After 1929, he served as director of the Council of the Palace Museum and deputy curator of the Antiquities Museum. /kloc-0 served as acting director of the Palace Museum in July, 1933, and/kloc-0 served as director of the Palace Museum in April, 1934. During the Anti-Japanese War, he presided over the maintenance of cultural relics moved westward in the Palace Museum. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, he presided over the demobilization of the Palace Museum and the return of cultural relics to Nanjing. On the eve of the liberation of Beiping, in order to ensure the safety of the buildings and cultural relics of the Forbidden City, he insisted on the post of dean and appealed to the Kuomintang authorities to avoid war and protect the ancient cultural city of Beiping with celebrities. After the liberation of Beiping, he continued to serve as the president of the Palace Museum. 1952 was transferred to the position of Chairman of Beijing Cultural Relics Arrangement Committee. 1955 died in Beijing in March at the age of 74.
At the end of 1948, the battle of Ping Jin started, and the Nanjing National Government sent letters frequently urging Ma Heng to leave for the south, and selected the Beiping Research Institute of the Palace Museum (Nanjing Branch of the Palace Museum was established in 1937, responsible for preserving and managing the cultural relics that began to move south in 1933) to transport precious cultural relics to Taiwan Province Province. However, from the perspective of the people's wishes and the protection of cultural relics, Ma Heng, who is nearly ancient and rare, accepted China's invitation, determined to stay in Beiping and wait for liberation, and tried to make Nanjing's plan to seize the treasures and cultural relics of the Forbidden City in Beiping fail.
Never go to the south.
1In the autumn of 948, the Nanjing National Government felt that the Northeast was in danger and Ping Jin was in danger, so it threw out a plan to "rescue" famous people in Ping Jin's academic and educational circles in an attempt to trap famous experts and scholars from Beiping to move south. There are four kinds of people on the "rescue" list, including the heads of universities and cultural units, people in the cultural circles connected with the government, academicians of Academia Sinica and scholars with status in academia. Ma Heng, the director of the Palace Museum who is both the head of the cultural department and a well-known scholar, is naturally among the "rescues". 12 In early February, Chen, Minister of the Kuomintang Youth Department, flew to Beiping in a hurry to lobby the "rescue" object to go south as soon as possible, and the Ministry of Education also promised to send a plane to pick it up.
With the efforts of Nanjing National Government, President Hu Shi of Peking University, President Mei Yiqi of Tsinghua University, Director Yuan Tongli of Beiping Library and President Li Shuhua of Beiping Research Institute hurried south. But more cultural and educational people choose to stay in Beiping and wait for liberation. Ma Heng, close to ancient times, was also a person who "should go" but didn't. He doesn't want to go, because he wants to stay and protect the Forbidden City and the national treasure.
During the Liao-Shen campaign, the defeat of the Kuomintang army in the northeast was set, and the politicians of the Kuomintang government in Beiping were in panic, while Ma Heng calmly promoted various business work. 1948, 16543810.9, he presided over the fifth hospital affairs meeting after the demobilization of the Forbidden City, and discussed and decided a series of important matters, such as cleaning up the filth accumulated in the hospital for many years, modifying the rules for organizing and opening up, changing Changchun Palace and other places into showrooms, adding porcelain and jade showrooms and special rooms for imperial edicts, and restoring documents.
After the Battle of Ping Jin started, the National Government repeatedly called to urge Ma Heng to "adapt to the current situation and move south", but Ma Heng declined. 1948 12 17. Hang, Minister of State Affairs of the Ministry of Education of the National Government and Secretary of the Council of the Palace Museum, sent a telegram urging him to go south. Ma Heng told Mei Yiqi that he could not go south. 1949 65438+ 10 13 On the evening, my daughter-in-law Lin (the wife of the second son Ma) called from Nanjing to convey Wang Shijie, foreign minister of the National Government and president of the Palace Museum, urging her to fly south. Ma Heng immediately refused to say "Never come to the South". On June 4th, 65438+ 10/kloc-0, Ma Heng wrote to Hangzhou and declined his invitation on the grounds that he was ill. In his letter, he said: "My brother 1 1 contracted his artery and stayed in bed for two weeks. It's really hard to do what you have to do to encourage your brother to fly south. Please forgive me because the cable reply needs to be handled in accordance with the resolution of the board of directors. When Beiping began to fight because of illness, the central government sent a plane to pick her up, and the doctor warned not to take the opportunity. I have to follow the doctor's advice and stay the same for the time being. " At the same time, he also asked Hangzhou to convey to Wang Shijie and others the "difficulty" that he could not come to the south.
