1. Teaching methods and their contemporary characteristics

(1) teaching methods

Teaching method is the general name of the interactive way of teaching and learning adopted by teachers and students to achieve teaching goals and complete teaching tasks in the teaching process. Teaching method is an important part of the whole structure of teaching process and one of the basic elements of teaching. It is directly related to the success or failure of teaching work and the level of teaching efficiency.

(2) Characteristics of contemporary teaching methods

(1) to develop students' intelligence as a starting point, highlighting the development of teaching.

② Pay attention to arouse students' enthusiasm and initiative in learning, and highlight the bilateralism of teaching.

③ Non-cognitive factors as a means to highlight the emotional nature of teaching.

2. Teaching methods commonly used in primary and secondary schools

(1) teaching methods

Teaching method is a way for teachers to impart knowledge and develop students' intelligence through concise and vivid oral language. It is to convey information, impart knowledge, clarify concepts, demonstrate laws and formulas through narration, description, explanation and reasoning, and guide students to analyze and understand problems. The basic requirements for applying this teaching method are:

① Teaching should not only attach importance to the scientific and ideological content, but also contact students' cognitive basis as much as possible.

② Attention should be paid to cultivating students' disciplinary thinking in teaching.

③ Teaching should be enlightening.

④ Pay attention to language art in teaching. Language should be vivid, infectious, clear, accurate, concise, clear and easy to understand. The volume and speed of speech should be moderate as far as possible, and the intonation should be rhythmic to adapt to the psychological rhythm of students.

The advantage of lecture method is that teachers can easily control the teaching process, so that students can acquire a lot of systematic scientific knowledge in a short time. However, if it is not used well, students' initiative and enthusiasm will not be easily brought into play, and there will be a situation in which teachers are full of mouths and students listen.

(2) Discussion method

Discussion method is a teaching method under the guidance of teachers, in which students express their opinions around the central issues of textbooks and acquire or consolidate knowledge through discussion or debate activities. The advantage is that all students participate in activities, which can cultivate the spirit of cooperation, stimulate students' interest in learning and improve their autonomy in learning. Generally used for the teaching of senior students or adults. The basic requirements for using the discussion method are:

The questions to be discussed should be attractive. Before the discussion, teachers should put forward specific requirements for discussion, guide students to collect and read relevant materials or conduct investigation and study, and carefully write an outline of their speeches.

② When discussing, we should be good at inspiring and guiding students to express their opinions freely. The discussion should focus on the center and connect with reality, so that every student has a chance to speak.

(3) At the end of the discussion, teachers should make a summary and induction, so that students can obtain correct views and systematic knowledge.

(3) Visual demonstration method

Demonstration method is a teaching method in which teachers show all kinds of objects, intuitive teaching AIDS or conduct demonstration experiments in class, so that students can gain perceptual knowledge through observation. It is an auxiliary teaching method and should be combined with teaching methods such as lectures and conversations. The basic requirements for using the demonstration method are:

(4) Practice methods

Practice is a method for students to consolidate knowledge, apply knowledge and form skills under the guidance of teachers. In teaching, practical methods are widely used in various disciplines. Generally speaking, exercises can be divided into the following categories:

First, language practice. Including oral and written language exercises, aimed at cultivating students' expressive ability.

Second, the practice of answering questions. Including oral and written exercises to answer questions, aimed at cultivating students' ability to use knowledge to solve problems.

Third, practical exercises. It aims to form operational skills and occupies an important position in technical disciplines.

(5) Reading instruction method

Reading guidance method is a method for teachers to guide students to acquire knowledge, consolidate knowledge and cultivate students' self-study ability by reading textbooks or reference books. The basic requirements for using the reading guidance method are:

3. Selection of teaching methods

The criteria and basis for choosing teaching methods are:

First of all, it must be based on teaching objectives. It is the specific teaching objectives that directly guide the choice of teaching methods. In order to choose the best teaching method, teachers must know about the classification of teaching objectives, be able to decompose general and abstract teaching objectives and teaching tasks into concrete and operable teaching objectives, and determine which teaching method to adopt according to these objectives.

