Text discussion

First, the overall grasp

Mulan Poetry is a long narrative folk song in northern China during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. It tells the story of Mulan disguised as a man, joined the army instead of her father, fought in the battlefield, returned to the DPRK in triumph, made meritorious deeds, and resigned and returned to China, which is full of legend.

In the first two paragraphs, Mulan decided to join the army instead of her father. The poem begins with the sound of a loom chirping, showing the scene of Mulan knitting at home. Then she wrote a sigh that Mulan didn't intend to weave, which made people wonder, led to a question and answer, and revealed Mulan's thoughts. Mulan sighed, because the son of heaven enlisted the army and his father was among the conscripts. As his father was old and had no eldest son at home, he decided to join the army instead of his father.

In the third paragraph, Mulan is ready to go out and go to war. "Buy a fine horse in the Oriental market ..." Four sentences are used to describe Mulan's nervous purchase of war horses and riding equipment. "Say goodbye to my parents ..." Eight sentences are repeated, writing that Mulan has been on the journey nonstop, running around day and night, and the farther away from home, the more she misses her loved ones. What is written here is that Mulan set out from home and arrived at the battlefield through the Yellow River for only two days, exaggerating the rapid progress of Mulan, the urgency of the military situation and the eagerness of her mood, which made people feel nervous about the war atmosphere. Among them, the sound of "Yellow River splashing" and "Yanshan riding and chirping" also set off Mulan's homesickness.

The fourth paragraph summarizes Hua Mulan's ten-year campaign life. "When Wan Li goes to Rongji, if he flies over the mountains", it summarizes the contents of the above eight sentences, and exaggerates the description of Mulan riding a horse and Wan Li all the way, rushing to the battlefield, flying over the pass and over the mountains and mountains. "New Moon Breaths with Golden Bells and Cold Light with Iron Clothes" describes Mulan's hard fighting life in the frontier fortress barracks: at night, Diao Dou's knocking came from the cold north wind, and her cold armor was reflected in the cold light. "A hundred battles lead to the death of a general, and ten years lead to the return of a strong man", which outlines this protracted war and bitter battle. The soldiers fought for ten years, and after cruel battles again and again, some died and some returned. Hua Mulan, who is brave and good at fighting, is one of the soldiers who survived and returned successfully.

In the fifth paragraph, Mulan also resigned. First, Mulan appeared before the emperor. Then, Mulan made great contributions and was rewarded by the emperor. Besides, Mulan resigned and was willing to go back to her hometown. "Mulan doesn't need to go to school" but "go back to her hometown". Of course, it is her nostalgia for home life, but she also has her own secret, that is, she is a daughter. The son of heaven didn't know the truth, and Mulan couldn't explain it clearly, which was quite dramatic.

The sixth paragraph is about Mulan's return to her hometown to reunite with her relatives. First of all, describe the happy atmosphere at home with the actions of parents, brothers and sisters that conform to their identity, gender and age; Then, through a series of actions, Mulan wrote her affection for her former residence and her love for her daughter's makeup, showing her natural daughter's mood and her uncontrollable joy after her return. Finally, as the end of the story and the climax of the whole poem, it is a comedy scene in which Mulan, who restores her daughter's costume, meets her partner.

The seventh paragraph ends with metaphor. Using the metaphor of two rabbits running together, it is difficult to tell the difference between male and female, and skillfully solves the mystery that Mulan disguised as a man instead of her father to join the army 12 years, which is interesting and memorable.

This poem creates an immortal image of Mulan, which is both legendary and touching. Mulan is a strange girl and an ordinary person, a heroine and an ordinary girl, a vigorous warrior and a beautiful daughter. She is hard-working, kind-hearted, determined, brave, honest and simple, alert and lively, loves loving the country and loving the quiet life of not admiring high officials and rich people. For more than a thousand years, the story of Mulan joining the army instead of her father has become a household name in China, and the image of Mulan is also deeply loved by people.

