Familiar with the history of the Three Kingdoms in the late Han Dynasty, in 263 AD, three armies attacked Shu, and Shu generals Jiang Wei and Liao Hua blocked Wei Jun with Jiange (now Jiange, Sichuan) as a barrier. Just as the main force of the Bell Club was blocked, Wargo adopted the strategy of detour as a straight line. When the main force of the Shu army was at loggerheads in Jiange, it led elite troops to bypass the level tone (now northwest of Wenxian County, Gansu Province), cross more than 700 miles of lonely paths, cut a path, and surprise Jiangyou (now north of Jiangyou City, Sichuan Province). Mianzhu, the hinterland of Shu and Han Dynasties, suffered a crushing defeat in Zhuge Zhan, captured Fucheng (now Mianyang, Sichuan) and advanced into Chengdu. Because of Wargo Enemy at the Gates, Liu Chan surrendered to Wei Jun. From then on, in less than two months, Shu Han officially perished. At this time, many people want to ask, why did Shu Han die so fast? Liu Chan obviously has the ability to protect itself. Why did it surrender easily? On these issues, Emperor Taizong and Li Shimin hit the nail on the head. Li Shimin once said, "The monarch is also a boat, and Shu Ren is also a piece of water. Water can carry a boat or overturn it. " In the second year of Zhenguan, Emperor Taizong said to his ministers: "Everything is business-oriented, the country is people-oriented, the people are food and clothing, and everything is food and clothing." This sentence was originally a famous saying of Xunzi. Because Emperor Taizong experienced the change of capsizing in the Sui Dynasty, water can carry a boat and capsize it, which became the mantra of Emperor Taizong. Many people mistakenly think that this is a famous saying of Emperor Taizong, probably telling us that "those who win the hearts of the people win the world, and those who lose the hearts of the people lose the world." At that time, Liu Bei was famous for his benevolence and righteousness, so he was able to struggle for 34 years and established the Shuhan regime. What was the public opinion in the Liu Chan era? Let's look at the population data of Shu Han and people's quality of life. There are three statistical data about the population of Shu in the history books: 1. The History of the Three Kingdoms (Volume 33) and Shu Shu Zhuzhuan quoted Wang Yin's Ji Shu: "In the first year of Yan Xing (263), there were 280,000 households, 940,000 men and women, 102,000 soldiers and 40,000 officials." Secondly, "The Book of Jin Geography": "In the first year of Zhangwu, Liu Bei was also named the county king, or took a good name far away, not for the local inspection. There are 200,000 households with 900,000 men and women. " Third, Tang's "Tongdian" Volume 7 "Eating Seven? The rise and fall of Li Shimin ","The Three Kingdoms are divided, wars are endless, Pingshu is peaceful, with 280,000 households, 940,000 people, 102,000 soldiers and 40,000 officials. "The population is only one million, but the army is as high as one hundred thousand, and there are forty thousand officials. The population not engaged in production accounts for 13. 1% of the total population, which was unimaginable in ancient times when agricultural production was the mainstay. It is also conceivable how poor people's living standards are. Secondly, the hawks, represented by Zhuge Liang and Jiang Wei, needed a lot of military resources to carry out military struggles in the Northern Expedition. The military expenditure of Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition came partly from the trade between Shu and Jin, and partly from civil taxes, especially in the southern and central regions. After Zhuge Liang learned of Pingnan rebellion in the autumn of 225, he specifically mentioned that the country has abundant military resources, indicating that Zhuge Liang can have military expenses for fighting, but plundering the people and the handsome men in the south has become the majority of Zhuge Liang's military expenses. Jiang Wei failed in several northern expeditions, and the national strength of Shu and Han dynasties failed, which has already caused public resentment. Not only Huang Hao opposed Jiang Wei, but even Jiang Wei's old comrades Liao Hua and Zhang Yi disagreed with him. Therefore, when Liu Chan wanted to flee to South China before the demise of Shu Han, Qiao Zhou's admonition hit home the essence of Shu Han's South China policy, that is, distributing official taxes to soldiers, thinking that he was indignant. To sum up, the fact is that since Zhuge Liang pacified Nanzhong, Shu Han began to plunder Nanzhong frequently. The implication is that Nanzhong has been squeezed by us to produce resentment. Will you still be welcome to go? In the end, Deng Ai conquered Shu, and the local clans in Yizhou were fed up with Liu's restrictions and oppression, and almost immediately opened the city, which had nothing to do with whether they were willing to surrender or not, because they had already surrendered.
