In the first year of Jingyou (1034), 42-year-old Hu Anding began to teach Confucian classics in Suzhou. In two years, Fan Zhongyan, the magistrate of Suzhou, invited Suzhou County School and hired Hu Anding as a county school professor. In February of three years, the court ordered people to set the clock rhythm. On the recommendation of Fan Zhongyan, Hu Anding went to Kaifeng House in Jingshi to set up more elegant music and wrote "You Jing Yue Fu Memorial". At the age of 45-47, during his tenure as a professor in Suzhou, Hu Anding studied the rules in Liyan and "advocated that it should be used by all counties". In August of the first year of Kangding (1040), Song Renzong sent Fan Zhongyan to guard Yanzhou (now Yan 'an City, Shaanxi Province). At that time, Hu Anding, 48, was recommended by Fan Zhongyan as the military attache of Danzhou (now Yichuan County, Shaanxi Province), participated in the military planning of the shogunate, and wrote martial arts regulations, suggesting that the country develop martial arts to resist foreign aggression. In the first year of Li Qing (104 1), Hu Anding's father died, and he resigned as a magistrate in Mizhou (now Zhucheng, Shandong Province) and went home to attend the funeral. For two years, he served as an official in Baoning (now Jinhua, Zhejiang). In the same year, he was hired by Teng Zongliang, Huzhou Zhizhou, to preside over Huzhou State School. In four years, the imperial court set up imperial academy in Kaifeng, the capital, and sent people to Huzhou to sum up Hu Anding's teaching experience. Later, Mr. Su Hu's teaching method was ordered by imperial academy. At this time, Hu Anding was recruited as the Prince's Mansion and soon became an official in the temple. In the second year of your life (1050), in November, the court decided to set up Yayue and still invited Hu Anding to participate. He worked hard with Ruan Yi and others, and with the support of Sima Guang and Fan, it took him three years to complete it. In five years, he and Ruan Yi co-wrote a three-volume map of Emperor You Xinle. During this period, Hu Anding was appointed by the imperial court as Cheng of Guanglu Temple and imperial academy to speak directly and preside over the symposium in imperial academy. In the first year of Jiayou (1056), 64-year-old Hu Anding was promoted to Prince Zhongyun, Jinshi in Tianzhangge and Guangou Imperial College. In the past four years, although Hu Anding is old, he still insists on studying hard and teaching diligently. He not only presided over imperial academy's educational affairs, but also served as imperial academy's direct teacher. He also suggested that the emperor "serve daily to inspire him". Eventually, due to overwork, I was bedridden and it was difficult to go to court. With the approval of Emperor Injong, he returned to the East with the rank of Doctor Taichang and went to Hangzhou's eldest son Hu Kangren to recuperate. When he left, the team that saw him off was "a hundred miles long, and I am proud of it." He died soon at the age of 67 and was awarded "Zhao Wen".
1. Pay attention to the purpose of education and really cultivate talents who can "rule the world"
Hu Anding made it very clear at the beginning of the Book of Learning in Songzi County: "Those who govern the world are talented, those who become talented in the world are educated, and those who educate are learning." Starting from the political goal of "ruling the world", he revealed the internal relationship among talents, education and schools, and put forward his own unique views: First, why should we attach importance to education? Hu Anding believes that the key to governing the country well lies in talents, and talents should be cultivated through education. The second is how to run education. In his view, "learning from Confucianism" is to manage and engage in education with Confucius and Mencius; Second, popularize people's education; Third, local governors should run schools. In feudal society, the people had no right, and the internal supervision mechanism of feudal regime was nominal. The political morality and cultural quality of officials at all levels are closely related to the quality of official management and the weight of people's burden. Therefore, it is of practical significance to cultivate real talents for the long-term stability of feudal society. At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, education was not strong and customs were thin. At that time, the imperial examination system advocated flashy melody and borrowed poetry. There is a general atmosphere of "striving for profits", neglecting "education" and emphasizing "borrowing money" in society, and no schools have been established in various places. In order to cultivate truly qualified talents for governing the country, Hu Anding thinks it is necessary to establish a "diligent and pragmatic" school. This thought of "learning to be a man" was of progressive significance at that time.
