Rudolf Schaefer explained why he wrote this book in the first sentence of the preface. Reading any book, the preface is not to be missed. It is a way to help us get close to the author and his works quickly, and let us know more about what we want to know and what the author wants to express.

I started reading this book because my friend recommended it. I bought it and turned it over a few pages, then I was shelved and "ate ash" on the bookshelf. This wait is a few years. Advanced classes don't read together, they just flip through it forever, and they don't read it carefully again and again like this.

Let's analyze the contents of the book by reading Three Questions of Heartbeat that we just learned from Li Di.

Why study child psychology?

Subjectively, I want to know children, know them, know what they are thinking, what they are confused about and how to say it. How? How to treat them properly?

Objectively speaking, we are all children, we may all be or will be their parents, or we are their teachers and need to face their children every day. Therefore, to explore and understand children, we can start from ourselves, from our own children, and even from anyone else we want to know and pay attention to.

What does this book say about children's psychology?

This is a young and important subject. What are the main answers in the first two chapters? The problem involves research methods, research purposes and research contents, and also combs the history of children's view.

Then the third chapter combs this special group of children from the perspectives of genetics, gene science and brain science. A little life was born. The first nine months were like a nuclear fusion, the most comprehensive species evolution since the Cambrian explosion. After reading this chapter, we can recall that little agitation emotionally, and the author makes us understand from a rational and objective point of view that the methods and means of exploring and perceiving babies are more and more reliable and accurate with the progress of technology.

In the fourth chapter, we get the core of this book-building relationships. From the moment of birth, a baby is constantly establishing various relationships, from the relationship with parents, brothers and sisters, teachers and classmates, lovers and children, to the relationship with every grass and tree and even the world ... In my opinion, a core purpose of children's psychological inquiry is to explore the influence of children's physical development, language, emotional development and experience on their effective relationship.

The fifth chapter begins with "Children mainly learn emotions from various relationship situations". It clearly confirms this point, and among them, what children should learn in their emotions, not to mention-"being aware of their emotional state", and handling their own relationships well; To control the external exposure of emotions, we should pay attention to the influence of emotional expression on others and handle the relationship between ourselves and others; "Seeing other people's emotions" and discovering the understanding of social rules are helpful to mediate other people's emotions and deal with their own relationship with the world.

From the beginning of understanding the concept of emotion, children have experienced the gradual complexity and socialization of emotional thinking, and have empathy for people and things, so they can put themselves in others' shoes. Socialized emotional development first needs to understand and obtain the basic rules of expressing emotions, and most of these rules are perceived from parents, elders and closest people. Under the influence of different parents, children will show three different attachment patterns-safety, avoidance and resistance. Children's emotional expression often reflects parents' emotional expression. In this way, is it important for parents and teachers to know how to express themselves and how to handle their emotions?

Pi Lao Piaget, who is inseparable from children's psychology and philosophy, finally appeared in BLACKPINK in the sixth chapter. Piaget published his first biological paper "Observation on an Albino Bird" at the age of 1 1, which shows that young people have great potential. As a teenager, he became fascinated by cognitive theory. It is enough to fully satisfy the child's curiosity and desire, and it is exciting to let him stick to what he loves. He was prolific all his life and wrote more than 50 books. He and Binet.Alfred. Alfred, the "master of scale", pays attention to standardization and different results, and he pays more attention to how the results are obtained.

According to Piaget, children are a special group. They are different from adults, and their cognition of the world mostly depends on the influence of adults around them. In order to shape their personality and other adults' interpretations of many issues, it is necessary to create an environment for them to understand the world and start from their perspective. There is a line describing my mother in Forrest Gump, which says, "My mother can always explain the world to me in words I can understand." The first half of this sentence is well known: "Life is a box? Chocolate … "Piaget's cognitive development theory has many revisions and criticisms. One is that he is overly pessimistic about the development of young children, and the other is that he is biased against the age of the stage. However, it should not be ignored that he constructed the framework and content of children's cognitive development, so that the latecomers could correct and criticize it.

Many of Lao Pi's theories have been memorized, but there are still many new discoveries after careful investigation. Compared with previous researchers, he tends to be more rational and pays attention to the faithful record of the real situation, which brings more research to his theory. So later, like Matthews and Gopnik, they clamored for criticism and correction, which led to jitters. Of course, they have to be the most authoritative to challenge ~

Say something practical: if we only know the schema, adaptation and assimilation, balance and imbalance in Piaget's cognitive theory, it seems that we have a little knowledge; Comrade Rudolph carefully combed and summarized the basic characteristics of his theory for readers' reference and thinking:

Piaget thinks

1. Intelligence begins with the most basic and innate reflex action pattern (so the question is coming, how is this action pattern formed? Ok, don't digress);

2. Knowledge is constructed through the interaction between children and the environment (the famous "constructivism");

3. The development of intelligence can be regarded as a more accurate and complicated adjustment process to the environment. Balance the whole process of cognition through adaptation and assimilation;

Piaget emphasized that the cognitive process can only occur when the "new situation" of cognition is not much different from the situation that children are already familiar with.

Treat Lao Pi's theory dialectically;

First of all, it is a far-reaching and significant theory in the theory of children's development, and it still has strong guiding significance until now. It emphasizes that there are essential differences between children and adults, that children's self-participation and exploration should be fully respected in teaching methods, and that educators must provide practical tools for children in exploratory learning.