This poem is full of folk songs. The whole poem conceives the legendary story of Mulan with "Mulan is a girl", which is full of romance. The complex and simple arrangement is very clever. Although it is about war, it is more about life scenes and children's modality, full of life breath. In the poem, the psychology of the characters is portrayed in the way of question and answer, which is vivid and meticulous; I am very proud to describe the behavior modality with many careful comparisons; It is unforgettable to summarize the whole poem with humorous metaphors. This makes the work have a strong artistic appeal.

Second, the problem research

1. What's the sound of "chirp after chirp"?

There have always been different views on this. There are roughly three kinds: loom sound, sigh sound and insect sound.

① Loom sound. If it is understood as the sound of a loom, the following will happen. At the beginning of the poem, there was a constant loom sound, which was heard before people appeared. Then she explained that Mulan was knitting a sweater across the door, and the image of a hardworking girl came to the fore. But weaving and weaving, there is no rhythmic loom sound, and there are waves of sighs. Why on earth is this? Mulan, Mulan, what makes you so worried? So I turned to the following plot. This understanding is of course reasonable.

2 sigh. Some scholars interpret this as: "Weaving at home shows that Mulan is a working woman, not Miss Houmen. I should have heard the sound of her knitting, but I heard the sigh of' chirp'. A "chirp" has indicated that she is sighing, and she is more concerned about "replying to chirp". The author still feels that the meaning is not enough, and finally only sighs when he hears women. The author emphasized this point repeatedly in order to tell us the depth of Mulan's worries. Mulan stopped to sigh, not while knitting. The author did not write Mulan's sad face, nor did he write Mulan's pause and sigh. The author just painted a sound and portrayed the image of a Mulan girl full of sadness and depression through constant sighs. " (Zhang Yanjin's "Complex and Tasty, Simple and Vivid-Reading Mulan Ci", "Poetry Appreciation Collection of Han, Wei and Six Dynasties", People's Literature Publishing House, 1985)

③ Insect singing. If we understand "chirp" as the sound of insects, we will see such a picture in front of us-there is no sound around, only insects sing "chirp" at night. Then write Mulan sitting opposite the loom weaving, but why does she sit there sighing while holding the loom and not knitting? The sound of insects in the four fields echoes Mulan's sigh, rendering a girl's mood and atmosphere before making a major decision. In a word, the poem is meaningless, rational, and literal.

2. Who is the questioner who asked "What do you think and what do you remember?"? ?

Some people say that parents are asking, only the father is asking, or the mother is asking. Indeed, if parents hear their daughter's sigh, they will definitely ask such a concerned question. It is said that the commentator is asking questions, because Mulan poetry is a folk song created orally by the collective, and folk songs can be sung with music, and singers can ask questions as commentators. These two statements are actually not contradictory. In folk singing literature, singers often have the dual identity of narrator and story character, and the language of narrator and story character is sometimes integrated. So in this poem, "Ask the woman what she thinks, ask her what she remembers" and "The woman has nothing to think about ..." From now on can be regarded as a question and answer between parents and daughters, and also as a question and answer plan of the narrator. In addition, this poem is often narrated in the first person, which can be regarded as Mulan's self-report and the narrator's retelling.

3. How to understand four sentences such as "the feet of the male rabbit are fluttering"?

First, make it clear that this is a vivid metaphor. The first two sentences write that the external behavior of rabbits is very different when they are still, and they can tell the male from the female at a glance; When rabbits run together, it is difficult to tell the sex. By analogy, the gender characteristics of men and women are obvious in daily life, but it is difficult to distinguish between men and women in battlefield operations.

Secondly, we should further think about why the author ended the poem with such a metaphor. First of all, this metaphor vividly explains the surprise of "fire companion" and is also a reasonable answer to the questions that readers will inevitably have. Secondly, these four sentences can be regarded as Mulan's answer to "fire companion". From these four witty answers, we can see Mulan's funny, clever and proud expression. What could be more interesting and ingenious than these four sentences? What a lovely Mulan girl! Thirdly, it is precisely the characteristics of folk song language to compare men and women with male rabbits and female rabbits. This clever metaphor adds color and icing on the cake to the whole poem.