2. Strive to correct social ills and adhere to the principle of practicality.
In the period of Ming Dow and Baoyuan in Song Renzong, in order to correct the phenomenon of "improper" selection of scholars, only poetry and school education thought were attached importance, and the fundamental purpose of education was to cultivate talents who were proficient in classics and applications. When Hu Anding answered Song Shenzong's question, he said, "I have heard that the way of sage is tangible, literate and useful. Your father and son, benevolence, righteousness, courtesy and joy, are unchangeable in the world and physically; It is also useful to take measures to nourish the people and return the emperor. " It is the basic moral standard of feudal society to make it clear that "body" refers to the monarch and his son, benevolence, righteousness, propriety and music; "Use" means mastering and applying this basic moral standard to govern the country. In other words, education should not only gain fame for the imperial examination, but also cultivate talents who are proficient in Confucian classics and can be used in practice. Hu Anding made great efforts and achieved success in practicing the thought of "applying the world to practice", which initiated Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty. At the same time, he infiltrated the idea of "understanding and using it" into educational reform, which became the theoretical basis of his educational reform and practice.
3. Boldly reform education and advocate subject-based teaching.
In order to carry out the educational thought of "understanding and using", Hu Anding first established a fasting teaching system in the educational history of China. He set up "Erzhai" to teach according to students' abilities, interests and aspirations. Jingyi mainly studies the six meridians; Governing affairs is divided into governing people, lecturing martial arts, weir water (water conservancy) and calendar calculation. Every student in the laity chooses a major subject and an additional minor subject. There is also a primary school. This bold attempt, even if students can understand the classic principles of saints, can also learn practical skills, competent for administrative, military, water conservancy and other specialized work. Practice has proved that the reform of educational content and teaching methods is very effective and successful, and a group of professionals have been trained. For example, Sun Jue and Ni, who are good at Confucian classics, Fan Chunren and Qian Gongfu, who are good at politics, Qian Zao and Teng Yuanfa, who are good at literature and art, Miao Shou and Liu Bing, who are good at military affairs, and others who are good at water conservancy.
4. Promote universal education and advocate county-run schools.
Facing the bad style of study of "ignoring education" in the early Song Dynasty, Hu Anding also used the historical comparison method to emphasize the importance of "learning from Confucianism" and "promoting learning". He said: "The prosperity of the school is nothing more than three generations, and the prosperity of the three generations is nothing more than weeks. Da Situ was excited by Liu De's six lines and six arts and taught all the people. Those who correct their differences will be punished, and those who behave differently will be banned. All the people who speak are French characters, and all the people who walk are German. " At that time, there were two kinds of official schools in Song Dynasty: one was central official school, and the other was local official school (that is, state and county school). In the fourth year of Li Qing (1044), before the first campaign to promote learning, there were very few students in the central government, most of whom were bureaucratic children. It was only in the second year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1009) that Song Zhenzong allowed Qufu to set up a school in the First Confucian Temple and was awarded the title of Tianfu Academy. This was the beginning of running schools for counties, and the rest were few and far between. Therefore, Hu Anding's loud cry that "people enlightened by floods should be employed in the county" is not only a strong appeal to local administrative officials, but also advice to the rulers of the Song Dynasty. Hu Anding advocated "setting up the urgent teaching widely" and promoting local official schools, which can not only make talents "follow", but more importantly, win the hearts of the people and maintain the feudal ruling order, so as to achieve the goal of peace and prosperity. So, in April of the fourth year of Li Qing, Song Renzong adopted Fan Zhongyan's suggestion, opened the Tianzhangge, discussed with ministers the good strategy of rejuvenating the country, and sent a letter to the whole country, asking all states and counties to set up schools. This is completely consistent with Hu Anding's thoughts of "learning benevolence, righteousness, propriety and music" and "governing the world".