Ma Heng seems to have a well-thought-out plan and is indifferent to moving to the south. 1948 65438+February 2 1, the Ministry of Education sent two special planes, which can seat more than 60 people. Ma Heng knew about it as early as1Feb. 9 19, but he didn't leave. 1949 65438+1October 7, the national government sent two special planes again, which can also carry more than 60 people. Ma Heng still hasn't left. 65438+1October 1 1 When Ma Heng learned that the special plane of the Ministry of Education would no longer come to Pingping, but he could fly to Qingdao for connecting flight to Ning for free, he still had no intention of leaving.
When Ma Heng saw that Fu Sinian and others still had illusions and tried to "rescue talents" for the Nanjing National Government that was about to collapse, he sighed and said, "Why bother?" When Ma Jing, the third daughter who works in the Shanghai Health Bureau of the Kuomintang, called to persuade him to go south, Ma Heng called her "a woman's opinion". After the siege of Beiping, the new editor-in-chief of the Literature Museum of the Palace Museum saw that the situation was tense and asked Ma Heng to transfer the work of the Nanjing branch of the Palace Museum, which was rejected by Ma Heng, who left by plane without saying goodbye. When Ma Heng knew it, he scolded, "Such people are worthless."
Ma Heng explained his understanding and choice of the changing situation with practical actions.
I have a responsibility to abide by the code.
During the siege of Beiping, in order to protect the safety of the Forbidden City, all efforts were made inside and outside the city. 1949 65438+ 10/6 the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China (CPC) instructed the General Front Committee of the Pingjin Campaign on the protection of the ancient cultural city of Beiping, demanding: "This siege must be planned to avoid destroying famous and valuable cultural monuments such as the Forbidden City and universities. You must make the titles of the columns clear and keep this. " In the city of Peiping, Ma Heng, regardless of his old age and infirmity, dragged his sick body and begged the military and political authorities of the Kuomintang in Peiping to protect the cultural relics of the Forbidden City. He works hard and can't rest for a moment.
1948 12 13 after fu announced the start of "siege field battle", the North China "suppression general" moved into Zhongnanhai, and Beihai, ancestral temple and Jingshan were all filled with troops. On February 24, 65438, the fifth supply area of the Kuomintang Joint Logistics Headquarters was ordered to pile sandbags at the Wumen Gate of the Forbidden City to store American reinforcements, leaving only the middle gate and the right gate. In order to protect the safety of the Forbidden City, Jingshan and other places, Ma Heng personally or personally negotiated with Chu Xichun, the inspector general of North China's "suppression general", hoping to withdraw from Jingshan garrison and Wumen ordnance. On February 22, 65438, Chu Xichun promised: "Jingshan will not be stationed in the Forbidden City and the ancestral temple, but only as a lookout. Jingshan garrison has been ordered." On February 25th, 65438, Ma Heng wrote to Chu Xichun, demanding that "the traffic police team stationed in Jingshan be relocated to avoid misunderstanding in the future". On February 27th, 65438, Ma Heng called Chu Xichun again, requesting withdrawal. Chu said, "The garrison headquarters has been forced to move." Despite Ma Heng's repeated representations and Chu Xichun's repeated promises to withdraw from the garrison, the Kuomintang troops were always reluctant to withdraw from cultural centers such as Beihai and Ancestral Temple.