In addition, these four poems are regarded by the singer or narrator as a compliment to Mulan, which is not contradictory to the view that they are regarded as Mulan's answer to The Fire Companion.

4. How to understand the handling of complexity and simplification in Mulan's poems?

The following three points must be made clear: where are the complexity and simplicity in Mulan's poems? What effect does this simplification have? Why does the author do this?

(1) The application of complex brushwork: Mulan's worries when knitting at home, her activities when preparing to tidy up, her mentality when going to war, her family's joy when coming home, and her joy when emphasizing "daughter's dress". , are written in great detail.

For example, Mulan bought a pommel horse, which described the parallel of east, west, north and south, and rendered the tension and busyness of pre-war preparation. Readers seem to see Mulan's haste and busyness, and can also imagine how heroic Mulan in military uniform is!

For another example, when Hua Mulan went to the battlefield, she repeatedly mentioned "I didn't hear her parents calling for a female voice", which is actually a true portrayal of Hua Mulan's mentality at this time: at sunset, when dusk fell, Hua Mulan slept alone on the bank of the Yellow River, listening to the rushing sound of the Yellow River, but her heart was always echoing her parents' voices, drifting away, and her parents' voice calling for her daughter had long since disappeared, but it always echoed in her daughter's ears! The journey is long, when can I hear the kind call of my parents who warm my daughter's heart again?

For example, in the last paragraph, when Mulan was going back to her hometown, the different actions of her parents, brothers and sisters were repeated three times in the same sentence, vividly showing the happy mood and atmosphere when her relatives finally got together after ten years' separation.

The description of Mulan's re-entry into the boudoir and "daughter makeup" vividly renders Mulan's love for life and beautiful and lovely daughter modality.

② Application of simple pen. As for a simple pen, the description of the battle process is mainly simple, and ten years of life can be written in just a few words.

Why did you arrange this? What the author describes with pen and ink is often what he wants to highlight. What this poem wants to highlight is the praise for Mulan's filial piety to her parents and her courage to shoulder heavy responsibilities. Therefore, putting aside the cruel war can reflect the beautiful inner content and spare no expense. In addition, this complicated arrangement seems to imply the author's longing for a better life and his indifference and distance to the war.

A girl who has been fighting hard for ten years on the battlefield has made great achievements-"the policy of twelve turns, rewarding the top 100", which shows her courage and tenacity. But neither the author nor the readers like a superwoman without feminine taste, so the author simply touches on the killing on the battlefield and takes "Mulan is a girl" as the core of his thought. Therefore, he devoted himself to writing about Mulan's concern for her parents as a girl, her clever dressing up and the charm of her gorgeous dressing up. People never lack a warrior-like "Gu Dasao", and there are many standard beauties like "Cui Yingying" in China, but there are both beautiful daughters and provocative men. Mulan is unique in the history of China literature! This arrangement from complexity to simplicity has played a role in highlighting the characteristics of characters and expressing the author's tendency.

Practice note

Repeat the story of this poem first and recite the whole poem.

Second, translate the following sentences, pay attention to the meaning of the upper and lower sentences are intertwined and complementary.

When translating these four sentences, we should pay attention to two principles: first, we should understand the meaning of intertextuality; Second, we should consider the poetic characteristics of this course, and we should not turn the translation into a poetic prose in order to reflect intertextuality.

1. Buy war horses in the east, saddles in the west, reins in the south and whips in the north.

I bought a horse in Dongshi, a saddle in Xishi, a halter in Heather and a whip in Beishi.

These four sentences mean to prepare pommel horse and other combat equipment in various markets, rather than buying one thing in one place.

2. The general died in hundreds of battles, and the strong man returned in ten years.

The general fought many battles, and the strong man (Mulan) returned home in triumph for ten years.

After years of fighting, many soldiers died in the battlefield, and Mulan and other survivors returned successfully.

3. Open my East Pavilion door and sit on my West Pavilion bed.

Open the boudoir door of my east room and sit on my Westinghouse bed.

