Teaching principle is the basic requirement and principle that effective teaching must follow. It not only guides teachers' teaching, but also guides students' learning, and should be implemented in all aspects of the teaching process. The teaching principles of primary and secondary schools in China mainly include: the principle of unity of science and ideology, the principle of integrating theory with practice, the principle of intuition, the principle of inspiration, the principle of gradual progress, the principle of consolidation, the principle of development and the principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude.

1. The principle of unity of science and thought

(1) meaning

The principle of unity of science and ideology is that teaching should be guided by Marxism, impart scientific knowledge to students, and educate students on socialist morality, correct values and world outlook in combination with knowledge teaching.

(2) Basic requirements

① Ensure the scientificity of teaching;

(2) To explore the ideological content of teaching materials and pay attention to moral education for students in teaching;

③ Pay attention to supplement valuable information, examples or videos;

Teachers should constantly improve their professional level and ideological accomplishment.

2. The principle of integrating theory with practice

(1) meaning

The principle of integrating theory with practice means that teaching should be guided by learning basic knowledge, understand knowledge from the connection between theory and practice, pay attention to applying what you have learned, develop practical ability and understand the value of knowledge.

(2) Basic requirements

① The teaching of book knowledge should be combined with practice;

② Pay attention to guiding students to use knowledge;

③ Gradually cultivate and form students' comprehensive ability to use knowledge;

④ Supplement necessary local teaching materials.

3. The principle of intuition

(1) meaning

Intuition principle means that in teaching, students are guided to observe the content or image they have learned, and teachers are listened to describe the image of the content they have learned in language, so as to form specific and clear representations of related things and understand the content they have learned.

(2) Basic requirements

① Correct selection of intuitive teaching AIDS and modern teaching methods;

② combination of intuition and explanation;

(3) prevent the improper and abuse of intuition;

④ Pay attention to the intuitive use of language.

4. Heuristic principle

(1) meaning

The enlightening principle means that teachers should stimulate students' learning subjectivity in teaching, guide students to consciously master scientific knowledge, learn to analyze problems, and establish truth-seeking consciousness and humanistic feelings through active thinking and inquiry.

The heuristic principle seems to emphasize the teacher's inspiration, but in fact it focuses more on students' active inquiry, students' comprehension, mastery and awakening, so that students can actively and creatively acquire the all-round development of knowledge, intelligence and personality. Therefore, this principle can also be called the principle of inquiry, or the principle of combining inspiration with inquiry, which can better reflect the spirit of the times.

(2) Basic requirements

① arouse students' initiative in learning;

(2) Be good at asking questions to arouse doubts and guide teaching step by step;

③ Focus on inspiring students to acquire knowledge by solving practical problems;

④ Carry forward teaching democracy.

5. The principle of gradual progress

(1) meaning

The principle of gradual progress refers to teaching according to the logical system of the subject and the order of students' cognitive development, so that students can systematically master basic knowledge and skills and form strict logical thinking ability.

(2) Basic requirements

① Teaching according to the systematization of teaching materials;

(2) Grasp the principal contradiction and solve the key and difficult points;

③ From shallow to deep, from easy to difficult, from simple to complex;

④ Combine the coherence, flexibility and diversity of the system.

6. The principle of merger

(1) meaning

The principle of consolidation means that teaching should guide students to master knowledge and skills firmly on the basis of understanding, and keep them in memory for a long time, so as to reproduce them quickly and use them effectively according to needs.

(2) Basic requirements

① Consolidate on the basis of understanding;

② Pay attention to organizing various reviews;

③ Actively consolidate in expanding, reorganizing and applying knowledge.

7. Development principles

(1) meaning

The principle of development means that the content, method and progress of teaching should be suitable for students' development level, but there are also some difficulties, which need them to master through hard work, so as to effectively promote students' physical and mental development.

(2) Basic requirements

① Understand students' development level, and proceed from reality to teach;

② Considering the characteristics of students' cognitive development.

8. Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude

(1) meaning

The principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude means that teachers should proceed from the actual situation, individual differences and personality characteristics of students, and carry out differentiated teaching in a targeted manner, so that each student can make full use of their strengths and avoid their weaknesses, learn from each other's strengths and make up for their weaknesses, and get the best development.

(2) Basic requirements for implementing this principle.

① Differentiate teaching according to students' characteristics;

② Take effective measures to fully develop talented students.