A great educator in the history of foreign education

1. "Smart School" (the founder of western school education)

2. Socrates (who first proposed midwifery in the West)

Socrates (469 BC-399 BC) was a famous philosopher and educator in ancient Greece. Socrates' works have been lost, and later generations are right.

The understanding and research of his activities and thoughts are mainly based on the works of his students Plato, Xenophon and others.

Educational teleology

Socrates believes that the purpose of education is to cultivate talents for governing the country. People who govern the country must be virtuous, talented, affectionate and have all kinds of practical knowledge.

Moral education theory

Ethics is the theme of Socrates' philosophy and his educational thought.

Socrates believes that the primary task of education is to cultivate morality and teach people how to be a man. The specific content of moral education is to cultivate people's virtues such as wisdom, justice, courage and temperance. Therefore, he put forward the proposition that "knowledge is morality".

"Knowledge is morality" is the most important proposition of Socrates' ethics, and it can also be said to be the core of Socrates' moral education thought. In Socrates' view, whether a person's behavior is good or bad mainly depends on whether he has relevant knowledge. Only when people know what is good and what is evil can they seek good and avoid evil.

Socrates put forward the idea that virtue can be taught from the viewpoint that knowledge is morality. Since morality comes not from human nature, but from knowledge or wisdom, virtue can be taught. By imparting knowledge and developing wisdom, we can cultivate moral people. Therefore, in his view, knowledge education is the main way of moral education.

Intelligence education theory

Socrates advocates that rulers must have extensive knowledge. In addition to politics, morality, eloquence and all kinds of practical knowledge needed in life, geometry, astronomy and arithmetic are listed as compulsory subjects. The purpose of studying these subjects is practical, not purely theoretical speculation.

"Socratic method"

In order to impart knowledge effectively and achieve the goal of moral education, Socrates put forward his famous teaching method-"Socrates method". The so-called "Socratic method" refers to the method of exposing the contradictions in each other's understanding through discussion, question and answer and even debate, and gradually guiding students to finally get the correct answer (see the discussion about "justice" and "injustice" below). Socrates compared teachers to "knowledge midwives", so "Socrates method" is also called "midwifery". This is a way for students and teachers to discuss and seek correct answers together. It helps to stimulate and promote the enthusiasm and initiative of students' thinking.

Socrates asked students to list two lines, justice belongs to one line and injustice belongs to the other. First of all, what line does hypocrisy belong to? The classmate replied that it belongs to the line of injustice. Socrates asked again, which line should theft, deception and slavery belong to? The classmate replied that it belongs to the line of injustice. Socrates retorted that if the general punishes the enemy, enslaves the enemy, steals the enemy's property, or deceives the enemy in the war, are these actions unjust? The students finally come to the conclusion that all these things are just, but it is unfair to do so only to friends. Socrates also pointed out that in the war, in order to boost morale, the general lied to the soldiers that reinforcements were coming, which stopped the low morale; The father tricked the child into taking medicine, and the child recovered; A man stole his friend's sword for fear of suicide. What line do these behaviors belong to? The student came to the conclusion that these actions were just and finally forced him to withdraw his original claim.

3. Plato (the first to propose a complete academic system)

4. Aristotle

5. quintilian (The Principle of Eloquence is the first monograph on pedagogy in the West).

6. Augustine monks

7. Vitorino

8. Moore

9. Bacon (dividing pedagogy into independent disciplines for the first time)

10. Comenius (founder of modern pedagogy)

1 1. Milton

12. Locke (Gentleman's Educational Thought, Whiteboard Theory)

13. Rousseau (masterpiece Emile, which puts forward the theory of nature education)

14. La Xia Luotai