These two sentences mean that every room should be opened for a look, instead of opening the door of the East Pavilion and sitting on the bed of the West Pavilion.

When the window has clouds, the mirror is yellow.

Comb your beautiful sideburns in front of the window and stick beautiful yellow flowers in front of the mirror.

These two sentences mean that in front of windows and mirrors, trim the clouds first, and then paint them yellow.

Third, pay attention to the addition points in the following sentences, see what sentence characteristics these sentences have, and find some similar sentences from the poems.

1. Ask this woman what she thinks and what she remembers.

These two sentences are repetitive. The difference between reduplication and reduplication is that reduplication can replace several words, while reduplication has exactly the same words. "Women have nothing to think about, and women have nothing to remember" and "I said goodbye to my parents ... but I heard that Yanshan Hu was riding and chattering" were also repeated.

2. Twelve volumes of art, each with its own name.

These two sentences are true. Dingzhen, also known as "Julian". The same is true of "a strong man will see the son of heaven after ten years, and the son of heaven will sit in the court" and "when he goes out to see the fire companion, he is surprised and busy".

3. Wan Li came to Rongji, and the mountain was flying.

These two sentences are very neat antitheses. In addition, this sentence is also a very neat antithesis. There are also some untidy antitheses, such as "Grandpa has no eldest son, Mulan has no eldest brother", "Open my East Pavilion door and sit on my West Pavilion bed", "Take off my wartime robe and wear my old clothes", "The window is a colorful cloud, the mirror is yellow", "The male rabbit's feet are confused, and the female rabbit's eyes are blurred".

5. My parents heard that the woman came and went out to help each other; As soon as Sister A heard that Sister Mei was coming, she had to cut her red makeup. When I heard my sister coming, I sharpened my knife at pigs and sheep.

These sentences are parallelism sentences. There are four sentences in the section "buy a horse in the east city" ... and a whip in the north city ",which is also a parallelism sentence.

Discussion 4: The image of Mulan has been deeply loved by people for more than 1000 years. What is the reason?

This topic mainly guides students to know the image of Mulan. To understand the image of Mulan, we should grasp two aspects: one is the legendary color of the characters, and the other is the richness of the characters. It is necessary to guide students to closely connect with the content of the text, observe Mulan's thoughts and feelings from the story, and summarize them appropriately.

Teaching suggestion

First, the most important thing in learning ancient poetry is reciting. Being able to recite correctly in class is the main symbol of the success of this course. This poem is 330 words long. To make students memorize it as soon as possible, we can take the plot as a clue and make use of the formal characteristics of this poem. The whole poem consists of 14 stanzas, except "Wan Li goes to Rongji ... ten years of strong men come back", "My parents heard that a woman is coming ... sharpening a knife, sharpening pigs and sheep" and "Opening my Dongting Gate ..." The decal to the mirror is six stanzas, and the rest are all four stanzas, which are easy to recite. It is also helpful to remember by using the characteristics of parallelism, duality, repetition and truth in poetry.

Second, dredging the meaning of the text mainly depends on students' own understanding, and teachers can give appropriate guidance.

1. There are many words in this course. Students can read notes or consult reference books in preview, and teachers can check them in class.

2. Students can be reminded of some rhetorical phenomena involved in poetry without elaborating. For example, "A general dies after a hundred battles, but a strong man returns after ten years" and "Open my Dongting Gate and sit in my Xiting Bed" are intertextual, which may be misunderstood by students, but it is not difficult for students to understand as long as they give a little hint.

3. Ask students to grasp the plot of the story as a whole and sort out the basic context of the story on the basis of dredging the meaning of the text.

Third, let students pay attention to the arrangement of this poem. For example, "Ask a woman what she thinks, ask her what she remembers", "Grandpa has no eldest son, Mulan has no big brother", and Mulan travels all over the southeast and northwest to buy pommel horses. These are not nonsense, but play a role in rendering the atmosphere and setting off the characters. Most of the poems are similar in sentence arrangement. Using this arrangement method, the characterization, emotional implication and rhyme rhythm of this poem are full of folk songs, which enhances the artistic appeal.

