The historical evolution and formation stage of Fujian Tulou, a world cultural heritage.
Song and Yuan Dynasties (A.D. 1 1 century ~13rd century) was the formation stage of Fujian tulou. The early earth buildings were small in scale, simple in structure, mostly without stone walls and rough in decoration, and basically square and rectangular in form. With regard to the oldest tulou, the earliest document that recorded tulou was the reconstruction of Gan Tai Zhi.
stage of development
In the Ming Dynasty (from the end of 14 to the beginning of 17), with the development of economy and culture, residents paid more and more attention to education, and it gradually became a trend to set up learning museums and academies to persuade people to enter school. Through the imperial examination, officials emerged constantly. These official residences, which have made great progress, built earth buildings in accordance with the architectural regulations of the capital of the Central Plains, with increasingly sophisticated architectural forms and diversified functions, marking the development stage of Fujian earth buildings.
Peak stage
/kloc-From the middle of 0/7th century to the first half of 20th century (Qing Dynasty, Republic of China), the processing industries of tobacco and tea in this area developed vigorously and were sold to the whole country and Southeast Asian countries. With the development of economy and the improvement of understanding of ecological environment, residents' demand for housing is more urgent and higher. On the other hand, due to the growth of population, in order to safeguard the common interests of families, it is necessary to build larger buildings so that dozens or hundreds of people from many clans can live together. To adapt to the prosperity of the family and the safety of life. So they built palace-style earth buildings, squares, circles and other earth buildings. It is characterized by large scale, various types, exquisite craftsmanship and gorgeous decoration. The influence of foreign culture in the later period is reflected in the construction of some earth buildings, which is the heyday of Fujian earth buildings.
Continuation stage
After the 1950s, local residents still built a large number of earth buildings, which have continued to this day. Earth buildings in this period paid more attention to practicality, simple structure and lack of gorgeous decoration. It is the continuation stage of Fujian tulou. [5]
Architectural characteristics of Fujian tulou, a world cultural heritage
Fujian tulou is a collective building built with soil as the wall, which is round, semi-circular, square, quadrilateral, pentagonal, chair-shaped and dustpan-shaped. , and has its own characteristics. Tulou was square at first, with palace style, mansion style and different postures. It is not only strange, but also full of mystery, solid and firm. The building is piled with food, livestock and wells. If you need to guard against the enemy, you only need to close the gate, and there are several young adults guarding the gate. Tulou is like a solid fortress, and women, children, old and young can sit back and relax. Because the square earth building is directional, the corner is dark, and the ventilation and lighting are different, the Hakkas designed a round earth building with good ventilation and lighting. Among the existing earth buildings, the round one is the most striking, and the locals call it round building or round village.
function
Fujian Tulou is a collective building, and its biggest feature is its large shape. No matter from a distance or in front of us, the earth building is shocking with its huge single building, and its volume is the largest among the residential buildings. Among the earth buildings we visited, the most common round building is about 50 meters in diameter and three or four stories high. There are more than 100 houses, which can accommodate 30 to 40 families and 200 to 300 people. The Dayuan Building can reach 70-80 meters in diameter, with five or six floors and four or five hundred houses, which can accommodate seven or eight hundred people. Earth buildings and residential buildings reflect the folk customs of Hakka people living in compact communities.
From the research of history and architecture, the architectural style of tulou is a self-defense living style for national security. At that time, under the situation of Japanese invasion and civil war year after year, Hakkas who moved their families traveled thousands of miles to other places and chose this architectural method, which was not only conducive to family reunion, but also able to resist the war. The descendants of the same ancestor formed an independent society in a tulou, coexisting and sharing prosperity, and sharing death and humiliation. Therefore, restraint from the outside and cohesion from the inside are probably the most appropriate induction of tulou.
wood tissue
The walls of Fujian Tulou are thick at the bottom and thin at the top, and some are as high as 1.5 meters. When tamping, first dig a deep and large wall ditch at the foundation of the wall, tamp it, bury it with stones as the foundation, and then build it with stones and mortar. Then tamp the wall with sandwich panels. The raw material of the earth wall is mainly local clay red soil, mixed with appropriate amount of pebbles and lime, repeatedly pounded and stirred evenly to make the so-called "cooked soil". Some key parts should be mixed with appropriate amount of glutinous rice and brown sugar to increase their viscosity. When tamping, Chinese fir branches or bamboo pieces should be buried in the middle of the earth wall as "wall bones" to increase its tension. In this way, after repeated tamping, a reinforced concrete-like earth wall is built, and a layer of weather-resistant and erosion-resistant lime is coated outside, so it is strong and abnormal, and has good wind and earthquake resistance.
general layout
The circular building is the most distinctive building in the local earth building. Generally, it starts from a circle center and spreads out layer by layer according to different radii, just like the water waves in the lake, which is very spectacular. Its center is family ancestral temple, followed by ancestral halls and verandahs, and the outermost circle is inhabited. The whole earth building is the same size, with an area of about 10 square meter. There is almost no secret for every family to use ordinary stairs.
There are many types of earth buildings, one of which is the system of upper, middle and lower halls arranged in depth along the central axis. This kind of earth building, the lower hall is generally the entrance and exit, placed in the front; The nave is in the center, which is a place for family gatherings and welcoming guests. Shangtang is the innermost place where ancestral tablets are enshrined. In addition to the unique structure, the window sill, porch and cornice inside the earth building are also extremely gorgeous and exquisite, which is really a "wonderful work" in China residential buildings. [ 1]
World Cultural Heritage Fujian Tulou Landscape Features The unique large-scale residential buildings in the world follow the oriental philosophy of "harmony between man and nature". They use local materials, choose the site according to the mountain or go downstream. The architectural style is simple and rough, the form is beautiful and peculiar, the scale is appropriate, the function is complete and the practicality is strong. They complement each other with green mountains, green waters and rural scenery, forming a suitable living environment and a harmonious and unified landscape between man and nature.