The obscure classical Chinese, such as the wolf in a serial, is indeed more difficult to understand than many classical Chinese in the pre-Qin period. Mainly because classical Chinese is also a kind of writing after all, and writing is used to record language. If the ancients intend to create a word to record what they say every day, then the words and grammar created by the ancients must be consistent with their daily words, otherwise they will find trouble for themselves, which is not in line with their purpose of coining words.
In other words, in fact, at least in the pre-Qin period, classical Chinese was the vernacular Chinese that people said every day. The Analects of Confucius, for example, is that Confucius' disciples remember and record what the teacher said before his death, which is equivalent to the record of Confucius' daily speech. So at that time, only some vocabulary usage of classical Chinese was unfamiliar to us, and some words didn't change much and didn't even need translation.
However, after the Qin and Han Dynasties, with the gradual evolution of spoken language, language and writing gradually deviated from each other and became bigger and bigger. By the Qing Dynasty, they were completely different. The spoken language of the Qing Dynasty is very close to ours now, but the classical Chinese needs special study, which is suppressed by feudal culture and imprisoned by thoughts, reaching the peak of the eight-part essay in the imperial examination, resulting in many pedantic literati deliberately writing the classical Chinese very difficult and unable to speak human words. Deliberately choose those extremely obscure words to express knowledge. For example, Kong Yiji in Lu Xun's novels is an example. There are several ways to write fennel to show off fennel beans. Can such a person write classical Chinese well?
To put it simply, what was said at that time was the pre-Qin classical Chinese, and it was not necessary to write it out in words. In the case of the separation of spoken and written language, later generations wrote classical Chinese to write written language, and some people went to extremes in the Qing Dynasty, which is why some classical Chinese in the Qing Dynasty were extremely difficult to understand without speaking human words.
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2. Study on the Epitaph of Ming and Qing Dynasties The epitaph of Li Shou of Qing Dynasty unearthed in Shijingshan area has aroused widespread concern in society and been reported by many news media.
For example, the article "Epitaph of Qing Dynasty Unearthed from Shijingshan Site" published in the fifth edition of Jinghua Daily on April 20 stated that the epitaph was found in the road construction in Lu Gu area, which was divided into two parts: the cover and the text. The epitaph was characterized by the writing of Ji Xiaolan and Liu Yong. During the "May Day" period, the author and Mr. Li Xinle went to the tomb of Tian Yi, a model mouth, and saw the epitaph.
Epitaph cover and epitaph stone are made of fine white marble, square, 73cm long, 73cm short and16cm thick, and polished very finely. There are 5 columns 19 in the inscription, which are "Epitaph of Zuodu Xingpu Buried in Duchayuan" by Dr. Guanglu, the Qing Emperor, with excellent Zhu drawing, writing and calligraphy; The chronicle is nearly 65,438+0,000 words, written in small letters, painted by Zhu, and engraved with "Peng Defeng carved in Tongcheng" at the end, describing the life of the tomb owner Li Shou.
Who is Li Shou? According to the epitaph written by Ji Xiaolan, Li Shou was born in the year of Emperor Kangxi, that is, 17 13, and died in 1792 at the age of 79. His "Pettin, Xingpu and Zhu Xi" were highly praised by scholars at that time.
His ancestors moved from Shandong to today's Beijing area. Later, because of his fame, his ancestors "all paid attention to the public and gave it", which was really the glory of his ancestors. Li Shou was very talented since he was a child, and his career was smooth sailing.
At the age of 22, he started from the imperial examination, from a local junior official to the governor, twice served as Feng Tianfu Cheng (equivalent to the mayor of Shenyang today), and reached the goal of "assisting the left capital" in Qianlong 52 years. In the Qing dynasty, it was a rare miracle that the Han people could achieve such a status. Li Shou's achievements are mainly reflected in education.
He is knowledgeable and likes reading, "writing more than a thousand poems" and "all articles have statutes". I have been a scholar, an academician, a historian and a bachelor of cabinet. I have also worked as an examiner, a prefect, a scholar and an education system. "Everyone who is recruited has a gift." I am a great scholar all over the world.
