2. The dynasty before Tang Dynasty was Sui Dynasty. The demise of the Sui Dynasty was mainly due to the brutality of the rule.
Lesson 2 Emperor Taizong and the Rule of Zhenguan
In 3.6 18, Tang Dynasty was established by Li Yuan, with Chang 'an as its capital and Tang Gaozu as its name.
4. In the central institutions of the Tang Dynasty, the "three provinces" were parallel institutions that contained each other. Zhongshu province drafted the decree for the emperor, Xiamen province was responsible for the audit, and Shangshu province was responsible for the implementation of the decree. Shangshu Province has six departments responsible for specific government affairs. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, in order to raise funds for large-scale projects, the governor of Zhongshu Province first drafted an imperial edict, then submitted it to Xiamen Province for deliberation, and finally submitted it to Shangshu Province for implementation.
5. Emperor Taizong was good at employing people and coachable, while coachable only adopted opinions. Zhenguan is the title of Emperor Taizong. During the reign of Emperor Taizong, there was a scene of political clarity and economic prosperity, which was called "the rule of Zhenguan" in history.
6. When Emperor Taizong was in office, he dared to speak out. He remonstrated more than 200 times before and after, and was compared by Emperor Taizong as a mirror that can "know the gains and losses". The famous minister is Wei Zhi.
7. Emperor Taizong Li Shimin said: "The monarch, the boat is also; People, water also. Water can carry a boat or overturn it. " "Jun" refers to the emperor.
8. Emperor Taizong Li Shimin said: If there is a way, people are the main ones; If there is no way, people will abandon it, which is great. In the early days of Emperor Taizong's accession to the throne, he made great efforts and was cautious, mainly because he witnessed the demise of the Sui Dynasty.
9. On the Law of the Tang Dynasty is the earliest and complete law in China, which has had a great influence on Asian countries in history.
Lesson 3 Brilliant Prosperity
10, Wu Zetian is the only female emperor in the history of China.
1 1, Wu Zetian issued the surname record, ranking Wu as the first class, mainly to consolidate the rule.
12. During the reign of Wu Zetian, the most worthy of our affirmation was (1) vigorously developing production and (2) reusing talents. Wu Zetian played a connecting role in history. Generally speaking, society is progressive.
13, the heyday of the Tang Dynasty appeared in the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, and its early year was Kaiyuan, so the early year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was called "the prosperous time of Kaiyuan".
14. Historically, the three prosperous times of the Tang Dynasty were the "Zhenguan rule" in the period of Emperor Taizong. Wu Zetian's The Legacy of Zhenguan; Kaiyuan Shi Sheng by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty.
Lesson 4 High-spirited and enterprising social outlook
15. Agricultural tools are used in agricultural production, and tractor trailers invented in the Tang Dynasty are mainly used for irrigation. Ploughs are mainly used to turn over soil.
16, the imperial examination system in the history of China is a system of selecting officials, whose main purpose is to select officials.
17 years, the situation of "Hu and Han blended" appeared in the Tang Dynasty, where "Hu" refers to the border ethnic minorities.
18, in the ancient imperial examination system, there were "Jinshi under 50", and "less" meant young, indicating that the examination for Jinshi was the most difficult.
Lesson 5 "Family Harmony"
19. During the Tang Dynasty, the main ethnic group living in today's Mongolian plateau was Turkic, and the main ethnic group living in today's Tibet was Tubo.
20. During the period of Emperor Taizong, Princess Wencheng married to Tibet, and her husband Songzan Gambu was an outstanding politician of the Tibetan people.
2 1, "Tiankhan" is the honorific title of Tang Taizong by the ministries of northwest ethnic minorities.
Lesson 6 Openness and Communication
22. Chang 'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, has Dongcheng and Xicheng. "City" refers to the market.
23. Jian Zhen is east and Xuanzang is west. Both of them aim at promoting Buddhism. Xuanzang is the prototype of Tang Priest in The Journey to the West.
24. The neighboring country known as China is separated by a strip of water.
Lesson 7 Major Inventions and Technological Innovations
25. The words printed by block printing are engraved. The Diamond Sutra printed in 868 AD is this kind of engraving printing.
26. The invention of gunpowder is related to ancient alchemy. At that time, alchemy was somewhat similar to today's medical research, and alchemists at that time were somewhat similar to chemists today. Gunpowder is a weapon of war.
27. China first used gunpowder in the military in the Tang Dynasty. But after China invented gunpowder, it was more used in fireworks.
28. In the Sui Dynasty, Li Chun designed and built Zhao Zhouqiao. There are five caves in Zhao Zhouqiao, one big and four small. There are two small holes on each side of the big hole. The function of the four small holes is to reduce the dead weight of the bridge and enhance the flood discharge capacity.
Economic development and the shift of center of gravity to the south
29. jiaozi, which appeared in the Song Dynasty, is a currency.
30. By the Song Dynasty, the economy of the south had surpassed that of the north, and the shift of China's economic center to the south was finally completed. This is mainly because there are few wars in the South.
