China and the Soviet Union are two big socialist countries. From the founding of New China in 1949 to the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978, the development of China basically followed the traditional socialist model, namely the Soviet Union. What is social mode? Here refers to the social political, economic and cultural system, social organization form, social development path and operating mechanism. The main feature of the Soviet model is the system with mandatory planning management as the main feature and administrative means as the main management means. First of all, summarize the development model of the Soviet Union. In my opinion, in order to analyze the root cause of China's successful breakthrough in the Soviet model, we must first clearly understand the development model of the Soviet Union. 1, economic system model. From 19 17 October Revolution to 1920, the Soviet Union implemented a wartime communist policy: (1) the whole land was nationalized, the right to use it belonged to farmers, and the state organized state-owned farms and farmers' cooperatives on state-owned land. (2) In the operational mechanism of the national economy, the state organizes product distribution to replace private enterprises, and the state purchases grain to supply cities and industrial products to supply rural areas. (3) In terms of distribution, it emphasizes the calculation supervision of the state and advocates the piecework wage system in the distribution of consumer goods. The new economic policy was implemented after the war: (1) The system of collecting surplus grain in agriculture was replaced by grain tax. (2) Free trade is allowed in circulation. (3) In industry, from complete nationalization to private ownership of some industrial enterprises and state capitalism. (4) In terms of economic management system and methods, the central and local planning committees have been established to carry out macro-control by means of law of value, money, credit and finance. (5) Guide farmers to take the road of cooperation. From Stalin to Gorbachev, the economic model of the Soviet Union is: (1) Under the policy of giving priority to the development of heavy industry, the country has realized industrialization. (2) Implementing agricultural collectivization and mechanization. (3) adopt a unified form of ownership and distribution. (4) Adopt highly planned economic operation mode. (5) A highly centralized departmental management mode with administrative means as the mainstay. During Gorbachev's period, the Soviet Union comprehensively reformed ownership relations, abolished socialist public ownership, and "nationalized and privatized" the means of production. Give up the direct participation of the state in economic activities, implement a "complete market economy" and conduct unrestricted and free competition in various forms of ownership. 2. Political system model. After the victory of the October Revolution, Lenin led Russia to establish a dictatorship of the proletariat. The Soviet Congress is the highest authority of the country, and the Central Executive Committee is the highest authority during the closing of the Soviet Congress. Representatives of the Soviet Union were directly elected, and the number of representatives of all political parties was determined by the election results. The opinions and voting rights of deputies are not restricted by political parties. However, in the actual implementation process, the political system has changed from the initial democratic ideal to a high degree of centralization; From joint governance to one-party dictatorship; The transformation from the direct management of the country by the people to the management of the country by the proletarian party on behalf of the people; Party and government cadres have changed from election system and Committee system to appointment system and term system; The power of the CPC Central Committee is centralized from the central government to the Political Bureau, the Secretariat and the General Secretary. Lenin, Stalin, Khrushchev, Brezhnev, andropov and Chernenko all tried to reform the political system, but they never changed the highly centralized situation. Gorbachev's political system reform deviated from the socialist direction and eventually led to the disintegration of the Soviet Union. 3. Ideological and cultural development model. During Lenin's period, it was proposed to carry out the Cultural Revolution and create a new civilization. Fully absorb the outstanding cultural heritage of mankind and develop cultural and educational undertakings; Improve the status of intellectuals and give full play to their role; Attach importance to ideological education and cultivate and bring up new socialist and communist people. Generally speaking, Stalin inherited Lenin's ideological and cultural development model, but cultivated personality cult. Later generations launched a critical movement around personality worship. In Gorbachev's period, the ideological and cultural construction put forward "openness" and "ideological pluralism", abandoned the socialist reform direction and embarked on the "humane and democratic socialist road", which eventually led to the overthrow of the Soviet socialist system. 