Liu Chan Group took Jingzhou faction as its important task, suppressed Yizhou local faction, and went to the Northern Expedition all the year round, which led to people's poverty and people's distraction. Naturally, they will only die soon.
At that time, Wargo and Zhong Hui attacked Shu Han respectively, and the main military force of Shu Han was led by Jiang Wei against Zhong Hui. At this time, Wargo sneaked into Enemy at the Gates, the level tone, and Zhuge Zhan died in Mianzhu. Liu Chan had no army to compete with Wargo, so he had to surrender. Liu Chan and Liu Chan First of all, Mianzhu is the last line of defense in Chengdu, and both Zhuge Zhan and Huang Chong have good military capabilities. But Zhuge Zhan died, Mianzhu fell, and Wargo went directly to Chengdu with a great army. Many ministers in the DPRK panicked and had no idea. The courtiers advised Liu Chan to either flee to Wu Dong or go south. No one said that they would stick to the city, nor did they think that Shu Han could escape this disaster. I'm thinking about the escape strategy, not the way to stick to it. Secondly, Chengdu's military strength is not as good as Wargo's. Under the circumstances at that time, resistance can only cause more harm. Moreover, if Liu Chan really hits Wargo, Chengdu, the capital of Shu Han, will become the main battlefield, then thousands of Shu Han people in Qian Qian will be ruined because of this war, and Chengdu will also be seriously damaged. Moreover, this war is sure to be won. If Jiang Wei's reinforcements persist, they will win, but Shu Han can't bear the second war in a short time. Wei Guo and attacking any country are doomed to failure. If we still lose, the life of those who have perished will be even more difficult. Liu Chan is the monarch of Shu Han, and his choice will determine the life and death of the entire Shu Han people. Which monarch wants to be the conquered or the surrenderer? But in that case, as long as there are people in his heart, he has no choice but to surrender. Later generations thought that Liu Chan was particularly fatuous, because he gave up without a fight, and he was nicknamed "Liu Adou who can't afford to help". What kind of king is a good king? Liu Chan surrendered to Jing Yao for six years, Wei Jun attacked Shu, Liu Chan sent Zhuge Zhan, the son of Zhuge Liang, to defend the enemy, but Zhuge Zhan died in battle. Wei Jun was closer to Chengdu, and Liu Chan panicked, so he called ministers to discuss. Among the opinions of many ministers, Liu Chan chose to surrender, so why did he choose to surrender? The TV series "Three Kingdoms" is played by Liu Chan, and the TV series "Three Kingdoms" is played by Liu Chan. Among many ministers, it was suggested that Shu and Wu should form an alliance and go to Sun Wu. Others say that the south of West Shu is steep, easy to defend but difficult to attack, so you can flee to the south. However, many ministers have lost their minds and kept silent. At that time, Qiao Zhou stood up and suggested that Liu Chan choose to surrender. He also put forward some irrefutable reasons. Qiao Zhou first denied the idea of going to Wu. First of all, you don't have to go to other countries, you can still do what the emperor does. If you go to Wu today, you have to surrender to Wu. Secondly, a powerful country can swallow a small country, but a small country can't swallow a big country, just as Cao Wei can swallow Sun Wu and Sun Wei can't. In that case, why not surrender to the great power Cao Wei? Finally, surrender is a very shameful thing. If you surrender to Dongwu first and then to Cao Wei, you can't lose face again. Why not just surrender to Cao Wei? Later, Qiao Zhou rejected the idea of going south. First, the south is a remote and wild place, and the people have no idea of submission. If Zhuge Liang hadn't forced his army south, South Renye Fang wouldn't be so obedient. Second, Cao Wei and Enemy at the Gates, there must be a plan. If we flee to the south, they will hunt us down, too. Third, if Your Majesty wants to fight against foreign enemies in the South and China and provide them with food, clothing, housing and transportation, we have no other way to get the fee, but to expand the levy, which will prompt the people to revolt. Is Liu Chan really stupid or fake stupid? 