Secondly, the content of the textbook must prevail. Teaching methods always exist relative to the content of a course. Different teaching methods should be adopted in teaching materials of different disciplines.

Thirdly, it must be based on the actual situation of students. The choice of teaching methods is also restricted by students' personality and psychological characteristics and existing knowledge conditions.

Finally, it must be based on the individual characteristics of teachers. The choice of teaching methods should also take into account teachers' own quality and conditions, and depends on teachers' mastery and application level of various teaching methods.

In a word, teachers must consider comprehensively when choosing teaching methods. In order to better complete the teaching task and achieve the teaching purpose, it is usually necessary to use a variety of teaching methods. Practice has proved that in the teaching process, students' knowledge acquisition, ability training and intellectual development can not rely on only one teaching method, but must optimize the combination and comprehensive application of various teaching methods.

Teaching organization form

1. Overview of teaching organization forms

(1) teaching organization form

The so-called teaching organization form is the way to organize and arrange teaching activities according to certain teaching ideas, teaching purposes and teaching contents as well as teaching subjective and objective conditions.

(2) The development of teaching organization.

① Individual teaching.

Before the Song Dynasty in China, and in ancient and medieval Europe, all levels of official and private schools adopted individual teaching. In the long slave society and feudal society, it was the main or even the only form of teaching organization. Individual teaching refers to the teaching of specific content to one or several students at the same time. This kind of teaching organization is small in scale, slow and inefficient, but it is more adaptable to individual differences. /kloc-after the 0/7th century, with the wide adoption of class teaching in the world, individualized teaching has become a non-main teaching organization form. However, in the 1950s and 1960s, individualized teaching was re-emphasized in European and American countries.

② Classroom teaching.

/kloc-Comenius, a Czech educator in the 0/7th century, put forward the class teaching system in his "Great Teaching Theory", that is, a certain number of students are organized into fixed classes according to their age and knowledge level, and teachers are arranged to teach the whole class collectively according to the weekly schedule and schedule. /kloc-in the middle of 0/9th century, class teaching became the main teaching organization form in western schools. In China, Shi Jing Wentong Museum was first established in 1862 by adopting the class teaching system, and it was decided by decree in the academic system of 1904.

3 Trump system.

It appeared in the United States in 1950s and was founded by Lloyd Trump, a professor of education. It combines discussion in large classes and small classes with individual self-study, and replaces the fixed and unified class time with flexible time units. It is a form of teaching organization worthy of popularization in high schools and universities.

2. Class teaching system and its reform

Advantages and limitations of (1) class teaching system

(1) the connotation and characteristics of class teaching system

Class teaching system, also known as class teaching system, is an organizational form in which students are organized into a fixed number of classes according to their age or degree, and teachers teach according to the content and class hours stipulated in the teaching plan and curriculum. Its basic characteristics are:

First, the teacher teaches the whole class at the same time in class. Classes are organized according to students' age and knowledge level, and the number and members are relatively fixed.

Second, arrange the teaching of various subjects in different classes. The teaching content is divided into many systematic, relatively independent and balanced parts according to the school and academic year, and each part adopts corresponding teaching methods and means to carry out teaching activities step by step.

Third, in addition to some lower-grade teaching, there are also subject-based teaching. In other words, each class is usually used for teaching specific subjects.

Fourth, the teaching of all subjects implements the curriculum standards stipulated by the state. Each subject generally stipulates the teaching content and teaching objectives of each academic year according to the national curriculum standards.

(2) Advantages and limitations of class teaching system

The advantages of classroom teaching are:

A teacher can teach many students at the same time, which expands the educational energy of a single teacher and helps to improve teaching efficiency.

Taking "class" as the teaching activity unit can make students step by step and the system is complete.

(3) Teachers should design, organize and attend classes, give priority to systematic lectures by teachers, and adopt other ways, which is conducive to giving full play to teachers' leading role.