4. National system model. During Lenin's period, the Soviet Union adhered to and developed the Marxist theory of national equality, emphasized its opposition to chauvinism in Great Russia, and established the Union of Soviet National Republics based on the Free National Union. During Stalin's period, with the development of the alliance centralization system, the Soviet Union actually gradually became a unitary country, and the sovereignty of the participating republics was in name only. At the same time, it cultivated great Russian nationalism. Later generations also ignored Marxism-Leninism's theory that ethnic problems will exist for a long time and misinterpreted Marxism-Leninism's theory of ethnic integration. By Gorbachev's time, many ethnic contradictions had intensified. 5. Diplomatic strategy and foreign policy model. After the establishment of the Soviet regime, the foreign strategy pursued was peaceful diplomacy and "arousing the world revolution". After World War I, imperialism stepped up its encirclement and suppression of the Soviet regime. In order to get rid of isolation, the Soviet Union put forward a foreign policy of peace. During World War II, the Soviet Union adopted a foreign policy of defense strategy and collective security, developed relations with countries that had established diplomatic relations, concluded a non-aggression treaty, and strived for collective security in Europe. After World War II, chauvinism, a great Soviet power under the bipolar pattern, expanded, put forward the principle that the Soviet Union and the United States jointly dominate the world, and adopted the policy of hegemonism and hegemony with the United States. During Gorbachev's period, "new thinking" diplomacy was put forward. 6. The construction mode of the ruling party. After the establishment of the Soviet regime, the Soviet Union implemented a multi-party cooperative political party system with * * * as the main body under the leadership of * * *. However, with the changes of political situation at home and abroad, it is difficult to reconcile the policy differences between * * * and other political parties on the treatment of peasants, wartime communist policy, peace treaty with Germany and other issues, and the political party system has changed into one-party rule. After Gorbachev came to power, he abolished the leadership position of * * * and implemented the western-style multi-party system, which eventually led to the destruction of socialist achievements and the disintegration of the alliance. Second, the main performance of China's successful breakthrough in the Soviet model is that the economic and social development after the founding of New China basically refers to the Soviet model, but not everything is copied from the Soviet model. Especially in the aspect of political system and political construction, China borrowed some experience from the Soviet model and formed a system with China characteristics. Compared with the Soviet model, there are five main differences: 1. China did not copy the Soviet model of proletarian dictatorship, but established a country of people's democratic dictatorship. The outstanding difference between the latter and the former is that the national bourgeoisie in China belongs to the people, while the Russian bourgeoisie was deprived of the right to vote after the October Revolution. 2. China did not follow the Soviet regime of the Soviet Union, but adopted the people's congress system. 3. China has formed a system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation led by * * *. The existence of democratic parties and the establishment of people's political consultative conferences at all levels are major differences between China's political system and the Soviet Union's one-party existence and one-party ruling system, and also an important manifestation that the former is superior to the latter. 4. China did not copy the form of federal state organization of the Soviet Union, but established a unitary state and practiced regional ethnic autonomy in ethnic minority areas. 5. In the aspect of economic system reform, China has always adhered to the road of Socialism with Chinese characteristics and developed the socialist market economy. Third, the main reasons why China successfully broke through the Soviet model can be seen from the following aspects. First, stick to the road of reform with China characteristics and be good at absorbing the successful experience of other countries. The development of any country has its own laws and basic requirements, and it is also a process of continuous development in practice under the constraints of economic, political and historical conditions of various countries. Based on the basic national conditions, we should actively study the general laws of development in other countries, learn from the beneficial experience of economic system transition in developed countries and other countries, and try to avoid detours as little as possible. Proceed from the reality of China, keep pace with the times, constantly explore feasible ways to combine socialism with market economy, establish an economic system and operating mechanism that meets the requirements of the development of advanced productive forces, and enhance the vitality and vitality of the socialist system. Second, constantly promote theoretical innovation and scientifically guide pioneering reform practice. China has always attached importance to theoretical innovation, especially at the critical moment of history. For example, at the end of the "Cultural Revolution", the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party proposed that "the focus of work should be shifted from class struggle to economic work". The 