1? Liu Chan is neither fatuous nor stupid. When asked if he misses Shu, if he misses his old country, I am afraid he will be beheaded. People are not vegetation, how can they have no feelings? Liu Chan lived in Shu for most of his life. Even if he is fickle, he still has some feelings for manager Shu, so he really performed a scene in front of him. People of all dynasties in China have more or less the feelings of hometown, especially China people attach great importance to family inheritance. This is done to preserve Liu's bloodline and make a comeback one day. So he chose patience, but patience does not mean incompetence. If Liu Chan replied that he missed his hometown because of a moment of anger, his fate could be imagined, and his people might be implicated. As for the demise of Shu Han, we can't put all the blame on Liu Chan alone. Zhuge Liang still bears a great responsibility for the demise of Shu Han. First of all, Zhuge Liang and later Jiang Wei sent troops to the north many times to complete the revival of the Han Dynasty, which greatly consumed troops and financial resources, causing people's hearts to split and people's grievances to boil. Secondly, Zhuge Liang chose to take tough and severe legal measures, which suppressed some contradictions and produced new ones at the same time. Finally, Zhuge Liang also seriously violated the interests of the old dignitaries in the way of dealing with the old and new classes, making the old dignitaries hate the new class. Surrender to Wei is not without benefits, at least it can save the people from a disaster. Of course, those monarchs who try their best to resist will be admired by future generations and won a world-famous reputation, but more harm will be done to the people. Therefore, Liu Chan is willing to bear the stigma of being a bad king to protect people's safety. How can you say it's a bad king?
Many people blame Zhuge Liang's monopolization of power during Liu Chan's tenure, but he ignores two problems. One is that when Liu Chan was in power, Liu Chan was in power for the longest time among all the emperors in the Three Kingdoms. Can an incompetent emperor do this? No
Second, when Liu Chan ascended the throne, he was still young. Can he accommodate Liu Bei's so many civil and military ministers? At this time, Shu was in danger, and Zhuge Liang could not let go whether he wanted to or not. But the cloud said that he wouldn't be Alibaba today, and the whole country wouldn't agree if he answered or not. Why? Alibaba went bankrupt, hundreds of thousands of people lost their jobs, and the government could do nothing. When you get to a certain position, you can't even quit if you want to.
When Wargo's army approached Chengdu, Liu Chan could do nothing at this time. Why? There are three reasons.
First, there is no strength at all. At this time, Shu has not enough troops to fight against Wei's army, what's more, Wu is going to fish in troubled waters at this time. What did Shu fight with?
Second, there is no support. At this time, I want to talk about a person, Jiaozhou. He said that the famous masters of Confucianism in the Three Kingdoms were also representatives of the capitulationists in Shu. He represents not one person, but the will of the whole Yizhou cremation. They are dissatisfied that people from Liu Bei and Jingzhou came to Yizhou to share the benefits. Because of Liu Bei's military strength, they dare not go too far. At this point, Shu is about to die. What are they afraid of?
Third, Shu has rotted to the bone at this time. The population of the whole country is 980,000. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Shu County had a population of only one million. Where have so many people gone? The gentry annexed the land and concealed the population, but the court could do nothing.