④ A fixed class size and a unified time unit are beneficial for the school to reasonably arrange the teaching contents and progress of various subjects, strengthen teaching management, and thus win the high speed of teaching.

⑤ When studying in a class group, students can communicate with teachers and classmates in many directions, influencing, inspiring and promoting each other, thus increasing the information source or educational influence.

⑥ The collective activities and exchanges in the class are conducive to the formation of students' mutual help and friendship, fair competition and collectivism attitude, and to the formation of students' other healthy personality qualities.

The limitations of classroom teaching mainly include:

① Teaching activities are mostly decided by teachers, and students' initiative and independence in learning are limited to some extent.

② Students' learning is mainly receptive learning, which is not conducive to cultivating students' exploration spirit, creativity and practical ability.

③ Time, content and process are programmed and fixed, so it is difficult to accommodate more contents and methods in teaching activities.

Because "class" is an activity unit and "class" is limited by time, some complete teaching materials are often artificially divided to meet the requirements of "class".

⑤ Teaching faces the whole class, and the pace is unified, so it is difficult to take care of students' individual differences, which is not conducive to teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. This is also the most easily criticized place in classroom teaching.

(3) Contemporary changes of classroom teaching system

At present, the class teaching system is still the basic organizational form of classroom teaching, but its disadvantages are increasingly exposed. In order to make up for the shortage of class teaching system, many reform experiments have been carried out at home and abroad, mainly including:

First, class miniaturization.

Second, the elective system.

Third, carry out group teaching.

3. Prepare lessons and attend classes

(1) Type and structure of courses

Class type is to divide classes into different categories according to certain standards and is the basic unit of teaching activities. According to the teaching task, it can be divided into single course and comprehensive course. According to the teaching methods, the types of classes are lecture, experiment, practice, homework, discussion and self-study.

Classroom structure refers to the components of the classroom and the order and time allocation of each part, which is also called the basic link of teaching. Its components mainly include: stimulating learning motivation, activating old knowledge, presenting new knowledge, consolidating new knowledge and transforming and transferring knowledge.

(2) How to prepare lessons

Preparing lessons is the premise of class. Teachers should do the following work when preparing lessons:

(1) study the textbook. First of all, we should learn the curriculum standards, grasp the overall teaching objectives of the subject and the specific teaching objectives of each unit and topic, and understand the basic requirements of teaching and the scope and depth of teaching materials. Secondly, we should study textbooks, master the basic principles and knowledge system of textbooks, and accurately grasp the relationship between key points, difficulties and textbooks. Finally, extensive reading of teaching reference materials, selection of appropriate materials, enrich the teaching content.

② Understand the students. The preparation of students' cognition is the starting point of teaching. In order to make teaching fully promote students' development, teaching activities should conform to students' reality.

③ Design teaching methods. According to the subject characteristics, task requirements and students' situation, design reasonable teaching methods, means and the order of teaching activities.

④ Make a teaching plan. First of all, we should make a teaching plan for a semester. Secondly, it is necessary to draw up a unit plan, determine the teaching objectives of each topic, and divide the class hours and types. Finally, it is necessary to draw up a lesson plan, that is, the compilation of lesson plans.

(3) How to attend classes

Classroom is the most important teaching activity in school, and it is also the central link of the whole teaching work. Generally speaking, to have a good class, we should try our best to do the following:

(1) The goal is clear and the content is scientific.

② Proper methods and reasonable organization. Teaching methods must conform to the characteristics of textbooks, students and teachers; At the same time, teachers should have the ability to control the classroom, which is a necessary condition for the smooth progress of the classroom.

③ Teacher-student interaction and harmonious atmosphere. That is to say, both teachers and students can be active, and teachers can guide students' thinking, inspire students' thinking and stimulate students' intellectual activities.

④ All-round development, high quality and high efficiency. The teaching effect produced by a good class and the gains brought to students should be various.

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