Three schools of psychology
If you study any school, you must know the classical school very well, because what follows is the previous branch or derivative, so that you can stand up. (Shaolin Wudang Emei)?
First, behaviorism?
Behaviorism was founded by Watson and developed by Skinner, Bandura and tolman. ?
(1) Pioneers: Thorndike and Pavlov (Nobel Prize in Physiology)
1, Thorndike was guided and influenced by James (James laid the basic ideological foundation of functionalism psychology). Trial and error says that by trying, there will be fewer and fewer mistakes, and more attempts in action will be more influential. Pay attention to practice! Is the founder of educational psychology.
Establish three learning rules: ① preview rate, preview, preview and psychological construction. With psychological preparation, you will do better and adapt better and faster. 2 practice the law, you can master it more with more practice, your ability is developed, and you feel like you are soaking up. ③ Effect method (positive reinforcement, but not too much).
2. Pavlov, 1904 won the Nobel Prize for the physiological research of digestive gland.
(2) Classical conditioned reflex
1, Pavlov,
Classical conditioning: Pavlov experimented with dogs, ringing the bell before feeding the dog every time, establishing the connection between ringing the bell and feeding, so that the dog can secrete saliva even without feeding. Aversion therapy applies the classical principles of conditioned reflex, such as abstinence, taking emetic before drinking, drinking is related to vomiting, and vomiting occurs after drinking, resulting in conditioned reflex.
Generalization, differentiation, excitement and inhibition
① Summary: react to one thing from the beginning, and then react to other things at the end. For example, from hating deskmates to hating all classmates, teachers and schools. ?
Differentiation: from all lines to only one line. For example, a few months old child can be held by anyone, but only by his mother.
Excitement inhibition: Nervous system problems are caused by the frequent occurrence of excitement and inhibition, so it is very important to keep a calm mind. For example, telling you that you won the 1 100 million prize, being excited, telling you that it is false, being restrained, and repeating such words will make you nervous. So is the body. If you alternate between cold and hot, you will catch a cold.
2. Watson
Created behaviorism. Stimulation-response theory, environmental determinism. I give you a stimulus, and you react, completely denying people's subjective initiative. For example, children don't cry, so as to train children to fall asleep independently, so-called delayed satisfaction and so on. These views were rejected 65,438+000 years ago, and children need more love, attention, hugs and caresses. Otherwise, there will be many "sequelae". The sooner, the deeper. Look big at three years old and always look big at seven years old. There is always a deep truth! ?
Watson (the originator of modern advertising psychology, 1930, with an annual salary of $70,000) inherited Thorndike's research method. Gossip about Watson's experience, environmental determinism. Guard the border. Know what you want to expect. ?
(3) Operational conditioning?
Operational conditioned reflex r-s, what's the reaction, give stimulation. (groping for yourself)
Skinner (mouse) Skinner box: There is a button in the box. The hungry mouse ran around in it and accidentally touched the button, and the food fell down. Slowly and occasionally, more and more rewards will be given, and it will know the function of the button. I found this myself. Skinner believes that most behaviors are operant conditioned reflex and the result of reinforcement. Creatures have more subjective initiative. We can get what we want by doing this, and we can continue to do this. (Effective continuation, ineffective change) But in parenting education, continuation is always ineffective, such as nagging, repeated denial, for example, not listening after 800 times. . In fact, it is strengthening the negative and strengthening the problem.
Skinner proposed to strengthen punishment and return.
(1) reinforcement (in order to increase behavior), positive reinforcement (give what you want), negative reinforcement (well done, get rid of what you don't want, don't want);
2 punish (in order to reduce behavior) for not doing well (giving what you don't want); If you don't do well, get rid of the reward. Life can be punished, but it needs to be discussed in advance. More reinforcement, especially positive reinforcement, may be better than punishment because you will pay more attention to things. If it goes too far, of course, it should be punished moderately.
③ Gradually disappear. Ignore what you don't want. For example, children bite their fingers, wet their pants, picky eaters and many other behaviors. , will soon be in the past, if they are not responsible for him. Attention is reinforcement, and worry is curse. If you don't pay attention to it, it will gradually disappear. Parents will be busy and have less leisure time to stare at their children. On the contrary, children may get better. Pay attention to what you want to do and what to do. Many problems are caused by paying too much attention to reinforcement?
(4) New behaviorism:
1, tolman put forward the intermediate variable, and any change is related to many factors. So don't give guidance and advice quickly in consultation, but learn more about their situation.
2. Bandura put forward the theory of social learning, and people grow up in social activities. The extreme of education is the influence of behavior. People learn in society through interaction with society.
Interaction, people affect the environment, and the environment affects people.
Self-adjustment: Everyone can adjust themselves subjectively.
Set an example by yourself, be a good example, be respected and appreciated enough, and don't just make sense in words, but act is the most important. Self-cultivation is a never-ending subject.
Observe and learn: you don't have to feel it yourself, you can learn by observing others. As a consultant, I listen to other people's stories and learn from them in the process of consultation.
Watson's little Robert experiment. This is a very famous experiment in the history of psychology, which is also controversial. ?
Second, psychoanalysis.
Founder Freud. The greatest figure in the history of psychology. Jews. Maslow and de Chazel were Jews, too. Jews are a nation that is good at learning. ?
1, psychological structure theory: consciousness, pre-consciousness, subconscious, iceberg theory.
Consciousness is the part we can realize; A slip of the tongue, a slip of the pen, and talking in a dream are all at work by the subconscious. If the subconscious is realized, it is not subconscious. Pre-consciousness can think through thinking.