In 263 AD, Wei Jun cut Shu and invaded Hanzhong, and sent Zhang Yi, Liao Hua and others to the rescue, but it was too late. Jiang Wei blocked Zhong Hui's army in Jiange. Unexpectedly, Wargo sneaked into Mianzhu from Jinggu Road and defeated Zhuge Zhan. Egged on by Qiao Zhou, Liu Chan surrendered to Wei Jun and tried to restore the country with the help of Zhong Hui. However, when the plan leaked out, Jiang Wei, Wargo and Zhong Hui were all killed and Shu died.
At that time, Wargo sneaked into the level tone, bringing only a Wei Jun with less than 10,000 people. When crossing the Mage Mountain, he wrapped himself in felt and rolled down the hillside, which has fallen by nearly half. In addition, he didn't bring the trench and food, so he couldn't support the long-term battle.
There are 100,000 Shu troops and more than 10,000 Chengdu defenders. It stands to reason that they can stick to or temporarily escape from Chengdu and restore the country in the future. According to the actual ruler of Wei at that time, "Shu has been disturbing the border for many years. After all these years, a small country has long been weak. Now it is easy for the army to conquer Shu. Everyone says you can't cut Shu, only Zhong Hui says you can fight it. If a person is afraid of something, his wisdom and courage will all disappear, and he will be forced to go to the battlefield and only be beaten by the enemy. Zhong will be brave and resourceful, and this trip will destroy Shu. " Indeed, as said, at this stage, Shu is economically backward and politically corrupt, and basically on the verge of collapse, only the last blow is needed. Wei Jun stormed all the way, captured Hanzhong, captured Yangpingguan and moved on. The Shu army was defeated again and again, but the front was not chaotic. Its generals are Jiang Wei, Liao Hua and Zhang Yi. Contracted their defense, relying on the dangerous terrain of Jiange can't hold it. At this time, the situation in Shu is very unfavorable, but the difficulties of Shu Dao are world-famous. Jiang Wei's turtle tactics are very effective, and Zhong Hui can't do anything about frontal attack. Food and grass are in a hurry, meaning to retreat. Unexpectedly, Wargo offered a strange trick: "The enemy has been hit by our army many times, and now it has no fighting capacity. Withdrawing troops at this time will give up all previous efforts. " He led his men, set out to Yin Ping Trail, climbed mountains and mountains in the barren valley, cut a road in the mountains, bypassed the steep Jiange and reached the rear of the Shu army. After winning Jiangyou City in one fell swoop, he defeated Shu Han for the last time in Mianzhu. Zhuge Liang's son, Zhuge Zhan, died in battle, and the Shu people were defeated. Wei Jun matches Chengdu, the home of Shu people. This expenditure is the army behind the Shu army now, which completely destroyed the psychological defense of Shu people. Shu and Han soldiers and civilians have no fighting spirit, and Chengdu is full of surprises every day. All the people have gone to the mountains. Liu Chan, the ruler of the late Shu and Han Dynasties, faced a choice. First, he fled to the south or went to Soochow. Second, he surrendered. Third, he burned and killed resistance until the whole army was destroyed. Why did Liu Chan surrender to Cao Wei easily? Why not run away? Minister Qiao Zhou,
I have been a teacher in Liu Chan. At this time, he stood up and spoke. He suggested surrender. Running south? That's Nahuo's territory defeated by Zhuge Liang. I was not convinced when I gave in to them. It's dangerous to find them now, so I'll run on you or kill you! Go to Soochow? I had to bow my head under the fence. Besides, Wei will annex Wu sooner or later, which is the general trend. Will it surrender again? "What's shameful about being ashamed again?" And if you really want to run, you have to make a plan long ago. Now in Enemy at the Gates, people are in chaos, and there is a great risk of accidents. Some people say, what if Wargo is unhealthy? Qiao Zhou said, "Now that Soochow is still here, Ren Wei will definitely set an example. Not only surrender, but also treat each other with courtesy. " And then patting the chest is annoying. "If Ren Wei doesn't crack your majesty's soil seal, I, Qiaozhou, will personally go to Luoyang to fight for justice!" This bookworm is full of energy. However, the previous analysis is reasonable, and everyone agrees