1949 65438+1October 6th, the fifth supply area stored tens of thousands of shells in the ancestral hall. Ma Heng was shocked when he heard the news, and thought that if these shells were hit, the Forbidden City and its cultural relics and treasures would be destroyed. Ma Heng was exhausted after running for a few days, and was stimulated by this, which eventually led to another heart attack. Fighting back his illness, he took Zhu, director of the office of the Palace Museum, to see Jiao Shizhai, deputy secretary-general of the "suppression general" in North China, and begged him to explain the danger of storing ammunition in the ancestral temple when reporting to Fu. The next day, Ma Heng called Jiao Shizhai again on this matter. Jiao Shizhai replied: "The ancestral hall incident is irreversible and its danger is not great." Ma Heng was not satisfied with Jiao Shizhai's reply. As long as the ammunition in the ancestral temple is not removed for a moment, the Forbidden City is in danger, and he must keep running for it. 12 years 10 months 12 days, Fu hosted a banquet for Peking cultural celebrities in Zhongnanhai. Invited attendees included He Siyuan, Yuan Dunli, Yang Zhensheng, Zhou, Chen, Zhu Guangqian, Wang Jie Sanji, Ji and Jiao Shizhai. After dinner, ask Fu about the ancestral temple. Fu replied: "This matter has been studied repeatedly, and the fuse has been taken out, so there is no danger." All the people here are talking about it, and they all think that it is not appropriate to store ammunition in the ancestral temple. Fu promised to reconsider. 65438+ 10/4, Ma Heng called Jiao Shizhai again, demanding that the ammunition in the ancestral hall be removed as soon as possible, and it was also fruitless. 1949 65438+ 10/0, the former mayor of Beiping, He Siyuan, returned to Beiping, risked his life to openly advocate peace and advocated sending representatives out of the city to contact the PLA. Under the advocacy of He Siyuan, the peaceful atmosphere in Peiping is getting stronger and stronger. Ma Heng's efforts to protect the Forbidden City are well known and praised by the public, and he has also become a popular candidate for peace representative. The media once rumored that he was selected as a peace envoy together with Liang Qiushui, Feng Youlan, Lu Zhiwei and Tang Yongtong. Ma Heng himself is willing to go out of the city to contact the People's Liberation Army. 65438+ 10 13, Han Shouxuan, director of Beiping History Museum, visited Ma Heng to discuss the protection of historical relics. Ma Heng immediately said that "I have the responsibility to abide by the rules and am willing to make positive representations" and asked Han Shouxuan not to intervene in this matter for security reasons. Ma Heng is worried that the national treasure of the Forbidden City will be destroyed by soldiers. He regarded He Siyuan as a savior, and urgently hoped that he would do a good job in the peace movement. He often goes to He Siyuan's house to learn about the peace movement. 106, Ma Heng visited He Siyuan again. When he learned that He Siyuan was about to leave the city to contact the People's Liberation Army, he immediately asked him to tell the People's Liberation Army to avoid firing at the central area of Beiping. Although Ma Heng was not chosen as a messenger of peace, he paid close attention to the situation that peace representatives left the city for contact. 65438+ 10/8, Ma Heng wrote in his diary: "Today, the messenger of peace went out of town at three o'clock to visit Ye Jianying. Xiancha (namely He Siyuan) participated in Li Ji. There are ten people including Rufu and Kang Tongbi. " The next day, the representative of peace returned to the city, declaring that "the future of peace is very promising" without publishing specific details. Ma Heng complained: "How the peace envoys in Beiping negotiate is confidential, and I don't know what medicine is sold in the gourd." On October 22nd, 65438/KLOC-0, Fu convened a meeting of leaders of various organs in Beiping in Chunou Village and read out Article 14 of the Beiping Peace Agreement. Ma Heng attended the meeting as the director of the Palace Museum. When he heard that the two sides stopped fighting today and the troops in the city began to move outside the city to reorganize, his hanging heart finally fell to the ground.
