivate college students' comprehensive qualities such as entrepreneurial awareness, entrepreneurial thinking and entrepreneurial skills, so that educators can finally have a certain entrepreneurial ability. Without entrepreneurship education, there are often many entrepreneurial opportunities and relatively weak entrepreneurial awareness. When college students bravely took the first step of starting a business in the 1990s, whether to start a business or study was always a controversial topic in society. Today, more than ten years have passed since the first generation of entrepreneurial college students, and college students' entrepreneurship has gradually been accepted by people and has been thinking rationally. How to guide college students to seize the opportunity of entrepreneurship, embark on the correct entrepreneurial road, and how to smoothly advance on the entrepreneurial road has become a hot topic for people to think about. More and more people of insight have realized that entrepreneurship education is becoming more and more important.
(2) Entrepreneurship is to develop a career, and entrepreneurship education is to cultivate students' entrepreneurial quality.
This first requires students to correctly understand the meaning of "industry" and the essence of entrepreneurship education, then understand the procedures of entrepreneurship, and finally have the ability to start a business. According to the survey, 18.7% of college students start a business to make big money, while 32.5% of them can give up their major in order to start a business. It can be seen that at present, many college students' understanding of "industry" only stays in the class of "materials". Experts pointed out that many college students now think that starting a company and operating an entity is the only way to start a business. In fact, running an entity and starting a company is a kind of "business"; It is also a kind of "career" to concentrate on basic theory and academic discussion. "Industry" is a profession, not a specific industry. Starting any career can be collectively referred to as entrepreneurship. Learning and occupation are interrelated, learning is the premise and foundation of occupation, and college students' accumulation of knowledge and exploration of unknown fields such as high and new technology are also part of occupation. Therefore, entrepreneurship education not only means educating college students on how to set up a company and how to apply for a business license. But first of all, we should fully understand the "industry", which should be the basic entrepreneurial quality of students.
(C) Entrepreneurship education is an extension of professional knowledge education in universities
Integrating theory with practice is one of the most important qualities of students, and entrepreneurship education is to cultivate this quality of students. Entrepreneurship education not only encourages creativity, self-reliance and personal initiative or provides market economy knowledge, but also includes finance, business and management. However, China still lacks the necessary entrepreneurship education research and professional guidance. Therefore, consciously cultivating college students' entrepreneurship will not weaken students' professional knowledge learning, but will often enhance students' thirst for knowledge. Many experts pointed out that universities should make institutional arrangements for college students' entrepreneurship education. Under the current academic year system, they can create conditions for students' study, operation and practice, and form a relatively open and flexible teaching system. They have always regarded entrepreneurship education as a part of university education, which not only encourages and allows students to go out to start businesses, but also gives students the opportunity to continue their studies. Entrepreneurship education is a part of university education, which encourages college students to dare to innovate and put forward new ideas and concepts.
(d) Under the current education system, entrepreneurship can enhance students' practical ability, organizational ability, psychological endurance and teamwork spirit.
As an important part of quality education, entrepreneurship education should not only start from popularization, but also be standardized and institutionalized in university courses. As far as schools are concerned, cultivating college students' entrepreneurial spirit is the basic requirement of talent training in universities. We should conduct in-depth research around entrepreneurship education and start classes for all students. In fact, as early as 2002, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Labor and Social Security, the Ministry of Personnel and many local governments successively issued relevant policies to encourage and help college students to start their own businesses and find jobs flexibly. Entrepreneurship is a real practical work and needs theoretical support. We hope that when college students bravely take the first step of entrepreneurship and make bold progress in practice, our entrepreneurship education can give more theoretical guidance; We hope that through entrepreneurship education, more college students can seize the opportunity to start their own businesses rationally and successfully. We hope that college students' entrepreneurship education can not only change the reality that it is difficult for college students to find jobs at present, but also bring up a new generation of young knowledge entrepreneurs and rich people in China.
Thirdly, entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities is a realistic choice for higher education.
(A) Entrepreneurship education is the need of the reform and development of higher education.