Fourthly, students can be guided to develop association and imagination in combination with poetry to supplement the blank left by poetry. Students can understand Mulan's thoughts and feelings, such as her feelings when she stopped to sigh, her feelings on the way to the front, her reunion with her relatives after returning home, and her attention to her daughter's affectation. Students can also expand the pictures in the poem. For example, my parents, sisters and brothers seem to be different owners, but they are not. Why can't my sister and brother see Guo? I'm afraid parents have a lot of things to do, but they can only write poems in this way. If you think about it carefully, you can better understand the festive scene of Mulan's family. Generally speaking, the story in the poem is concise, which provides students with a broad space for association and imagination.

related data

First, about Yuefu poetry

Following the Book of Songs and Songs of the South, a new poetic style, Yuefu, appeared in the literary history of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. It was once brilliant and became an organic part of the excellent cultural heritage of the Chinese nation.

"Yuefu", formerly the official name, is responsible for composing music, training musicians, collecting poems and folk songs for the court to sing at sacrificial banquets, observing local conditions and customs, and examining political gains and losses. China's poetry collection system has a long history. Andrew recorded this collection of poems. The Book of Songs, which has been handed down to this day, was originally a standard anthology officially promulgated and recognized by the society. After the Spring and Autumn Period, the system of poetry collection could not be implemented because of the collapse of rites and the constant battles. The unification of the Qin dynasty was short, and everything had to be done. Although there is the name of Yuefu official office, there is still no collection of poems. The Han dynasty inherited the Qin system and the economy was depressed. Yuefu organs can only learn from the past and barely maintain it. After 60 or 70 years of recuperation, by the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the national strength was already very strong, so Yuefu expanded its scale and collected poems at night. By the Eastern Han Dynasty, poetry collection had become a major event in political life. Emperor Guangwu once "invited people to listen to folk stories", while the emperor sent messengers to "travel separately, travel around counties and listen to folk stories". This fashion was followed in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. During the period of Xiao Liang, the society has changed Yuefu from an official name to a poetic style. Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long has a special chapter in Yuefu besides Ming poems. Selected Works of Zhaoming and New Poems of Xu Ling Yutai also set up Yuefu columns. Among them, there are both literati poems and folk songs, that is, all poems and songs that can be sung through music are called "Yuefu". Among these two kinds of poems, folk songs and poems are the essence, and literati's songs and poems germinate and grow under the dew of folk songs and poems, so we should attach great importance to them.

The system of collecting poems carried out in the gap between the wars in the Northern Dynasties is in the same strain as that in the Han Dynasty. Preserved in Guo Maoqian's Yuefu poems? The folk songs of Yuefu in the Northern Dynasties in "The Song of Gu Liang Corner Blowing Across the Wind" are some in Chinese and some in translation. Although there are only 60 or 70 songs, they are profound in content and wide in subject matter, reflecting the broad social life, full of rough and bold spirit completely different from that in the south, and showing another picture of local conditions and customs. Due to the long-term scuffle between the rulers of all ethnic groups in the north, there are many themes reflecting the war, some describing the suffering caused by the war and the corvee, and some praising the brave spirit. Mulan's poems, in particular, are legends who enthusiastically praise Mulan as a woman disguised as a man and joined the army instead of her father. Mulan, together with the Ancient Poems of Lady Jiao Zhongqing, is known as the "double gem" in Yuefu folk songs. Yuefu in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties is a wonderful flower in the history of China literature, which has a strong vitality and directly influenced the face of China's poetry. It not only opened up a new field of five-character poetry, but also played a bridge role in seven-character poetry, singing and even law.

