Spiritual Entity Speaking of Descartes, he originated in France. He believes that there are two independent entities: a material entity with extensive attributes and a spiritual entity with thinking attributes. As an entity, mind exists independently of matter, just as matter exists independently of spirit, they represent a completely different world. This view of the mind as an entity different from matter is the so-called mind entity theory.
Mind is regarded as an entity different from matter, and its result directly provides a foundation for functional psychology. According to the entity of the heart, the entity of the heart is born with various functions and can be developed through training. It holds that there are various faculties in the entity of the mind, and faculties are the ability of the mind to carry out certain activities. The psychology that describes and explains the mind in this way is functional psychology.
If we believe in the theory of mental entity and functional psychology, then the knowledge we have learned has been forgotten, or most of it has been forgotten, and the value of education still exists. Because the main value of knowledge lies in being used as training materials. Although the knowledge that belongs to facts has been forgotten, it has left a more valuable learning effect than the knowledge that is only facts. As a result, education becomes a legacy after forgetting all the knowledge it has learned. Like Descartes, Leibniz is an epistemological rationalist. He believes that people have inherent ideas. All reliable, universal and inevitable knowledge can only come from reason. Feeling can't provide this kind of knowledge, feeling can only provide some special and individual examples. Therefore, Leibniz believes that the human heart is not blank at first. He used the metaphor of marble, and the heart is not a single color marble, but a grain. Because these lines can only be engraved on a statue, but not on any other statue. So in a sense, this statue can be regarded as inherent in this marble, and of course it can only be realized after processing.
"Monad theory" is the theoretical basis of Leibniz's psychological essence. He believes that the list is a dynamic objective spiritual entity and the foundation of everything. Because the list is a closed world, it moves according to its own internal laws. It has no window for the world to enter and exit, and it cannot accept the role and influence of the outside world. Therefore, psychology does not occur through the senses, nor is it the result of the action of external objects, but the expression of the inner potential thoughts of the mind itself. Because "the mind originally contains some concepts and theoretical principles", ... they are "endowed with inclination, talent, nature or potential natural ability in our hearts, rather than practical functions." From a potential state to a clear concept, psychology comes into being. It can be seen that Leibniz restored Descartes' view of nature in the form of monism.
Wolff is the successor of Leibniz's theory and the master of functional psychology. He claimed to be a student of Leibniz, but he tried to treat reality with a calmer and more empirical attitude and remove mysticism from Leibniz's monism.
Wolf advocates that there are two kinds of lists: one is the list of souls, that is, the list of souls; One is the list of substances, that is, the atoms of substances. Leibniz believes that all lists have a predetermined harmony, so any list reflects the whole world; Wolf just thinks that there is a predetermined harmony between the material list of the body and the mind. He believes that every mental state is determined by its previous mental state, not by the physical state, because the mind and things are fundamentally different. It can be seen that Wolff is also a rationalist in epistemology. He didn't agree with Locke's empiricism, and he didn't think that the human heart was blank at first. At the same time, he does not agree with Lenovo's view that people are passive. He argues that the human heart is active.
Wolff systematized modern functional psychology. But Wolff's functional psychology only gives a name to a psychological process. For example, the recall process is called recall ability, the reasoning process is called reasoning ability, and so on. He didn't make a scientific analysis of these processes. He divided mental faculties into cognitive faculties and desire faculties.
Titons, one of the German enlightenment scholars, belongs to the Leibniz-Wolff school. On the basis of Wolff's functional psychology, he founded the trinity of mental functions: understanding, emotion and will, which is often called the trinity later.
Although before Teton, Montel had thought that people's psychological functions included feelings in addition to cognition and will, Teton's contribution was to clearly distinguish feelings from feelings. In his view, feeling is only a representation of external things, and emotion is the change of feeling itself. Emotions cannot occur independently, but are attached to feelings or other psychological processes. Titons divided human mental abilities into three types: understanding, will and emotion. Thus, the third division of psychological function began.
Mendelssohn and Tetons' trisection of mental function has not been noticed by people, and it is Kant who really makes the trisection of mental function popular all over the world.
Kant was deeply influenced by Leibniz-Wolff School, and inherited Titon's thought of psychological function trisection. He believes that these three feelings are not derived from any other feelings. However, Kant's writings on this view have not attracted people's attention. The popularity of the dichotomy of psychological function is mainly due to his three philosophical works: Critique of Pure Reason, which mainly focuses on cognition and is equivalent to cognitive activities; Critique of Judgment mainly focuses on aesthetic feeling and belongs to emotion. Criticism of practical reason mainly focuses on ethics, and it is a will activity. Some scholars believe that these three books not only constitute the system of Kant's critical philosophy, but also constitute his psychological system. With the passage of time, this kind of functional psychology and its emphasis on the basic way of psychological function have been more fully expounded in the works of Emmanuel Kant, one of the greatest figures in the history of thought. "He affirmed the viewpoint of subdividing psychological activities into three major items: cognition, emotion and will." It is precisely because of Kant's position and influence in academic circles that by the end of 18, the recognized functions were summarized as knowledge, emotion and meaning.
The determination of functional psychology provides a theoretical basis for formal training theory. Although functional psychology itself had no scientific basis, it was still a fashionable theory at that time. The early germination of formal education theory, under the "climatic conditions" after the European Renaissance, coupled with the theoretical basis provided by functional psychology, has gradually become an influential educational trend of thought.