Therefore, people only addressed him as "Mr. Xingpu", and Ji Xiaolan and Liu Yong wrote an epitaph for him! Why are you buried in Huang Zhuang, Shijingshan today? There are two reasons to speculate. First, the scenery there is beautiful.
Huang Zhuang is in the east of the present residential area in Lu Gu, where Daci Temple was first built in the Ming Dynasty. Its existing inscription says that "there are fields to be cultivated, gardens to be planted, fruit trees to be fenced, sheds to be surrounded by flowing water, and western hills, which are actually among several cases." Secondly, it is said that Dou Yujun, a great educator in the Five Dynasties, opened a famous school "Wuhuayuan" here. Dou Yujun is the "Dou Yanshan" who taught the fifth son and became famous in the Three Character Classics.
Judging from Li Shou's educational achievements, it may be another "Dou Yanshan" in the minds of scholars in the Qing Dynasty! Li Shou's personality is also good. Through his efforts, his brother and younger brothers have become famous.
He helped the widowed sister of Xu, who was taken in, and trained her child Xu as a "professional" talent. He usually doesn't want to show his face, but he dares to do it at the critical moment.
For example, "the official seal of Tianfu became a monument, and the official governor of Hunan played the relief of Chaling flood, played various post horses, and played the inspection of Western religion, all of which were allowed." During the period of official advice, Xu Kui, the official department, took bribes, invited the Governor of Zhejiang to conceal the disaster, and invited Jia Jia. "
Those things can't be done without a little courage. Li Shou has two sons and seven daughters. When he died, he had seven grandchildren and two great grandchildren. He is a true four generations under one roof.
Ji Yun, the author of Li Shou's epitaph, whose real name is Xiaolan, is younger than the tomb owner Li Shou 1 1 year old. He is a historical figure played by actor Zhang Guoli in TV series, opposite the traitor Xiao Shenyang. The Draft of the History of Qing Dynasty said that he was "knowledgeable, wrote the Summary of Sikuquanshu, advanced and retreated a hundred times, each with his own main points and always organized, and became a general view".
Interestingly, like Li Shou, he was also a "Zuodu suggestion". He wrote an epitaph for Li Ai, either out of duty or out of respect for Li Ai.
Liu Yong, the author of Li Ai's epitaph, is called Shi An, 7 years younger than Li Ai, and is the "Liu Luoguo Zi" in folklore. His calligraphy was especially loved by scholars in the Qing Dynasty. He wrote an epitaph for Li Shou, which undoubtedly raised the value of the tomb owner.
Li Shou's Tomb is a famous tomb in Qing Dynasty. Li Hongzhang's Ji Fu Zhi (Volume 165) says: "The tomb of Li Shou in Zhou Dynasty is in Huang Zhuang."
And recorded its epitaph relatively completely, only three lines less than the unearthed epitaph. It is estimated that the contents of Ji Xiaolan's collected works were adopted. However, the newly unearthed epitaph is more informative than Jifu Tongzhi, which shows more intuitive information for textual research of Qing history and is very precious.
It is not clear when Li Shou's tomb was destroyed, but its epitaph brought together famous writers, writers and engravers. It is no exaggeration to say that it is the "Three Monuments" of the Qing Dynasty, and its high grade of cultural relics is also a big surprise for Beijing archaeological discovery! Recently, five Ming Dynasty epitaphs were discovered in Dailin Town. According to relevant sources, although some epitaphs have been found in the land leveling in our city, it is rare to find five epitaphs in the same place. These five epitaphs were discovered by a farmer in Gonghe Village, Dai Lin Town. These stones are square. Due to weathering, the handwriting engraved on the tomb is blurred, but the fine print engraved on the epitaph is still clear.
According to the analysis of the relevant person in charge of the Municipal Museum, these five epitaphs are roughly from the middle of the Ming Dynasty. As can be seen from the legible font, the large piece in the middle is the epitaph of Shen Sheng, assistant minister of the official department.
According to historical records, Shen Shi family was a famous bureaucratic family in ancient times, and their two sons took the imperial examinations around 1443 respectively, which was the first batch of imperial examinations since the establishment of Pinghu County. The eldest son went to Guangzhou magistrate, and the second son went to Shandong Road to supervise the imperial envoys.
The person in charge of the city museum said that the discovery of five epitaphs has certain reference value for studying the history of some places. Epitaph Epitaph is a mourning style in ancient China.