3 1. Song people called coal "Carboniferous".
32. During the Southern Song Dynasty, people's staple food mainly came from rice. In the Song Dynasty, there was a proverb that "Su Hu is ripe and the world is sufficient". "Su Hu" is located in Taihu Lake Basin, which shows that rice production in Taihu Lake Basin plays an important role in China.
A colorful social life.
33. The "Washe" that appeared in the Song Dynasty is a kind of entertainment place. The people who come to Washe for entertainment are mainly citizens.
In Song Dynasty, "scholar" refers to scholar.
Lesson 65438 +04 Yuan Empire Expansion Unifies the Inheritance of Multi-ethnic Countries.
35. The man who completed the great cause of Mongolia's reunification was Temujin, known as "a generation of tianjiao" and was elected Genghis Khan by Mongolian nobles.
36. The Yuan Dynasty practiced a policy of ethnic discrimination and divided the whole country into four classes.
37. During the Yuan Dynasty, Persians, Arabs, Han Chinese and Mongolians who emigrated to China formed a new nation in China, and they generally believed in Islam.
38. The most famous Yuan Dynasty in history is Beijing today.
39. The highest administrative institution in China in Yuan Dynasty was Zhongshu Province. The highest institution at the local level is the province.
Scientific and technological achievements to promote social progress
40. China is a country that invented printing, and movable type printing appeared in the Northern Song Dynasty. Compared with the previous printing technology, movable type printing can reuse the original characters, which can save costs and improve efficiency.
4 1, compass can play a role in military, life and production.
42. The invention of the compass helps to connect all parts of the world.
43. Before cotton became the main material, hemp was the main material for most people in China. Huang Daopo's contribution mainly lies in improving cotton textile technology.
Prosperous Song and Yuan culture
44. Guan Hanqing was the most famous playwright in Yuan Dynasty.
45. The main editor of Zi Tong Zhi Jian is Sima Guang. "Sword" means.
46. We know the Yuanqu of Tang poetry and Song poetry, in which "Ci" is a long and short sentence.
The autocratic rule of Ming and Qing empires
47. Zhu Yuanzhang abolished the prime minister system that had been implemented for more than 500 years, mainly to seize power.
48. In order to monitor officials and people, the Ming Dynasty set up some institutions, collectively called factory guards, which were all in the hands of eunuchs.
49. The purpose of establishing the Ministry of War in Qing Dynasty was to strengthen the power of the emperor.
50. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the ideological and cultural autocracy was strengthened, and the typical performance was to engage in literary inquisition with the aim of restraining thoughts.
Lesson 22 Science and Technology and Secular Literature
5 1. Li Shizhen's masterpiece Compendium of Materia Medica is a medical work, and Li Shizhen is a famous physician in China.
52. The Water Margin consists of many stories, but each story is basically a theme, that is, officials force the people to rebel.
53. Cao Cao is one of the characters in the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
54. Song's masterpiece "Heavenly Creations" is a scientific and technological work, and is known as the scientific and technological encyclopedia of China17th century.
2、
55. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there was a big gap between China and the West in science and technology, which was mainly due to the feudal autocracy in China, especially the cultural autocracy and closed door in the Qing Dynasty, which hindered the development of science and technology in China.
Lesson 23 From Zheng He's Sailing to Closing the World to the Outside World
56. Zheng He's seven voyages to the West took place in the Ming Dynasty.
57. The purpose of Ming Chengzu's sending Zheng He to the Western Seas was to publicize the national prestige and "take treasure" in the West Sea.
1405—— 1433 The Ming government sent Zheng He to the Western Ocean, which was a great feat in the history of world navigation. His fleet reaches as far as the east coast of Africa and the Red Sea. His ocean voyage was half a century earlier than that of Europe. Zheng He's voyage to the West should be an armored ship.
59. During Zheng He's voyage to the West, he passed through Nanyang. Many China people moved to Nanyang in history. Nanyang refers to today's Southeast Asia.
Lesson 24 Prosperity and Crisis on the Eve of Modern Times
60. The Qing Dynasty basically adopted a closed door policy in its contacts with western countries. Let China stay away from the world development trend and gradually fall behind in the world.
6 1. The closed-door policy of the Qing Dynasty meant strict restrictions on overseas trade and foreign exchanges.
62. The prosperity of Kanggan in Qing Dynasty was mainly reflected in the natural economy. Before the middle of Qing Dynasty, China was a farming society.
63. The Qing Dynasty vigorously promoted the "literary inquisition".
64. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, China mainly exported tea, porcelain and textiles.
In modern society, the constitution is the foundation of the country's survival and development. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, some progressive intellectuals in our country called for replacing "the law of one family" with "the law of the world", that is, the constitution or the law should be shared and served by every member of society.
66. In ancient China, the arrangement of scholars, peasants, industry and commerce reflected the social status of the "four people". In the Qing Dynasty, the status of businessmen improved rapidly, reflecting the progress of society.