The transition of higher education from elite education to mass education is an inevitable choice for the reform and development of higher education in China. Since China expanded its enrollment from 65438 to 0999, the macro-scale of higher education has undergone historic changes. According to Zhou Ji, Minister of Education, in 2005, the total number of students in all kinds of higher education in China exceeded 23 million, an increase of 107 1000 compared with 2000. The gross enrollment rate of higher education in China has reached 2 1% in 2005, and will reach about 25% during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, which has entered the internationally recognized stage of popularization. In 2005, the country enrolled 6,972,500 undergraduate and adult students, 3,204,900 more than in 2000, with an average annual growth of 1.3 1%. Among them, 5,044,600 undergraduates and higher vocational students enrolled, an increase of 2,838,500 over 2000. At the same time, the implementation of the enrollment expansion policy also makes the proportion of supply and demand of college graduates unbalanced, and the employment pressure of colleges and universities continues to rise. How to solve the employment problem of college students has become a very realistic problem. From the social and cultural point of view, if college students can't find a job after receiving higher education, so that the personal income of higher education investment can't be compensated, it will inevitably have negative public opinion influence in society, dampen people's enthusiasm for receiving higher education, and then affect the smooth progress of China's higher education reform. Therefore, colleges and universities must clearly understand the situation, actively carry out entrepreneurship education, cultivate innovative talents with solid foundation, strong adaptability and high comprehensive quality, and occupy a favorable position in the fierce job market. On the other hand, it is also an inevitable choice for colleges and universities to cooperate with social forces and classmates to create their own industries or new industries in society. In this sense, entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities meets the needs of the reform and development of higher education.
(B) Entrepreneurship education is to meet the needs of the current employment situation.
With the continuous expansion of the enrollment scale of colleges and universities and the increase of the gross enrollment rate of higher education year by year, higher education has changed from elite education to popular education, and the employment of college graduates has also changed from the original centralized distribution to "two-way choice and independent employment". Facing the fierce competition in the employment market, how to make college students adapt to the new employment situation requires college teachers to establish modern educational concepts, change educational concepts, continuously improve the quality of personnel training and social adaptability, and at the same time strengthen the cultivation of students' innovative consciousness, innovative spirit and innovative ability. Actively explore new teaching methods and ways of entrepreneurship education, cultivate students' awareness of entrepreneurship and competition, and improve students' viability. On the other hand, entrepreneurship education should make students change their passive employment concept into active entrepreneurship concept. Teachers should pay attention to stimulate students' entrepreneurial desire and help students get rid of the dependence of "waiting, relying and wanting". Through entrepreneurship education, students can understand the profound significance of entrepreneurship education and realize that self-employment is the need of social progress, self-survival and college students' self-worth, so as to truly understand that entrepreneurship is a higher level of employment.
(C) Entrepreneurship education is a realistic need for colleges and universities to cultivate innovative talents.
At present, there is still a certain distance between the talents trained by higher education and the development needs of modern society. One of the main manifestations is that graduates are more dependent on the country and society and lack pioneering and initiative; The ability to inherit is more than enough, and the spirit of innovation is insufficient. When the economic development level of a society is low, such graduates may be able to adapt to social development to a certain extent, but the scale of such talents will inevitably be difficult to adapt to building a well-off society with a high level of economic development. With the rapid development of social economy, the competition is increasingly fierce, and the key to win the competition is innovative talents with entrepreneurial ability and pioneering spirit. If higher education is still limited to the traditional talent training mode, the trained talents are likely to be eliminated by society because of lack of competitiveness. Therefore, it is urgent to change educational thinking, reform talent training mode and cultivate innovative talents with more social competitiveness.
Fourth, ways of entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities
(A) change the concept of education, entrepreneurship education into the overall education system.
First of all, we should change teachers' educational ideas and concepts, so that college teachers can have a new understanding of educational value and talents, firmly establish the people-oriented and all-round development concept of educating people, and actively provide good services for students' entrepreneurship. Secondly, it is necessary to educate students to establish a modern and positive concept of employment that is compatible with the market economy, and cultivate students to establish entrepreneurial awareness and entrepreneurial spirit that dare to try. The purpose of entrepreneurship education is to cultivate college students' awareness of self-employment, so that they have vision, courage, organizational ability and social responsibility, and make psychological and knowledge preparations for starting a business when they graduate. Thirdly, it is necessary to change the concept of entrepreneurship education and infiltrate the idea of entrepreneurship education into all aspects of higher education, running through the whole process of teaching, management and service.