Entrusted with the protection of national treasures
1In the autumn of 948, the Liaoshen Campaign launched by the China People's Liberation Army will liberate the whole Northeast, and the national war situation will undergo fundamental changes. At that time, the directors of the Palace Museum, Weng, Wang Shijie, Zhu Jiahua, Hangzhou, and Xu Senyu, held a meeting in Nanjing and decided to transport the cultural relics from Nanjing to Taiwan Province Province. At the same time, Ma Heng, who was in Beiping, sent him a letter asking him to select the best cultural relics of the Palace Museum in Beiping, compile a detailed list, prepare to pack them, and fly them to Nanjing in batches, and move them to Taiwan Province Province together with the cultural relics from the south. After the Battle of Ping Jin started, the Executive Yuan repeatedly called to urge Ma Hengnan to fly, and quickly packed the fine cultural relics and shipped them to the south. From 1948 to 12, Nanjing began to select treasures and cultural relics that the Forbidden City moved southward and transported them to Taiwan Province Province. 65438+February 22nd, 1949, 65438+1October 6th, 65438+1October 29th, three batches, with a total of 2972 boxes and 23895/kloc-0 pieces, were transported to Taiwan Province province. However, not a single box of cultural relics from the Palace Museum in Beijing has been shipped out. Ma Heng strongly opposes moving the cultural relics of the Forbidden City to Taiwan Province Province. Ma Heng's students and subordinates were ordered to escort the first batch of cultural relics from Nanking to Taiwan Province Province. Ma Heng wrote to Yan Zheng immediately after learning about it, claiming that if Yan was about to escort the cultural relics back to Taiwan Province, he would not hesitate to sever the teacher-student relationship for more than 20 years. Ma Heng tried to stop the cultural relics moving thousands of miles away, but he couldn't. He can only pay close attention to the progress of the relocation and do something within his power to protect the national treasure through personal friendship. 1949 14 10/4, he wrote to Hangzhou, hoping that he could dry the 2 1 box of paintings and calligraphy that got wet during transportation in time, and hoped that the cultural relics of the Palace Museum would not be transported after the third batch. Ma Heng held a negative attitude towards the relocation of cultural relics in Peking University, which caused the relocation of cultural relics to be delayed again and again, and finally failed to take place. After receiving the notice from the Executive Yuan, Ma Heng held a hospital affairs meeting attended by secretary Jo Yeo-jeong, general manager Zhang Tingji, librarians Yuan Tongli, Shan Shikui and Zhang Deze. Ma Heng read out the instructions of the Executive Yuan at the meeting, stressing: "It seems that the Executive Yuan intends to select excellent antiquities ..... first make an inventory and submit it to the General Affairs Department for filing. This work needs to be finished quickly. As for packing, we must be careful. The collection in the Antiquities Museum is very exquisite. You are all very experienced. You just need to make sure it's not damaged, not fast, remember, not fast! "After the meeting, the colleagues in the Forbidden City first sorted out the catalogue of selected cultural relics and treasures, and then made preparations for packaging. Ma Heng submitted the catalogue of cultural relics to the Nanjing Executive Yuan for approval, but the cultural relics packaging only repeatedly warned the relevant personnel "don't panic, don't ask for speed" and never urged the packaging progress. During the siege, with the support and cooperation of the Staff Security Association and senior staff, Ma Heng closed all the passages in and out of the Forbidden City, which made it impossible to transport boxes of optional fine cultural relics. At that time, the official letter of the Executive Yuan urging the shipment of antiquities flew like snowflakes, and Ma Heng replied that "the airport is unsafe and cannot be shipped out for the time being". At that time, the People's Liberation Army had entered the customs, and Beiping was an isolated city. In order to facilitate the take-off and landing of aircraft in urban areas, North China's "suppression general" ordered the demolition of the east and west Chang 'an Avenue archways, and planned to use Chang 'an Avenue pavement as a runway. However, this plan has not been implemented, Beiping has been peacefully liberated, and not a box of cultural relics has been shipped out of the Forbidden City. When Ma Heng passively resisted moving south to protect the cultural relics of the Forbidden City, Yuan Tongli, the librarian who was about to fly south, was puzzled and planned to