Problem description:
I am a nursing major in Yan 'an University. What is my future employment situation? I want to take the postgraduate entrance examination. How can I not waste five years in college? How does the employment situation develop?
Analysis:
For more than a century, nursing education in the United States has undergone profound technological and social changes, from secondary education to higher education and continuing education for on-the-job nurses. At present, the starting point of nursing education in the United States is specialist education, the main part of which is undergraduate education, supplemented by some master's and doctoral education, and its development speed and quality are faster and higher than those in other countries.
1 the development of nursing education in America
Nursing education in America has a history of more than 200 years. /kloc-in the 1970s, the American Civil War broke out. Due to the low nursing level of nurses on site, the treatment of a large number of wounded people was delayed. This makes Americans begin to reflect on the position of nursing in disease treatment and rehabilitation, and examine the role of nursing education in improving nursing quality. 65438-0778, started nursing vocational training in new york Hospital. Influenced by the formal nursing school founded by 1860 nightingale, many hospitals in the United States have opened nursing schools one after another. 65438-0909 University of Minnesota offers three-year non-academic nursing education. 19 16, new york Institute of Education and University of Cincinnati provide four-year undergraduate education, and students are awarded bachelor's degrees after graduation. Due to the extreme shortage of nurses caused by the outbreak of World War II and the unremitting efforts of American nursing professionals, American higher nursing education has developed rapidly, which has also led to the emergence of specialist nursing education. By the 1960s, undergraduate education had gradually become the mainstream of nursing education in the United States. Master of nursing education rose in 1950s and developed rapidly in 1970s. The doctor of nursing education in the United States also started earlier. It was first set up by the University of California 1963. There were only four in the 1970s, and it developed rapidly later.
American undergraduate nursing education institutions 66 1, graduate education institutions 367, and doctoral education institutions 323. According to the sampling survey data of registered nurses in the United States published by the US Department of Health, Social Welfare and Medical Resources in April 2002, there are 2,696,540 registered nurses in the United States, of which 34.2% are junior college nurses. Undergraduate nurses accounted for 32.7%; Nurses with master's degree account for 9.6%; Doctor degree nurses account for 0.6%; Nurses with higher education accounted for 77.2% of the total.
2 American nursing education system
At present, the formal nursing education in the United States is mainly divided into six levels, namely, registered vocational nursing education, registered nursing education, specialist nursing education, undergraduate nursing education, master nursing education and doctoral nursing education.
2. 1 Register for Occupational Nursing Program
Colleges and universities set up registered vocational nursing education to recruit high school graduates or nurse assistants who have worked in hospitals. This course is mainly about the nursing of acute and chronic diseases. Learn the basic knowledge of basic injection (intramuscular injection), prevention and rehabilitation. The educational system is 1 year ~ 1.5 years. After studying, they will take the exam in their own state. Those who pass the examination will become Assistant Nurses (LVN) and engage in basic nursing services, but they are not qualified for intravenous injection.
2.2 registered nursing program (diploma nursing program)
Traditional registered nursing education is mainly provided in hospitals, but it is generally provided in colleges and universities at present. The recruitment target is high school graduates or LVN who works in a hospital. Courses are mainly vocational education courses, and the educational system is generally 2 years. After graduation, I took the national registered nurse examination, and those who passed became registered nurses (RN). Be able to use nursing procedures independently to serve patients. At present, registered nursing education alone can no longer meet the needs of society, and registered nursing education has dropped sharply in the past 30 years. In particular, the nursing schools run by hospitals that only offer registered nursing education have basically disappeared, replaced by specialist and undergraduate nursing education.
2.3 Association Agreement Plan
Specialist nursing education is generally offered by community colleges, with a schooling period of 2-3 years, and enrolls high school graduates or registered professional nurses, similar to registered nursing education. The courses of college nursing education are also divided into general courses and professional courses. However, according to the different enrollment targets, the focus of its courses is also different. High school graduates, the ratio of general courses to professional courses is 1: 1, and the academic system is three years; For those registered professional nurses, due to their nursing experience and previous nursing courses, some professional courses can be exempted. The ratio of general courses to professional courses is 2: 1, and the educational system is two years. You can take the national registered nurse exam after graduation. As a registered nurse, those who pass can engage in nursing work in various medical and health institutions. They have the ability to provide nursing services for individuals, families and people of all ages, but they are mainly engaged in clinical work. Specialist nursing education has developed rapidly in the past 30 years, especially in the 1960s and 1970s. After entering the 1980s, the specialized nursing education is still increasing, but the growth rate has obviously slowed down.