When the deceased was buried, he was carved on a stone and buried in front of the grave. Generally, it consists of two parts: chronology and inscription.
Most of the records are essays, which describe the name, birthplace and life story of the deceased; Ming summed up the whole article in verse, praising the achievements of the deceased and expressing condolences and comfort. But there are also people who have only ambitions or only inscriptions.
The writing requirement of epitaph is narrative summary, gentle language and concise text. Epitaphs are generally written by others after the death of the Ming Lord, and occasionally by himself before his death.
An epitaph is a brief introduction written in or on a grave with the life story of the deceased, especially for greatness or worth it.
3. During the Qianlong period, the epitaph was the first-class bodyguard of the Emperor, assisted by Nalanjun's epitaph, bachelor of cabinet and assistant minister of rites, Kunshan Xu, editor of books, banquet lecturer, Zuodu Zezhou seal cabinet of Ducha Academy, Japanese lecturer, residence notes, bachelor of academician's degree, reading, Qiantang Gao Shiqi book list cabinet, alas! At the beginning of Rong Ruo's funeral, I cried bitterly.
It has been several months since I abandoned it. Every time I think about it, I am not sad to be a god-fearing person. Oh! Is it true that teachers and friends love each other?
Yu Yue will be old, and many people will pass by me. For example, Rong Ruo's pure nature, brilliant knowledge, strong intelligence and sensitivity are almost unprecedented. In the year when God paid off, Gu Yu suffered from bereavement, but when he heard of his loss, both knowledge and ignorance shed tears. How could he get this from someone else? A teacher lost his beloved son, so far, every time he leaves the DPRK, he will cry bitterly. How can an emperor be like a man who has recovered from this? It is also unusual for a father and son to love each other.
Every time the Supreme Master exhorts a teacher to be sad, the teacher becomes more and more sad. After comforting each other, I held my hand and cried and said, only you know my son. I asked you to talk to cover up my seclusion and let my son live even if he died.
Yu Xiren regards no word as resignation. Gu knows that it has been thirteen or four years since Lunzi's Autumn Sheet.
After Rong Ruo entered the court, the court was strictly forbidden, and the outline of his speech was unknown to foreign ministers. If a teacher can't express his sorrow, it will exceed his income, and his life in Rong Ruo is only two or three years.
Oh! Very sad. Rong Ruo, surnamed Nalan, was originally named as Chengde, but later avoided the name of the East Palace and was renamed as Xingde.
At the age of seventeen, I made up for my students and paid tribute to imperial academy. Emperor Yu set up fasting as a wine offering ceremony, which was highly valued by him, saying that Sima Gong's virtuous son was very human.
Next year, after having obtained the provincial examination in Shuntian, I will hold a banquet in Jingzhao House. All the juren are dressed in blue robes to worship the court and behave elegantly. More than three days later, I went to my residence to talk about Shi Yuanwei and proselytism, but the teacher stayed in Confucianism.
Next year, I will try to compete with the generals in China, suffering from a cold disease. The teacher said: My son is still young, and he is still young. So, I made great efforts in economic study, became familiar with Tong Jian and ancient Chinese prose, and achieved great success in three years.
At the age of 30, Chen Bingying entered the palace for an exam. He told Cachet that calligraphy was easy to escape and the deacons were sighing. Born in the second Jinshi.
Close the door. If you are cold and heartless, you need to avoid hiding. Holding thousands of books, playing the piano and reciting poems.
A few days later, a teacher entered the army, and Rong Ruo chose to give him a third-class bodyguard. This bodyguard went in and out of his entourage and only served him carefully. As soon as possible, he is different from his bodyguard. For a long time, second class Kim, find first class Kim.
Fortunately, Haizi, Shahe, Xishan, Tangquan, Jifu, Wutai, Kouwai, Shengjing, Wuchi, Dai Dong, Jixiang Queli, and Jiangnan are all without reason. He was awarded the gold medal, colored satin, royal beard, robe and hat, pommel horse, arrow, copybook, sabre and fragrant fan.
It is the longevity day in a year, which was given by Tang Jiazhi's seven-word method at the beginning of the year. A few months later, the official poems "Gan Qing Men Should Write Poems" and "Song Fu" were both called purport, so the court heard that he had a gift for literature and remained motionless for a long time.