(Excerpted from View of Yuefu in Han, Wei and Six Dynasties edited by Chen Xuwan and Shang, Shaanxi People's Education Press 1998)

Second, the ancient people's evaluation of Mulan's poems

1. "Poetry": Mulan Song is a quasi-ancient Yuefu of the Jin people, so the high-ranking people are strong in the Han and Wei Dynasties, and the flat ones are full of qi and Liang. For example, "South City buys bridles and North City buys whips", which is still associated with Tokyo; To "when the window is decorated with clouds and the mirror is yellow", Qi's language is natural. And sentences such as "Go out to meet fire companions", although simple, actually came from the Six Dynasties, not the Han Dynasty.

2. Xie Zhen's Four-character Poetry: Mulan Poetry says, "What do you think of women? Ask the woman what she remembers. Women have nothing to think about ... Beishi buys whips. " This is a casual remark, simple and natural, complicated and not chaotic. If you ask and answer, buying pommel horses in one city is simply simple and tasteless, and there are almost no Yuefu. "Wan Li goes to Rongji, if the mountain flies ..." It is absolutely like Li Bai's five words, but there are not many words. "The male rabbit's feet pounce on the new moon ..." This knot is the most popular and surprising. If these four sentences are missing, it may be irreparable.

Third, several controversial issues in Mulan's poems

1. Initial technology

There is a song in the folk song "Folding Willow" in the Northern Dynasties. The first six sentences are "Why bother He Lili? Women are supposed to knit windows. I don't smell the loom, only the woman's sigh. What is this woman thinking? Ask the woman what she remembers? " The first six sentences of Mulan Poetry are six sentences of Zheliu. Ancient folk songs often use the same inspiration and metaphor, and some words are similar or even the same (there are many examples of folk songs in the Book of Songs), because they are passed down from mouth to mouth, the words are the same and easy to remember. This is not plagiarism, because the theme and content can be completely different. The beginning of Mulan Poem is probably also "He Lili", which was changed to "chirp after chirp" by later generations. "He Lili" has no specific meaning, such as "Yahuhai" and "Yazuizi Yo", which is a phonetic word.

(About Shi Shenghuai's Mulan Poetry, Chinese Teaching and Research of Huazhong Normal University,No. 1979,No. 1)

2. Khan and the son of heaven

"Khan" is the title of the ancient northwest nationalities to the monarch, and "Tian Zi" is the title of the Han nationality to the monarch in feudal society. But in this poem, "Khan" has become synonymous with "the son of heaven", which can no longer follow the original meaning of the so-called "fascinated king" in Guang Yun. This can only be regarded as a foreign language component in Chinese in the era of Mulan poetry. Otherwise, Mulan went because of Khan, but she was rewarded by the Son of Heaven when she came back. Isn't this inconsistent?

(Kang Su's Discussion on Some Problems of Mulan Poetry from the Perspective of Teaching, Journal of Shandong Normal University, No.6, 1978)

"Twelve" is an imaginary number.

Twelve volumes of the art of war, twelve years of the same company and ten years of a strong man-the two "twelve" and one "ten" in these three sentences are imaginary numbers. Traditionally, such numbers mean more. "Twelve years" and "ten years" in the two sentences "Twelve years with the company" and "Ten years of the return of a strong man" both mean more than ten years. If we use real numbers to understand them, there will be contradictions before and after. Twelve volumes of the art of war, each with its own name, aims to emphasize that Mulan's father must go out this time. Wang Zhong, a writer in A Qing, wrote an article "Interpretation of Thirty-nine", which put forward the usage rules of imaginary numbers such as three and nine, and clarified the textual research and debate about numbers by predecessors. (Kang Su's Discussion on Some Problems of Mulan Poetry from the Perspective of Teaching, Journal of Shandong Normal University, No.6, 1978)

4. Buy horses in the east, saddles in the west, reins in the south and whips in the north.

The words "east, south, west and north" in the sentence "buying horses in the east market" are all empty positions rather than real positions. This only exaggerates the urgency of Mulan's preparation before departure, but it is actually unreasonable. The words "east" and "west" in the following "open my Dongting door and sit in my Xiting bed" are also vacant, so it is not enough according to the facts. Many of these locative words are used together to create a certain atmosphere, rather than the actual reference. This kind of "imaginary position", like the imaginary number mentioned above, is an established rule in ancient Chinese.