2.4 Bachelor of Nursing Program
Undergraduate nursing education is set up to train professional nursing talents. Generally, it is offered by four-year public or private universities, and the enrollment target is high school graduates or RN. The academic system of high school graduates is 4 years, and that of RN students is 2 years. Graduates need to complete 128 credits ~ 132 credits. At present, in addition to the traditional subject courses, the curriculum of most nursing colleges also includes health care, nursing management and leadership, family nursing, elderly nursing, computer application, rehabilitation nursing, intensive care, ethics, economics and so on. The knowledge taught includes: communication, group cooperation, transnational culture, nursing practice standards, patient rights and so on. The basic abilities of nursing students include judgment, information collection and utilization, crisis intervention, critical thinking, leadership and management, patient education and organization. Professional behavior skills of nursing students include conflict resolution, consumption restriction, safeguarding patients' rights and interests, continuing education, evaluating past lives's medical history, drug administration, sputum aspiration, * * *, skin care and so on. They especially emphasize the cultivation of students' economics, ethics, computer and judgment, management skills and human spirituality. It is emphasized that all departments should participate in work seminars sponsored by regional organizations, explore the best curriculum model, and most effectively impart necessary knowledge and skills to nursing students. Since the 1960s, undergraduate nursing education has developed rapidly in the United States and become the main force of nursing education in the United States.
2.5 Master's degree program.
Master of nursing education aims at training nursing teaching and management personnel and senior specialist nurses, and is generally located in universities or colleges with undergraduate nursing majors. There are three recruitment targets: registered nurses with bachelor's degree in nursing; Students with bachelor's degree in other majors; Registered nurse with a college degree in nursing. The academic system is generally 2 years. Students with different starting points have different courses. The course focuses on strengthening the training of administrative skills and professional clinical practice skills, including: nursing theory, nursing research, clinical application and other professional courses. For example, adult health care, child health care, community health care, elderly care, anesthesia care, nursing management, obstetric care, mental health care, rehabilitation care, nursing informatics, oncology, early intervention and infant care. Graduates need to complete 36-46 credits, pass comprehensive oral and written tests, or write a research paper, and also need to engage in further clinical practice. There are two basic types of degrees: Master of Science and Master of Nursing.
Most of the graduates with master's degree in nursing will work as professional nurses and be granted partial or full prescription rights. Other graduates will be engaged in nursing teaching and scientific research as nursing backbones. These graduates have the responsibility to develop nursing field and improve nursing level, participate in the research of developing advanced nursing technology, and also have the ability to combine nursing theory and advanced nursing technology with practice.
2.6 Doctor degree nursing program
Doctor of nursing education aims at cultivating advanced nursing teaching, nursing scientific research and nursing management talents, as well as independent professional nursing practitioners and health consultants, which are generally located in universities or colleges with doctoral teaching ability. The enrollment targets are mainly students who have a master's degree in nursing or a master's degree in nursing-related majors and have made outstanding contributions in the field of nursing. Nursing specialty mainly teaches advanced specialized subject and comprehensive nursing knowledge and technology, and its research mainly focuses on how to apply new nursing theory to practice and popularization; Philosophy major is mainly to cultivate students' theoretical research ability, how to develop and test new nursing theories; Education major mainly cultivates students' ability to carry out nursing teaching; Nursing specialty focuses on cultivating students' comprehensive nursing operation and application of nursing theory. To complete the doctoral degree in nursing education, you need to complete 90 credits and complete many courses of statistics and nursing research; When you graduate, you must complete strict oral and written tests and professional research papers. The academic system is generally 2 years, and some of them take 3-4 years to complete.
Nursing education in the United States has a complete system from primary, intermediate to advanced. They always believe that the development of nursing education is the key for nurses to change their social status and improve the quality of nursing, education is the key to unlock their rights and dignity, and education is the basis for the survival and development of a profession. The level and level of nursing education directly affect the quality of nursing work and the progress of nursing discipline. When well-educated nurses give full play to their full potential in practice, society, families, communities and individuals will gain the greatest benefits. The achievement of American nursing education is to continuously improve the overall professional level and ability of nursing staff. They always think that improving the overall quality of nursing team is also one of their goals in 2 1 century.