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly put forward the reform goal of establishing a socialist market economic system, which fundamentally lifted the shackles of the traditional planned economy theory. The Third Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee outlined the basic framework of the new system and pointed out the correct direction for the fundamental change of the economic system. The 15th and 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China continued to promote theoretical innovation, and made further creative theoretical contributions on a series of major issues, such as the strategic adjustment of the state-owned economy, the status of the non-public economy, the reform of the state-owned assets management system, and the rationalization of income distribution relations, which provided scientific theoretical basis and operational guidance for promoting continuous breakthroughs in reform practice. Third, focus on solving deep-seated institutional contradictions and pay attention to system construction and innovation. In the new stage of establishing the socialist market economic system and political system, on the one hand, it will profoundly impact the core part of the old system, on the other hand, it needs to be replaced by the new system. Therefore, we must grasp the dialectical relationship between "old" and "new", "waste" and "construction", and with greater determination and strength, from easy to difficult, constantly eliminate the deep-seated obstacles of the old system, and at the same time comprehensively strengthen the construction of various new systems. Summarize the successful experience of reform in time, upgrade it into laws and regulations, and establish and improve a new system and mechanism with stability and authority. Fourth, the overall promotion should be combined with key breakthroughs. Since the reform and opening up, the reform of state-owned enterprises, the planning system, the fiscal and taxation system, the financial system reform and the transformation of government functions have successively entered the critical stage, which requires both overall planning and coordinated promotion, as well as sizing up the situation, seizing the opportunity and realizing the key breakthrough of the reform. Practice has proved that building a strategic plan from a strategic height, focusing on the overall situation of reform, and gradual progress and major breakthroughs complement each other, can not only reduce social shocks, but also avoid long delays in major reforms. Fifth, reform and opening up promote each other and interact positively. Closing the door not only leads to economic backwardness, but also leads to the stagnation of the old system. The greater our opening to the outside world, the more we can inject new impetus into the reform. Expanding the process of opening to the outside world, especially China's accession to the WTO, has sharply revealed the deep-seated disadvantages of the planned economy, strongly impacted the backward concept, broadened the horizons of Chinese people unprecedentedly, and urged us to actively learn from all the advanced institutional civilizations created by countries around the world, so as to deepen reform and enhance the adaptability and flexibility of China's economic system in economic globalization. Sixth, correctly handle the relationship between reform, development and stability. To promote reform and opening up in a timely and orderly manner, the key is to grasp the coordination and unity of reform intensity, openness, development speed and social affordability, promote reform and development on the premise of maintaining social and political stability, respect the initiative of the masses, care about their vital interests, maintain social and political stability, form a high consensus and strong motivation to promote reform in the whole society, and strive for progress while maintaining stability. Seventh, by deepening reform and market economy, we can prevent and resolve risks and enhance the impact resistance of economic entities. With the development of market economy and open economy, the instability and uncertainty of economic operation environment will increase, and the potential risks in the economy will also increase. In the past decade, China's economy has successfully weathered the economic overheating and the Asian financial crisis, gradually easing the pressure of the recent economic cold. The important experience is to resolve financial risks by promoting the reform of planning, taxation, financial system and state-owned enterprises, and to strengthen and improve macro-control by guiding economic restructuring with market economy, so as to avoid economic ups and downs and make it enter a relatively stable and sustained growth track. The socialist model of the Soviet Union was formed under specific historical conditions. The lessons of its failure can be used for reference by China in the process of reform, so that China can break through these disadvantages in the process of development, and explore a socialist road suitable for its own development in combination with China's own situation, and keep moving forward. Therefore, China's reform is successful, because it can find its own development path, instead of sticking to the Soviet model. However, China will still encounter more opportunities and challenges in the process of continuous development in the future, and will still face the need to adapt to development through continuous reform.