(B) entrepreneurship education courses, and build a reasonable curriculum system of entrepreneurship education
According to the goal of entrepreneurship education, we should deepen the reform of curriculum system, add entrepreneurship education courses, and build a new teaching model that is conducive to improving students' comprehensive quality and entrepreneurial ability. The main contents of entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities should include: (1) cultivating students' good awareness of independent entrepreneurship; (2) Cultivating students' basic qualities, abilities and qualities of starting a business; (3) Guide students to master the basic knowledge, theories and methods of entrepreneurship. Therefore, colleges and universities must awaken, motivate, induce and tap the entrepreneurial potential of college students through various kinds of education, help them establish employment concepts and encourage them to explore and innovate. The cultivation of students' entrepreneurial spirit and ability must be placed at the center, and teaching activities always focus on the cultivation of students' entrepreneurial spirit and ability. In order to cultivate students into compound talents with broad vision, initiative innovation and courage to practice, students must fully understand the whole process of starting a business and basically master the basic knowledge, basic theories and basic methods necessary for starting a business.
(3) Promote the innovation of educational methods and internalize the entrepreneurial spirit into students' personality.
Entrepreneurship education for college students should not only teach the basic principles of entrepreneurship education, but also educate students with "potential courses" in the process of communication with the educated. In exploring ways and means of entrepreneurship education, colleges and universities can make bold attempts and innovations in the following aspects: First, interactive learning. Teachers and students inspire each other in interactive communication, stimulate the spark of entrepreneurship and understand the true meaning of entrepreneurship. The "teachers" who implement interactive teaching can be successful entrepreneurs or full-time teachers; The second is the skill training learning method. This training mode chooses a special entrepreneurial skill as the main content, and invites some entrepreneurs who have successfully established small businesses to teach, and the teaching effect is good; The third is the way to leave school to start a business. In order to encourage students' entrepreneurial activities, colleges and universities can formulate relevant preferential policies, so that some creative and determined students can apply for suspension from school during the critical period of entrepreneurship, let them join entrepreneurial camps and teams, start companies in society, and keep their student status for a period of time; The fourth is entrepreneurial internship. Economic management majors in colleges and universities can offer entrepreneurship practice courses and establish students' entrepreneurship practice bases. Conditional schools can also provide some start-up funds or provide students with start-up loans.
(D) Strengthen the construction of entrepreneurship education practice base and build a platform for students' entrepreneurship.
In the process of entrepreneurship education, colleges and universities must adopt the mode of school-enterprise cooperation. First, through the road of combining Industry-University-Research, we should establish a practical base for students' entrepreneurship, strengthen practical teaching links, and strive to cultivate students' innovative practice and entrepreneurial practice ability. Second, through the school-run industries, scientific research institutes, scientific and technological development companies and other income-generating parts to raise certain funds, set up entrepreneurial foundations, entrepreneurial cooperation associations and other organizations to provide students with entrepreneurial training places, formulate detailed entrepreneurial training plans according to the professional settings of the school, and encourage students to use weekends and spare time through entrepreneurial education practice activities to establish some entities with less investment, quick results and low risks without affecting their studies. Third, through work-study programs, help students cultivate self-reliant entrepreneurial ability, hard-working entrepreneurial spirit and ability to adapt to society, increase entrepreneurial experience, get familiar with social environment and learn social interaction.
(5) Actively carry out various forms of entrepreneurial practice activities and create a good atmosphere for entrepreneurship education.
Colleges and universities regularly organize various forms of entrepreneurial practice activities, professional competitions, scientific research activities and entrepreneurial design competitions, such as the organization and management of a club or salon, the design and organization of a public welfare activity, the planning and creativity of a publication or newspaper, the conception of a method or path to solve problems, the drafting and application of a scientific research or academic research project, etc. All these are conducive to cultivating and improving students' observation, thinking, imagination and hands-on operation ability. At the same time, some application results selected by the contest are also conducive to creating a strong atmosphere of scientific and technological innovation through improvement, perfection, promotion and final industrialization. Therefore, colleges and universities should often carry out colorful activities such as scientific research competitions, entrepreneurship exchanges and entrepreneurship lectures, and regularly invite some successful entrepreneurs to hold entrepreneurship lectures, analyze the reasons for success and failure, and provide reference for students. You can also hold special entrepreneurship training courses to cultivate students' practical ability and innovative thinking, and provide students with all kinds of help as much as possible. It is necessary to increase investment, improve the soft and hard environment, take entrepreneurship education as a major event for students to become talents, take the initiative to marry enterprises and bridge the gap, so that students' entrepreneurial activities can form a good interaction with enterprises, so that students' entrepreneurial achievements can be industrialized as soon as possible.
In a word, entrepreneurship education, as a new educational concept, is also a systematic project of education and teaching reform. Entrepreneurship education and the cultivation of entrepreneurial talents should not only be included in the curriculum system of colleges and universities, but also be regarded as one of the important goals of the current talent training model in colleges and universities.