The theory of formal education originated in ancient Greece and ran through the whole Middle Ages. It was formed in17th century, prevailed in18-19th century and declined in 20th century. The main representatives are Locke and Pestalozzi.

The theory of substantive education originated in ancient Greece and Rome, was suppressed in the Middle Ages, formed in18th century, flourished in19th century, and declined in the early 20th century, with Herbart and Spencer as the main representatives.