(Kang Su's Discussion on Some Problems of Mulan Poetry from the Perspective of Teaching, Journal of Shandong Normal University, No.6, 1978)

When the window is covered with clouds, the mirror is yellow

When the Window and Facing the Mirror are intertextual. "Li Yunbian" and "Iron" were both made when the window was facing the mirror. This usage is common in ancient poems, especially in ancient metrical poems. For example, in Wang Changling's poems in the Tang Dynasty, "The moon is bright in Qin Dynasty, but it is intermittent in Han Dynasty" is an example.

(Kang Su's Discussion on Some Problems of Mulan Poetry from the Perspective of Teaching, Journal of Shandong Normal University, No.6, 1978)

"Flower yellow" is the facial decoration of women in the Northern Wei Dynasty. There are two sayings: one is that "folk women were not allowed to make up in Yuan and Wei Dynasties; Since the imperial secretary, all have yellow eyebrows and black makeup. Therefore, there is a saying in Mulan Poetry that' the mirror is full of water and the moon is yellow'. " ("Gushan Pen Dust") It is also said that the gold paper is cut into the shapes of stars, moons, flowers and birds and pasted on the forehead.

(Some Problems in Mulan Poetry Teaching by Dou, No.4 and No.5 of Chinese Teaching Newsletter of Shanxi Normal University, 1978)

6. About the theme of this poem

(1) In feudal society, women had no status. Mulan is a professional woman. She works as a maid to join the army instead of her father. "When a general dies in a hundred battles, a strong man returns in ten years." . What men can do, Mulan can do; Mulan can do what men can't. Hua Mulan's heroic image itself is a ruthless mockery of the traditional concept of discrimination against women in feudal society.

(2) In feudal society, the pursuit of fame and fortune is the dominant traditional thought, which is what many people dream of. However, after ten years of fierce fighting, Mulan returned home in triumph, but refused to accept a reward, and was willing to return to the fields and live the farming life of the working people again, which fully reflected the simple and humble quality of the working people. Hua Mulan's behavior itself is a powerful satire on feudal literati who are keen on fame and fortune.

(Some Problems in Mulan Poetry Teaching by Dou, No.4 and No.5 of Chinese Teaching Newsletter of Shanxi Normal University, 1978)

(3) The theme of Mulan's poems is actually pointed out directly in the poems. That is: women are no less than men, and their talents, wisdom and courage are by no means inferior to men. This is the theme of this poem. If summed up in one sentence, it is: praising the women heroes from the working people.

(Liu Binrong and Hua Xue, Mulan is a Girl, Journal of Henan Normal University, No.6, 1979)

(4) The theme of Mulan's poems is not to praise the martial spirit, but to reflect people's yearning for a peaceful life. However, Mulan Poetry is not expressed in the form of sadness and tragedy like the above-mentioned folk songs in the Northern Dynasties, but in the form of comedy in which women join the army instead of their fathers. Of course, the story itself makes it possible for the poem to objectively praise women's heroism, but the problem of praising heroes is secondary to the problems reflected by the theme in the poem, and can only be regarded as an ideological content contained in the poem, not a theme.

(On the Theme of Mulan Poetry by Qian, Journal of Kunming Normal University, No.6, 1980)

Fourth, Mulan Poetry (Cao Daoheng)