5. Explore a new way of running a school, Li Yan Ordinance, and set an example.
During his twenty years of teaching in Suzhou and Shanghai, Hu Anding personally formulated a series of educational rules and regulations. For example, school work and rest regulations: generally explain the classics in the morning and repeat them 500 times after class; Explain the history in the afternoon, repeating 100 times; Explain the book in the evening and repeat it 300 times. He is not only strict with students, but also pays attention to words and deeds, stipulating the etiquette between teachers and students. He often takes the lead. In midsummer, he still sits in the class of public service all day and never slackens. On one occasion, when Ji Xu, a student, saw Juan for the first time, his head tilted slightly and he called out "straight head". This made Ji Xu get an education from it, and always warned himself not only to have dignity, but also to pay attention to his own integrity. At the same time, he is very concerned about students' lives. For example, Tao An, a student suffering from chronic diseases, gave him fatherly care. The students were very moved and said that Mr. Wang's love was like the sun in winter. In the case of clear rules and strict requirements, Hu Anding's disciples "are all obedient and elegant" and "dressed in Rong Zhi, they are often similar", and outsiders will know that they are Hu Anding's disciples at a glance. According to statistics, he has 1700 students. Hu's unique style of study and school spirit was first introduced in Jiangsu, Shanghai and other places, and then spread to imperial academy. The rules and regulations were approved by the emperor and promoted throughout the country, showing its great influence and good effect. His canon is an important document in the history of ancient education in China, which is consistent with the later "Bailudong Learning Regulations" written by Zhu.
6. Pay attention to physical education, aesthetic education and music education, and comprehensively improve students' quality.
Hu Anding emphasized that students should have a good body. He often teaches students not to study at their desks immediately after eating a full meal, which is harmful to their health. He asked students to take part in physical exercise properly and learn recreational activities such as "archery" and "pot throwing" in peacetime. On the premise of attaching importance to moral education and intellectual education, he also attached importance to music education and cultivated students' spiritual sentiment with music. For example, after all kinds of exams, he often plays songs and poems with his students in Kenshantang until late at night. Usually, Zhu Zhai often sings string songs outdoors, attracting passers-by to stop and listen. Hu Anding advocated physical education, aesthetic education and music education, which was a great pioneering work in the history of ancient education in China.
7. Advocate social practice and carry out tourism inspection activities.
Hu Anding not only attaches importance to book education in teaching, but also organizes students to go on field trips and visit famous mountains and rivers, and incorporates this activity into the curriculum to unify educational theory and practice. He believes: "If a scholar only stays in one country, he will stay in one song, which is despicable and humble. It is conducive for scholars to travel around the world and see human feelings, north and south customs, mountains and rivers. " So he personally led his disciples from Huzhou to Tongguan, Shaanxi to close the door. Looking back, the Yellow River guards Tongguan, snakes and scorpions surge, Taihua and Zhongtiao mountains are magnificent and stretch for thousands of miles. He said generously: "This can be said to be a mountain and river. The scholar can't see it! " This proves that Hu Anding opposes reading behind closed doors and advocates connecting with reality, understanding society and visiting famous mountains and rivers, so as to broaden his horizons and combine book knowledge with objective reality, which is conducive to realizing his educational goal-truly cultivating "sensible and practical" talents. At the same time, it also shows that knowledge comes from direct experience and indirect experience.