take the first batch of antiques with him. Before flying south, he specially called Ma Heng, stressing that if the first batch of boxed cultural relics can catch up, they will leave together. Ma Heng replied, "The first batch can't be completed. You go first, of course, send someone to escort the antiques. " Ma Heng was extremely disappointed with the national government which pursued the policy of civil war, dictatorship and betrayal. He said to his youngest son, Ma Wenchong, "The victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the recovery of lost territory and China's leap into the top five in the world are golden opportunities for the Chinese nation's centennial rejuvenation. However, the Kuomintang failed to seize this opportunity to serve the country and the people. From reception to civil war, everything it did was against public opinion and selfish, so it only took less than four years for this country. At that time, China contacted Ma Heng through relations and asked him to protect the cultural relics of the Forbidden City. /kloc-in the autumn of 0/948, the Urban Industry Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China North China Bureau wrote to Liu Qingyang, who was then a member of the NLD Central Committee and participated in the work of the NLD North District Committee and Beiping Branch, and asked her to make a list of progressives who could be contacted in Ping Jin. Liu Qingyang did, and made a five-page list, including Ma Heng. Liu Qingyang wrote in the letter: "The president of the Palace Museum hopes that President Ma will protect these cultural relics from loss. Comrade Ma had better write a letter to his father, which will certainly have an effect. " The second son, Ma, was then the director of the Opera Music Working Committee of the Ministry of Education of the People's Government of North China and the director of the Opera Music Working Committee of Shijiazhuang City. In his contact with Ma, he learned about China's policy of protecting cultural relics, so he decided to stay and serve the new China. During the siege of Beiping, Ma Heng said to the participants: "* * * cherish cultural relics and liberate Beiping. The policy of * * * is to punish the bad guys. We're all fine. We should work with peace of mind. I myself will never leave Beiping to protect the safety of the Forbidden City with everyone. , Heng,,, Yang Zongrong, Tang Youen and others also passively resisted the southward migration. First they reported the cultural relics catalogue, and then they said they were preparing, waiting and waiting. After the peaceful liberation of Peiping, the Zhujiajian asked Ma Heng, "Are you planning to fly antiquities?" Ma Heng smiled and said, "We are not far from each other. Later, I told Zhu Jiajian: "My son Ma is in the liberated area and has contacted me. So I decided not to go, and as far as possible to make the air transport of antiquities impossible. Jia Zhu also told Ma Heng: "I received a letter from Xinglong Street in this city a long time ago. I didn't know it was a letter from the Ministry of Industry of the Communist Party of China until I opened it. I was ordered to stick to my post and protect cultural relics. "It can be said that they are on the same road, but they don't" know each other ". Everyone is secretly trying to resist the southward migration of cultural relics. However, Zhujiajian Island also admitted that no matter how hard those who do specific work try, it will be of no help if Dean Ma Heng does not take the lead in procrastination. 1March 6, 949, Beiping Military Management Committee officially took over the Forbidden City, and Ma Heng remained as the director of the Palace Museum, and all the staff remained in their original posts. On this day, the Forbidden City was reborn, and Ma Heng's life was also infused with new vitality. History has proved and will continue to prove that Ma Heng's choice is correct! Ma Heng regarded cultural relics as the most precious thing, and devoted his life to the search and purchase of books and cultural relics. He is never stingy with his money. His collection of books, cultural relics, calligraphy and painting, inscriptions, etc. Four big rooms have been piled up. Ma Heng said to his children, "I absolutely don't want to sell such cultural relics, and I don't intend to pass them on to my children's descendants. Pass it on to you, it won't work as it should, and it's useless to you. This is the cultural heritage of the motherland and should be preserved by the state to play its greatest role. "1955, Ma Heng is dead. According to the instructions, the child donated hundreds of thousands of manuscripts and more than 1.4 thousand pieces (volumes) of cultural relics collected over the years to the country for free and to the Palace Museum connected with his life.