Secondly, he made a detailed record of children's ability development at different stages, and observed various representations of children when dealing with real problems, providing valuable first-hand resources for the latecomers.

However, he underestimated the ability of children to deal with real problems, and his emotional development also thought that their development was more backward, which was criticized and revised in later research. In fact: social background; Understand and sympathize with the intentions of adults; Steps taken and measurement methods, these conditions will affect children's future development.

Chapter 7 Children are Apprentices: Vygotsky's theory of social cognitive development-Vygotsky and Piaget lived in the same period, one in Sweden and the other in Russia. They all agree that children's development is inseparable from the interaction with the external environment, but Piaget's first son pays more attention to the role of individuals, toys and tools, while Piaget's first son pays more attention to the influence of social factors.

For the first time, I learned that Vygotsky actually died young. Many theories have been supplemented and improved, but some latecomers have expanded and extended (is it just the opposite of Piaget, huh, why? Vygotsky's theory put forward the theory of "zone of proximal development", which was extended by Barbara Rogoff and put forward the concept of "guided participation", which more accurately described how the process of "zone of proximal development" was presented, highlighted the role of adults or coaches in teaching, and made children present the "apprentice" described by Vygotsky. Another David Wood further put forward the concept of scaffolding. Wood also clearly defined the participation of scaffolding in children's learning process. Therefore, the teaching process is regarded as a process that adults need to pay close attention to children's learning and help them in time, and teaching activities are regarded as a cooperative activity, in which common development appears in the advocated group discussion learning model.

Chapter 8 regards children as information processors-the author expounds how children deal with information, the basic characteristics and elements of information. Two aspects: First, it is clear that the processing of information by computer is used to simulate the processing of information by human brain, and it is analyzed and expounded from the perspective of software and hardware. The difference is that the human brain processes information much faster than the computer, so this analogy makes people feel extremely scared ... Second, the development of thinking. One of the most obvious signs of the development of thinking process is language. What Rudolph seems to express is that children will use language in turn to construct their thinking in the process of developing their thinking. Aha, constructivism is too toxic, haha.

It summarizes the symbolic expressions that children use to express themselves: language, games and painting.

1. Representation is a tool accompanying children's thinking development;

2. We can recall and expect with the help of appearances, and it is this difference that makes Homo sapiens defeat Neanderthals;

3. Language is the abstraction of representation object and an important symbol of children's mature thinking;

4. Flexibility of performance: let children have all kinds of imagination and creativity;

5. Express consistency as shareable and private: for example, you can collect royalties or keep a diary.

Children's view of life and death is a single concept in Piaget's argumentation hypothesis, but later scholars subdivide these concepts into sub-concepts such as growth, reproduction, autonomous movement, heredity and development and change. Script construction explains why children aged 3-4 like repetition, and also explains our natural aversion to the uncertainty of life-"making life predictable and reassuring." The autobiographical memory section mentioned language interaction. I am glad that my children and I can discuss it gradually in reading. The sooner you form good habits, the better.

Speaking of the ninth chapter-language development, the language part is particularly important for children's all-round development. In fact, the author mentioned the use of children's language more than once in the last chapter, but a single chapter as a whole is enough to illustrate its irreplaceable importance to childhood. The author thinks that language has three main functions: symbols for communication; An important tool for thinking development; It plays a regulatory role in self-behavior and emotion.

Good language influence will bring good feelings. The importance of naming is extended here. Everyone's name is a language symbol, which seems to represent a totem of value. Looking at Spirited Away in Miyazaki Hayao, I can't help crying every time I see Xiao Bailong say that I think of his name. His name is a kind of self-identity and value identity, and Xiao Bailong forgot his name. How lost and confused it is!

Piaget and Vygotsky believe that the "self-language" in children's development, that is, the period when children can talk to themselves, will now be more recognized by Vygotsky's "internalization theory" than Piaget's "withdrawal theory"!

The ninth chapter talks about the supernatural examples of early language development, which makes people feel the utilitarian problem of education from another side. There are only a few words about elves, but I am in awe of Susan Huang Fengying. Compared with a senior expert, she is just an ordinary graduate student with no so-called qualifications and experience, but she is the only one who can really concentrate on helping Genie, while others may just see the meaning behind it. If Miss Sullivan didn't really want to help little Helen, would she be as persistent as other teachers before? Education itself needs some idealism.

The last chapter discusses the themes of self-construction, gender awareness, individual identity and development sustainability. As for the influencing factors of self-development, the author emphasizes that it does not exist in isolation, but must be coordinated by the external environment; The positive cooperation of external environment, especially family, has a positive effect on the establishment of children's self-model. At the same time, children will form stereotypes about men and women from an early age, which parents need to be vigilant for a long time. Observing parents' behavior patterns, playing with toys prepared by parents and the influence of playmates will all have an impact on children's stereotype of men and women.

It can be seen that each part of the book is carried out separately, which is a big topic.

I read this book for a long time, because the content is really rich, too rich! I hope to understand the content more thoroughly. There is no need to be overly nervous. For a long time to come, we can slowly assimilate and share the contents of the book in many ways, practice it in life and teaching, and then reflect and summarize it.