The first 2020 teacher qualification examination middle school education knowledge and ability knowledge points
1. concept
Imagination is a psychological process in which the human brain processes and transforms stored representations to form new images.
So to know what imagination is, we must first know the concept of representation, which is the image of things that appear in people's minds when things are not in sight. Therefore, imagination is the process of forming a new image on the basis of representation.
2. Classification of imagination
According to whether imagination has a purpose, it can be divided into unintentional imagination and intentional imagination.
(1) Unintentional imagination
Unintentional imagination, also known as unconscious imagination, is an imagination that has no predetermined purpose and is unconsciously generated. It is a process that people can't help but imagine something under the action of some stimulus when their consciousness is weakened.
The key to doing the problem: there is no predetermined purpose, not consciously.
Example: ① daydreaming; ② Zhuang Zhoumeng Butterfly.
(2) Intentional imagination
Intentional imagination is a conscious imagination according to a certain purpose. According to the content, novelty and formation of imagination, it can be divided into recreating imagination, creating imagination and fantasy.
The key to doing the problem: purposeful and conscious.
(1) recreate imagination
Reconstruction of imagination is the process of forming a new image in the human brain according to the description of words or the schematic diagram of patterns.
The key to doing the problem: there are hints.
Example: (1) When reading The Journey to the West, the reader presents the characters about The Journey to the West in his mind. Readers form the image of things through the description of words in the book, which belongs to recreating imagination.
② Create imagination
Creative imagination is a process of independently creating new images in people's minds according to certain purposes and tasks in creative activities.
The key to doing the problem: independent creation without prompting.
Example: ① The author writes Journey to the West, presenting the characters about Journey to the West in his mind. The author's independent creation of characters in the book belongs to creative imagination.
correct an error
Rebuilding imagination and creating imagination
Rebuild imagination and emphasize external suggestion; Creative imagination emphasizes independent creation.
③ Fantasy
Fantasy is an imagination pointing to the future, which is related to personal wishes. This is a special form of creative imagination. Fantasy is not immediately reflected in people's real life, but has the nature of yearning, which is entrusted by people.
When people imagine according to the objective law of things happening, this kind of imagination is called ideal.
When people are not based on objective laws, or even go against the objective process of the development of things, it is unrealistic imagination, which is fantasy.
correct an error
Ideal VS fantasy
It conforms to the objective foundation and can realize the ideal; What goes against the objective foundation and cannot be realized is all fantasy, such as finding the moon in water.
The second 2020 teacher qualification examination middle school education knowledge and ability knowledge points
The theory of operant conditioning is the theory of psychologist Skinner. He reached a series of theories with the help of puzzle experiments. First of all, he distinguished between reaction behavior and operation behavior. He thinks that reaction behavior is low-level and passive behavior, and operation behavior is active behavior, which appears first and then strengthens. The dog-eating experiment in Pavlov's classical conditioned reflex theory is a reaction behavior, while the mouse behavior in Skinner's puzzle experiment is a reaction behavior.
Skinner's reinforcement theory is the key and core test point in operant conditioning theory. According to the experimental results, Skinner divided reinforcement into positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcement means presenting pleasant stimuli and increasing the frequency of behavior. For example, Xiaohong's failure to find money was praised, which increased the behavior of finding money. Negative reinforcement eliminates the aversion to stimuli and increases the frequency of behavior. For example, Xiaohong didn't pick up the money, so the teacher canceled the punishment for her being late and increased the frequency of her behavior of not picking up the money. Skinner divided punishment into positive punishment and negative punishment. Positive punishment is to show aversion to stimulation and reduce the frequency of behavior, such as standing outside the door late. Negative punishment is to cancel pleasant stimuli and reduce the frequency of behavior, such as reading novels in class and not going out to play after class. This is negative punishment. There is another concept in Skinner's reinforcement theory: fading, that is, not giving any reinforcement, reducing the frequency of behavior. For example, students make faces in class, but both students and teachers ignore them, and eventually the behavior of making faces decreases. These are Skinner's reinforcement theories. When reviewing and preparing lessons, you can better cope with the exam as long as you understand it with examples. However, it is necessary to remind candidates who is the subject of the behavior, whether it is to increase or decrease, that is, when judging whether to strengthen or punish, we must first look at the frequency of the behavior. Increase is to strengthen, and decrease is to punish and dilute.