Long narrative folk songs in the Northern Dynasties. Since the Song Dynasty, there have been different records and disputes about its age and author. It first appeared in Wen Yuan Mulan Song written by Wei in Tang Dynasty. The title of Ancient Wen Yuan is Mulan Poetry, which means "Tang Poetry". According to the poem "Khan is a great warrior" in Fan Yanlu written by Cheng Dachang in Song Dynasty, Mulan's life is either Sui or Tang. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Yan Yu's poems about Canglang thought that "the new moon spreads gold, and the cold light shines iron clothes" and so on, "it is too white, and it must not be a poem of Han and Wei Dynasties". Since then, it has been said that people in the Sui and Tang Dynasties wrote this poem, but in the Song Dynasty, Huang Tingjian pointed out that this poem was not written by Wei, but that Wei "got it from the people". Yuefu Poetry Collection is included in Song of Crossing Drum and Beam, also known as Mulan Poetry. Cloud is an "ancient poem", quoting Chen Shizhi's "Records of Ancient and Modern Music" and saying: "Mulan, nameless." Press "Old Tang Book"? According to the biography of Wei, Wei was an observer in western Zhejiang and an ambassador in Huainan (Huang Tingjian mistakenly called Wei Renshuo as my ambassador). According to Old Tang Book? According to the Records of Music, there are many Yuefu songs in the Northern Liang Dynasty, such as "Xianbei songs in Yan and Wei Dynasties" and "Khan words". So Mulan poems may be Xianbei songs. Spread in Jiangnan and translated into Chinese. He entered Yuefu in the Liang Dynasty and later dispersed among the people. It was rediscovered by Wei in the Tang Dynasty, and it is planned to become Mulan Song (Wenyuan). As for the antithetical poem Shuo Qi, it is used in the poems of Qi and Liang, and it is the trace of literati's processing. Therefore, most modern scholars believe that Mulan poetry originated in the Northern Wei Dynasty and was written by the people.

Mulan Poetry tells the story that Mulan disguised herself as a man, joined the army instead of her father, and made meritorious deeds on the battlefield. After returning to Korea, she refused to be an official, but asked to be reunited with her family. This poem enthusiastically praised the strange girl's hard-working and kind quality, her enthusiasm for defending her country, her heroic fighting spirit and her dignified and calm demeanor. It not only reflects the general martial spirit of the nomadic people in the north, but also shows the people in the north's aversion to the long-term separatist war and their desire for a peaceful and stable life. This is eulogizing Mulan, which obviously impacts the prejudice of the patriarchal society. It is a "fantastic poem" (the source of Shen Deqian's ancient poems), full of romance, with a vigorous and simple style, which basically maintains the characteristics of folk songs. Quasi-question and answer is used to describe psychological activities in the poem, which is meticulous and profound; Describe the behavior modality with extravagance and parallelism, with vivid expression; The use of refined spoken language not only expresses a woman's tone, but also enhances the narrative atmosphere and shows the true colors of folk songs. Represents the outstanding achievements of Yuefu folk songs in the Northern Dynasties.

The ideological content and artistic skills of Mulan's poems have a far-reaching influence on later generations. The music history of the Song Dynasty, Taiping Yuhuan Ji, records that there are Mulan Mountain, Mulan Township and Mulan Temple in Huanggang County, Huangzhou (now Huanggang, Hubei), and cites Du Mu's Mulan Temple as evidence. Later, according to local records, in Bozhou, Anhui, Shangqiu, Henan, Wanxian, Hebei and other places, temples were built to worship Mulan, which reflected the far-reaching influence of Mulan's poems. Until today, the image of Mulan on the stage screen still inspires people's patriotic enthusiasm. At the same time, long before Wei wrote Caotang, Du Fu's poem Caotang described the happy scene of moving to Caotang, which obviously absorbed the expression of Mulan's poem describing the family welcoming Mulan back. As for Yuan Zhen's estimation of guest music, "Go out as a fire companion and say goodbye to your father and brother at home", Bai Juyi's "Playing Mulan" and "Mulan used to be a girl, which is so strange", it can be seen that Mulan poetry has become popular in the middle Tang Dynasty.

Fifth, the ideological tendency of Mulan's poem (Wang Shuzhen)

Mulan Poetry is a famous and excellent poem in China's classical poetry. It describes the extraordinary experience of an ordinary woman, Mulan, who joined the army and returned to her hometown on behalf of her father with deep feelings and narrative, comparison and rendering techniques. Mulan may not be a real person, but dressing up as a woman is a real thing. Mulan is one of these women. Mulan's joys and sorrows are very dramatic. Therefore, for thousands of years, her touching stories have been circulated among the masses. What kind of ideological tendency did Mulan's poems show?