8. Imperial College implements "boarding system".
In the early Song Dynasty, it was stipulated that students in imperial academy could not stay overnight, mainly because there was the Imperial Book Pavilion on the right side of imperial academy, and fire control work was particularly important. Every midnight, all the lights and candles in the dormitory should be put out, and a "fire ban order" should be implemented. In the first year of Jiayou (1056), Hu Anding and Sun Fu presided over imperial academy. In order to let students have more time to live in a collective life, they asked the relevant departments to relax the fire ban. In case of an accident, they will be responsible. Since then, imperial academy has implemented the "boarding system". Teachers and students take turns on duty every night to urge candles to be careful. At the same time, students are required to have four holidays a month and stay at school the rest of the time. Get up and sleep every day with drums as a signal. You must ask for leave when you enter or leave the school, and you are not allowed to receive visitors or leave school at ordinary times. This boarding student system extends to qualified state and county schools, and it is still in use in today's schools, and it is becoming more and more perfect.
Throughout Hu Anding's teaching career, he did leave a rich and feasible education system and teaching experience, and made great contributions. We can not only see his dedication and dedication to self-improvement, hard struggle, taking pleasure in suffering and lifelong education, but also see his innovative courage of being diligent, seeking truth and being pragmatic, trying to correct the shortcomings of the times and being determined to reform. At the same time, we can also see his noble qualities of being indifferent to fame and fortune, worrying about the country and the people, practicing hard and teaching people tirelessly.
Hu Anding is not only a famous educator in ancient China, but also an outstanding thinker. His unique educational theory and rich social practice all stem from his profound attainments in academic thought. His academic thoughts are rich in connotation, mainly rooted in Zhouyi.
1. Advocate the philosophy of harmony between man and nature.
Yi-ology is a knowledge that pays attention to the way of heaven and man and the changing law of everything. Hu Anding's Zhouyi Kouji was collated and kept by his student Ni according to his dictation. It is characterized by a bold suspicion of classics and a new interpretation of self-reliance. According to statistics, there are more than 10 in Hu Anding's Zhouyi Kouji. In Hong Fan Kouyi, many unreasonable annotations have also been corrected. According to Song Yuanxue, Hu Anding's "Talking about Yi in Risheng Hall" has a high rhyme, a clear will and everyone is convinced. Ding quoted Hu Anding's students as saying: Hu Anding spoke directly for the nation. "The court ordered imperial academy to teach the Book of Changes every day, and the classics were listed among the students. Every time Mr. Hu quotes contemporary events, he makes it clear. There is no doubt that Hu Anding was the authority of Yi-ology in the early Song Dynasty, the pioneer and the founder of Yi-ology in the Song Dynasty. A Qing scholars all trace back to the source in the Song and Yuan Cases: "The art of prosperity is to stabilize Mount Tai first."
2. Adhere to the people-oriented idea of "ensuring people's safety"
Hu anding's way of comforting the people, seeking virtue and educating and teaching the people. He believes that no matter how capable and wise a king is, he will "advocate ignorance and make it impossible" without the assistance of a wise minister. Although he has the desire to be benevolent and love the people, he can't be benevolent in the world. So Hu Anding said, "The world is big and there are many creatures. A saint cannot rule alone. Therefore, it is necessary for a group of sages to go hand in hand with the imperial court in order to be popular. " Recruiting the world's sages can help you implement benevolent policies, help you broaden your audience, and let you do nothing. Of course, the "people" mentioned here are only the ministers of the ruling class. However, he advocated running official schools in prefectures and counties, starting with educating and cultivating local grassroots people, and striving to improve their quality. In particular, Hu Anding said in "On People-oriented" in Zhouyi Kouyi: "Don't worry about yourself, those who worry are the world, and those who are happy are the world." This is actually consistent with Fan Zhongyan's thought of "worrying about the world first, and enjoying the world later".
3. Advocate the practical thought of the unity of knowing and doing.
Hu Anding also advocates the combination of theory and practice. When he was teaching "Three Rites" (Zhou Li, Yi Li, Li Ji), because the ritual items recorded in it had long been lost and there were no intuitive teaching tools for students to observe, he made a wall chart and hung it in the lecture hall to make students intuitive and enhance their memory and understanding.