Other test sites of operant conditioning theory in teacher qualification examination include remarque principle, and Puremarque principle refers to the use of high-frequency movements to strengthen low-frequency movements. For example, watching TV is a high-frequency action after finishing homework, and writing homework is a low-frequency action, which is equivalent to positive reinforcement.
The third article 2020 teacher qualification examination middle school education knowledge and ability knowledge points
(A) the unity of indirect experience and direct experience (indirect method)
Direct experience refers to the knowledge gained by students' personal experience, while indirect experience refers to the experience accumulated by predecessors.
Direct experience provides practical basis for students and cultivates their spirit of inquiry and practical ability; Indirect experience is the main way for students to learn, and students acquire knowledge mainly through textbooks. In the teaching process, direct experience and indirect experience should be combined, with indirect experience as the main and direct experience as the basis.
1. Proverbs and proverbs
1) Tao Xingzhi: Grafting is like knowing.
2) Mao Zedong: People can't experience everything directly. In fact, most of them are only indirect things. This is all ancient and outland knowledge.
3) Rousseau: There are no books outside the world, and there are no teaching materials outside the facts.
4) It's too shallow from the paper to know how to do it.
5) Newton: If I can see farther than others, it is that I stand on the shoulders of giants.
2. Related theories
1) Courses that emphasize the relationship between direct experience and indirect experience: subject courses and activity courses.
2) According to the law of combining direct experience with indirect experience, the teaching principles of intuition and integrating theory with practice are put forward.
3) The opposition between Herbart's teaching material center and classroom center and Dewey's experience center and activity center.
4) Dewey: Learning by doing.
(B) the unity of mastering knowledge and developing ability (development law)
Mastering knowledge is the basis of developing ability, and knowledge can be transformed into ability as long as it is skilled enough to use; Ability development is an important condition for mastering knowledge, and the development of general ability (that is, intelligence) can improve the efficiency of knowledge learning and better master knowledge.
1. Proverbs and proverbs
1) Ignorance leads to incompetence, and high scores lead to low energy (scissors difference).
2) Lenin: We need to use the knowledge of basic facts to develop and improve the thinking ability of every learner.
2. Related theories
1) the debate between formal education and substantive education
(C) the teacher-led and student-centered are unified (bilateral law)
In educational activities, students are the object of education and the subject of learning and self-development. Teachers are in the leading position, organizing and guiding students' development, and teaching needs to play the joint role of teachers and students.
1. Proverbs and proverbs
1) Wang Fuzhi: Learning is taught by a scholar, but learning is not teaching, teaching is teaching people to learn, and teaching is not learning.
Students learn what teachers teach, but the process of learning is not equal to the process of teaching; A professor instructs students how to learn, but the teaching process is not equal to the learning process.
2) The master leads the door and practices in the individual.
3) Teaching is for not teaching, and teachers are for students' learning.
4) The teacher is the helmsman and the students are the boats.
2. Related theories
1) Herbart Teacher Center and Dewey Student Center;
2) Enlightening teaching principles
(4) the unity of imparting knowledge and ideological education (the law of unity of knowing and doing in the process of education; Educational teaching method)
In the teaching process, teachers should not only impart knowledge to students, but also promote their ideological and moral development. Knowledge is the foundation of ideological and moral formation, and only with basic moral understanding and judgment ability can we promote the good development of moral character; The improvement of ideological and moral character lays the foundation for students to actively learn knowledge. For example, strong moral willpower can ensure the completion of learning tasks.
1. Proverbs and proverbs
1) Herbart: Teaching is always education; I can't think of any education that is not taught. On the contrary, I don't recognize any education without teaching.
2) The Doctrine of the Mean: Respect morality and seek knowledge.
A gentleman should put sincere virtue in the most honorable position, and take "asking" and "learning" as the basic ways to cultivate one's morality.
2. Related theories
The principle of combining science with education (ideology)