Alas, seven days without sweating to death! Rong Ruo was ill, so he sent the guards and doctors of China officials to the first place for treatment. So the general went out for the summer and ordered him to report the increase or decrease of his illness. Every day, he goes to the doctor in a hurry and gives him prescription drugs. Before he died, he was in shock and mourning, and he was given a drink and a T-shirt.
Rong Ruo tried to agree with the Qiang people that ten days after his death was suitable for the Qiang people to lose money. He went to the bank and sent officials to make him cry at several banquets so that he could suit his taste. One day is enough to know who is not appointed.
Alas, Rong Ruo's official position, what it can get and discipline, also only so. Yu Zi is filial and obedient, diligent and solid. It's a pity that what can't be said in the book and conveyed in words, although it seems to be only one or two things to know.
Rong Ruo is filial by nature, and the teacher gets sick occasionally. He also looks around and takes off his clothes. The more sick he is, the better. Taifu people enjoy food to tell their loved ones.
If you love your brother, you will send your personal servant to protect him, but you will look at him and take it for granted. It has a constant tortuosity in the forward direction.
Hard-working, cold and hot, straightforward, dare not beg for rest and self-escape, which is beyond the reach of extravagant people. I've been smart since I was a child, and I won't forget it when I study.
Good poetry has been amazing among boys, and it has been beneficial for a long time. It has been rich from Kaiyuan to Dali. You Xi is a ci. Since the Tang and Five Dynasties, all the famous ci poems have been selected, and Hong Wuyun has been changed to a parallel class name, Ci Zheng Yun Lulve.
After writing "Side Hat Set", it was renamed as "Drinking Water Set". I like to see the works of the Northern Song Dynasty, but I don't like to travel to the south. But it is fresh, beautiful and natural, and all the people named after Ci in China return to it. There are still many of his works.
His calligraphy is a copy of Henan books, close to books, and occasionally in and out of Huang Ting Neijing. Into the right palace, a thousand words stand, all of them are ancient people.
The recommender sighed for Rong Ruo, because he was not allowed to go to the First Library, and because of his elegant life, he was given a trip to Sibal. Only later did he know that there were other things in the world that made him. When Rong Ruo was a few years old, he was good at riding and shooting. When in charge, he carved bows and books in the tent, hunted at school every day and read books at night. The sound of the book is in harmony with the snoring of others.
How ingenious it is to make a device with your heart. It is the most elaborate in the evaluation of calligraphy and painting.
Expect things to happen again and again, don't make light plans with others, and try your best. After reading Zhao's self-portrait poems, I think he should draw a small portrait to imitate his clothes, sitting in a guest or expecting too much.
I said: What's so cool about Wang Yi? Rong Ruo's heart was filled with joy. On ancient figures, what about Wang Maohonglan? Lan? It is difficult to ask; Mr. Lou is morally self-sufficient and has no sense of shame. He knows many such things.
Sometimes, it is not unreasonable to think about the grand finale of the sages' self-cultivation and the affairs of the people and the rise and fall of the previous generation. It is not uncommon for people to be concerned about their country and people, to be modest, to correct others first, and to move in the middle.
Alas, it is not so-called elegance, but also human life; It ends in Sri Lanka. Is my husband the misfortune of our party? The land of Yehe existed in your predecessor. Since the Ming Dynasty, China has been attached to it, and your ancestors are also taboo. Six stories spread to Nu Wa, Yang Ji and your great-grandfather.
There are three sons. The third son is afraid of Master Jin, and your great-grandfather also took the exam. After the female brother was Taizong Gao, Taizong Wen was born.
Mao Gao did great things, Ye He kept out. He sent several envoys and refused to listen. Yeh He and Kim Tae died because of the extra troops. The pawn saved his life with his old kindness.
The second son is the current teacher of the senior high school entrance examination, and he is afraid of Han and Junzu. Your teacher, Mujue Roche's eldest son, and Mrs. Yipin.
The origin of love, respect for thick, heard big. If you can't breathe. And Lushi, the daughter of Shi Yu Xingzu, the right deputy of the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, was awarded to Shu Ren, the first.