with this opinion. Liu Chan agreed to surrender, and sent someone to deliver books to Camp Dunai. Liu Chen, his son, was the king of the North, and he was so angry that he said, "How can you surrender? It' s really the end of the mountain, and the last battle between father and son is also to live and die with the country. " Liu Chan has stopped listening to this advice. Liu Chen ran to grandpa Liu Bei's temple and cried, killed his wife and children, and then committed suicide, worthy of Liu Bei. Wargo was overjoyed when he received the surrender. He immediately wrote a letter of commendation and agreed to surrender to ensure the safety of life and property. Liu Chan led the civil and military officials, tied himself up, and carried the coffin to the military gate of Wargo. Wargo untied the rope for Liu Chan and burned the coffin. Sure enough, they were treated with courtesy and ordered their men not to plunder property, so that Chengdu people could continue to engage in their old business. According to the tradition of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Chan was a worshipped general. At this point, after 42 years of operation since Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor, the Han Shu regime has drawn a curtain and bid farewell to the historical stage. But the war in Shu is not over yet. Jiang Wei and others in front got the news that Zhuge Zhan was defeated by Wei Jun in Mianzhu, but they didn't know where Liu Chan was.
I hurried back to Chengdu. On the way, I met a special envoy from Liu Chan and received the leader: "Lay down your arms and stop resisting." As soon as the order came out, the men froze. Many people are furious with swords and stones. But the king's orders are written there and everyone must obey them. Jiang Wei told the troops to lay down their arms and surrender to Wei Jun, followed by Wei Jun. He, Yi Cheung, Liao Hua and others surrendered to Zhong Huiying. After the surrender, Zhong Hui paid a high tribute to the surrendered Shu Han, saying that Xia Houxuan, written by Jiang Wei, was a famous man of Wei and fell in love with him. Jiang Wei saw that Zhong Hui turned out to be an ambitious man, but now he has destroyed Shu Han, taken power, and has great plans to form his own family. Jiang Wei immediately seized this opportunity and urged Zhong Hui to say: "The general's assistance to Sima's family has been a detailed policy since Huainan. Now you have made great contributions to the demise of Shu and Gao Zhen. Do you want to learn from Fan Li in the Spring and Autumn Period and retire? " Zhong Hui said, "You have gone too far, I can't do it. The current situation will not be such a result. " Jiang Wei added: "Another result, General, your wisdom will do. I don't need to say more." Zhong Hui understood what Jiang Wei meant and made more friends with Jiang Wei and other old ministers in Shu Han. Jiang Wei wrote a secret letter to Liu Chan, demanding that he bear the humiliation. I, Jiang Wei, want to save the big fellow from danger, and the sun and the moon will return to darkness and see the light of day again. Earlier, Zhong Zeng seized the military power of General Zhuge Xu in the name of "fearing the enemy". This time, Zhong Hui won Wargo on the charge of "false rebellion". In this way, hundreds of thousands of armies from all walks of life in Shu are all under the command of Zhong Hui, and the intention of rebellion is even stronger. Unexpectedly, there are strong people among the strong. Si Mazhao was ready, and the client wrote a letter to Zhong Hui, saying it was to guard against Wargo. He said, "Jia Chong, the China Protection Army, has led tens of thousands of people on their way to Shu. I am in Chang' an, with 100,000 troops, and I can meet you in a few days. " Zhong will be surprised, nominally saying to prevent Wargo, but actually understand that it is aimed at himself! He immediately began to summon the generals of Wei Jun, claiming that he had a letter from Empress Wei, remembering that the soldiers had abolished Si Mazhao! This is undoubtedly a bolt from the blue. After years of painstaking efforts by Sima Yi and Sima Shi in Si Mazhao, Sima Shi's sphere of influence has been deeply rooted. All the Wei generals did not oppose Sima's psychology, but looked at each other for a while and kept silent. When Zhong met with no one to support him, he locked General Wei in the office building. Only to let the