Psychoanalysis is a kind of deep psychology, which acts on the subconscious level and helps the parties. Invented some methods, such as analyzing dreams, which are the broad road to the subconscious. Painting, sand table, hypnosis and so on are all done at the subconscious level. Free association is a common working method in psychoanalysis; Jung and Adler were both students of Freud, but they both left him.
Jung, analytical psychology; Adler, individual psychology. ? 2. Personality structure theory, ID, ego and superego.
Id, instinctive me, is very powerful and libido. You need this ID to survive. Id follows the principle of happiness. Eating, drinking and sleeping are all for pleasure.
Superego (moral ego, conscience ego) follows moral principles. The superego controls the id.
Self follows the principle of reality and plays a regulating role between superego and id. Self-regulation is not good, superego and self-contradiction are irreconcilable, and neurosis occurs. Teacher Liu seems to be talking about stand-up comedy. ? Landing is easy to understand. ?
3. Sexual psychological development stage (fixation).
① Appetite period 0- 1 year: it is safe to eat. If you are not taken good care of, there will be problems. Smoking addiction, alcohol addiction, gluttony, nagging and strong desire to express may all be that the appetite period is not satisfied.
② Anal desire period 1-3 years old: I hope I can control my own urine and make myself feel more in control and accomplishment in this world. At this time, parents' requirements are too strict, and anal period is easy. Parents timely let him have self-control;
③ Genital period, 3-5, 6 years old: Have a good impression on genitals, be interested in heterosexuality, treat it peacefully, and don't overreact. Overreaction is harm, and improper coping style is a problem;
(4) incubation period, 5,6-11,2 years old: sexual incubation period, mostly playing with the same sex, and male students began to bully female students to attract attention;
⑤ Growth period, after 12 years old: interested in heterosexuality, from adolescence to adulthood.
Adults should pay due attention at the corresponding age and never strengthen it. Give them enough space and let go moderately, so that he will have a more perfect personality. Otherwise, you will become a mother-in-law and a moderately let-go mother-in-law when raising. Not too thin. The problem itself is not the problem, but the overreaction is the problem.
4, the principle of treatment: ① neutrality, which is valued by almost every school. (2) Moderate, don't talk about yourself, don't do too much self-exposure.
(3) Be anonymous, hide yourself, a whiteboard and a mirror, avoid projection and empathy, and provide an ideal environment. In psychoanalytic analysis, counselors rarely speak, which is a test for counselors. Holding your breath is the hardest thing. Difficult (the traditional school seems to be more indifferent) (the role played, connected with the subconscious, is more self-associative, and changes usually occur).
5. The goal of treatment is to reorganize the unconscious and basic personality through free association and explanation. For example, a visitor washes his right hand many times a day, and I don't know why, through psychoanalysis. When my neighbor was having lunch when I was a child, my uncle touched her right hand in a wretched way. Later, I forgot because I was young. When I grew up, on the bus, the wretched man touched my right hand, and this subconscious was activated and forced to wash my right hand. This is to understand the subconscious through psychoanalysis.
Psychoanalysis may take a long time, years or decades. A famous consultant once said that one of his visitors told him that if you want to end the consultation, please tell me five years in advance. ?
6. Common psychological defense mechanisms. Defense is a kind of self-protection.
(1) Depression: The boss quarrels with you, but you hold back the fire and don't vent. ?
2 identification: identify with the views of people with higher status. Stars and experts are right.
Reaction: obviously stingy and deliberately generous. Clearly like, but deliberately show disgust, deliberately pick on the people you like. What's missing and what's hidden.
(4) Empathy: (Anti-communism refers to the intervention of consultants). Positive empathy (good mood) and negative empathy (bad mood); Visitors convey their feelings about someone in their life to the counselor. For example, I think the counselor is as kind and understanding as my ex-boyfriend. Psychoanalysis believes that empathy means the real beginning of counseling. ⑤ Projection: He thinks so himself, but thinks that others are thinking too; I thought you thought. For example, a man and a woman look at each other. The woman asked what you were thinking, and the man said that you were thinking the same thing. The woman slapped the man and called him a rascal! This is a projection. Projection is to think what you think is what others think. For example, the story of Su Dongpo and Fo Yin.
6 replacement is called transfer. If you are quarreled by the boss, you will suppress yourself, go home and quarrel with your wife and children, and kick the cat effect; Hold it, hold it, and if you hold it for a long time, there will be problems; ?
7 Rationalization: Let yourself accept and comfort yourself. For example, on the bus, you are really tired. For an elderly person, you can find an acceptable excuse for yourself, for example, I am too tired today, he is not old enough and not healthy enough.
8 emotional isolation: a bit like negation. The mood didn't show. For example, when a child dies, he still feeds the child as before, not to escape, not to realize that he dare not admit it, but to be drugged and have no emotional reaction.
9 Return: I am an adult, but I act like a child. For example, an adult loses his wallet and sits on the ground crying like a child. Regression is a psychoanalytic term, and emotional breakdown is a description of the state.
Attending sublimation, turn bad behavior into socially useful behavior. I like fighting, fighting bravely, or practicing boxing, competing, winning trophies and so on.
Third, humanism. Maslow and Rogers
Maslow: hierarchy of needs theory (physiology, safety, belonging and love, respect, self-realization)
Rogers: Visitor-centered Therapy
The conditions of treatment: ① sincerity and consistency, ② unconditional active concern, ③ empathy and understanding. It's very important, it's hard to achieve, it's not done well, and it can't be done, which means it's not done enough. One small step, keep practicing!
Humanism theory has a strong influence. The principles of postmodern psychotherapy are basically influenced by Rogers' therapeutic theory.