cat out of the bag, Wei Jun soldiers defected outside. The situation is getting worse. Wei Bing rushed into the office building and released his superiors. Everyone is scrambling to kill Zhong Hui. There was chaos, and there were countless casualties among soldiers and civilians. Zhong Hui, Wargo and Jiang Wei all died in the disorderly army. It was not until a few days later that Jia Chong's army arrived that the situation calmed down. Jiang Wei's last struggle also went up in smoke, and the hope of the restoration of Shu Han was dashed. Liu Chan had to report to Luoyang and bumped all the way to Luoyang. Liu Chan surrendered and the Western Jin Dynasty perished. There is nothing wrong with historians. As far as China people are concerned about the orthodox inheritance, if Shu Han is orthodox, then Cao Wei is a pseudo-government, and the Western Jin Dynasty inherited Cao Wei's world, so it is also a pseudo-government! Therefore, the elimination of Shu Han by Cao Wei, in the view of the Western Jin Dynasty, is the right way to unify the country. Chen Shou, the author of Random Thoughts, said that Liu Chan saved his life and people's lives in the Yizhou War, which was all due to Qiao Zhou. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the opposition gradually became high-profile, and its historian Sun Chuo said, "As a son of heaven, what a shame to surrender to save your life! Liu Bei corrected Cao Wei's usurpation of the Han Dynasty and was at odds with him. It is not the right way for Liu Chan to surrender to his sworn enemy against his father's wishes! " Sun Sheng, another history professor, also said: "They are fatuous. Qiao Zhou is afraid of death. They echoed each other, tied themselves up in a hurry and surrendered to the enemy. How sad it is to hand over such a strong city, and there will be helplessness for soldiers to cut stones with knives! "The reason is that the Eastern Jin Dynasty is in the south of the Yangtze River, and its status is very similar to that of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period. At this time, many people demanded the orthodoxy of Shu and Han, and Cao Wei was the enemy. How can the orthodox regime surrender to the puppet government? Therefore, Liu Chan's surrender was put forward as a negative example to educate loyalists and martyrs. Since then, whenever I feel that I am in the corner of China's orthodox regime, I will mention and criticize Liu Chan's surrender. For example, when Ding Ge was in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Daming was dressed and humiliated by shaving his head and changing clothes. Wang Fuzhi, a great scholar, was saddened and cursed Qiao Zhou: "The country is still there, and the monarch is still there. In this case, Qiao Zhou's rumors demoralized people, in fact, for Sima Zhao to win Yizhou first! Not please the people, but please Cao Wei! Qiao Zhou's sin is even heaven! " Qiao Zhou righteously scolded 1. In fact, they are all comparing the past and the present, watering the pieces in their hearts with the spirit of the ancients. In all fairness, when Wargo captured Mianzhu and Enemy at the Gates, surrender was an inevitable trend. The only difference is who said it. At the time of Liu Chan's surrender, the registered permanent residence in Yizhou was: population 940,000, army102,000, and civil servant 40,000. A total freak. The population is less than one million, but there are such a huge army and civil servants. It is conceivable that the burden of ordinary people is heavy. Qiao Zhou still objectively admitted the shortcomings of Shu Han and chose to surrender in the face of reality. When future generations use it, of course, no matter what happens, take out Qiao Zhou first and scold him. It's like sitting and chatting. In fact, the demise of Shu Han was the general trend at that time. When Liu Bei entered Chengdu, there were more than 4 million people in Sichuan, and the population of Shu was less than 1 million when it perished. After the failure of the Northern Expedition for a long time, Shu's national strength was excessively consumed, and the people and groups had long been tired of war and hoped to live a peaceful life. Liu Chan's weakness is not so much an unbearable battle as Liu Chan's stupidity. The surrender of Shu Han saved the lives of the remaining 654.38 million people in Sichuan, the lives of the Liu family and the reunification of the country.