Content: ● China withdraws its troops from the Korean peninsula and recognizes North Korea's "independence"; China is no longer the sovereign state of North Korea; China ceded Taiwan Province Island and all its affiliated islands, Penghu Islands and Liaodong Peninsula to Japan. ● China compensated the Japanese army for 230 million taels of silver; ● Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou in China are commercial ports; ● Allow Japanese to set up consulates and factories at China trading ports and import various machines; ● Unilateral MFN treatment; ● China shall not arrest personnel who serve the Japanese army; ● China residents in Penghu, Taiwan, sell their industries and move out of the country within two years. Those who fail to move after the deadline are regarded as Japanese subjects; ● Within two months after the ratification of the treaty, the two countries sent personnel to Taiwan to handle the handover procedures. ● Increase the number of trading ports.
1. treaty of shimonoseki has a great influence on Chinese and foreign history: (Li Hongzhang
1) From China's point of view, ① The cession of land compensation and the loss of sovereignty facilitated the large-scale export of capital by foreign powers to China, which set off a wave of carve-up, marking a new stage of foreign powers' aggression against China and greatly deepening the semi-colonization of China. China's international status has fallen sharply. (2) The China people's movement to save the nation and survive is on the rise, the bourgeoisie has set off the Reform Movement and the Democratic Revolution Movement, and the China people's spontaneous struggle against aggression is on the rise, such as the Boxer Movement. (2) For Japan, obtaining huge reparations and strategic places such as Taiwan Province Province not only promoted the further development of domestic capitalism, but also facilitated Japan's further invasion of the Far East. (3) As far as the situation in the Far East is concerned, it has intensified the competition among imperialist powers in the Far East. The triple interference incident clearly reflects the collusion and struggle between the great powers on the issue of aggression against China. First, treaty of nanking stipulated that Hong Kong Island was ceded to Britain, and treaty of shimonoseki ceded Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan Province Province and Penghu Islands to Japan. Liaodong Peninsula was the gateway to Beiyang, overlapping with Shandong Peninsula, surrounding Bohai Sea, and Lushun Military Port was at the southern end. The cession of Liaodong Peninsula directly threatened the security of Beijing and Tianjin. Taiwan Province Province is the largest island along the coast of China, including more than 70 islands, Penghu Islands and other large and small islands. Facing Fujian across the Taiwan Province Strait, it has extremely important strategic position and economic value. Japanese occupation of Taiwan Province Province is not only a treasure house for plundering resources, but also a base for invading the southeast coastal provinces of China. Second, treaty of shimonoseki paid a bigger compensation, reaching 200 million taels of silver, and treaty of nanking paid 265.438 billion yuan, which seriously damaged China's finance and increased the burden on the people of China. The fiscal revenue of the Qing government at that time was less than 92 million a year. In order to compensate, in addition to stepping up the search for people, we have to borrow harsh "foreign debts." This huge indemnity is equivalent to more than three times Japan's annual income, of which 85% is used by the Japanese government for military expenses. Japan developed rapidly into military imperialism and became one of the main enemies of China's aggression. Third, the five trading ports opened by treaty of nanking are all in the southeast coastal areas, while treaty of shimonoseki opened Shashi, Chungking, Suzhou and Hangzhou as trading ports, which facilitated Japanese and other imperialist countries to plunder the wealth of China's richest Yangtze River basin, especially Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. Fourthly, the treaty stipulates that Japanese factories can be located at trading ports, which facilitates the export of imperialist capital to China. Since then, the imperialist powers have obtained the right to directly invest and set up factories in China, exploited cheap labor and plundered raw materials, which seriously hindered the development of China's nascent national industry. In a word, the signing of treaty of shimonoseki greatly deepened the semi-colonization of China society. Since then, imperialism has set off a frenzy to carve up China, and the national crisis in China is unprecedented. 2. The signing of treaty of shimonoseki marked the bankruptcy of the Westernization Movement, which damaged the aggressive rights and interests of Russia, Germany and France in China. Russia, Germany and France sent notes to Japan, forcing Japan to give up its occupation of Liaodong Peninsula by force. Japan was forced to agree to return Liaodong Peninsula to China, but extorted 30 million taels of silver from the Qing government in exchange. Treaty of shimonoseki is the most serious unequal treaty after treaty of nanking. The Qing government recognized Japan's control of Korea, which facilitated Japan to use Korea as a springboard to expand its power in northeast China. The cession of large areas of Taiwan Province Province and Penghu Islands forced Taiwan Province Province to be isolated from the motherland for decades, which stimulated the ambition of the great powers to carve up China. In order to pay huge reparations, the Qing government stepped up its search for the people's wealth and cream, and borrowed a lot of foreign debts, which enabled the foreign powers to further control China's finance and economy, opened up new trading ports and new inland river routes, and the imperialist aggression forces went deep into the inland of China. Foreign capitalists set up factories in China, which seriously hindered the development of national industries in China. Treaty of shimonoseki reflects the imperialist demand for capital export and world division. According to the unilateral MFN clause, European and American powers also enjoy the privileges stipulated in the treaty. Since then, the invasion of China by foreign capitalism has entered a new stage, and the degree of semi-colonization of China society has greatly deepened. The historical influence of treaty of shimonoseki is far-reaching, such as the collapse of the empire, the formation of warlords in the Republic of China and the urgent problem of Taiwan Province Province in China. Treaty of shimonoseki's terms are too harsh. As far as the Qing government is concerned, the compensation and financial losses are enormous. The military pay reached 200 million taels, together with the redemption fee of Liao country of 30 million taels and the Japanese garrison fee in Ahava of10.52 million taels, totaling 2310.52 million taels, which was equivalent to the fiscal revenue of the Qing government for three years. In addition, the Japanese army also plundered a large number of ships, weapons, machinery, food and so on. From China, worth 654.38 billion yuan. The huge compensation made the Qing government have to borrow foreign debts to cope with it, while the big powers controlled the economic lifeline of China through loans. The signing of treaty of shimonoseki is a major turning point in the modern history of China, which is like a bolt from the blue for this ancient empire. As Liang Qichao said: "The scene of China Sino-Japanese War Museum reappears."
The awakening of the 4,000-year dream began with the defeat of Taiwan Province Province in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, with compensation of 200 trillion yuan. "Political semi-colonization does not mean that the whole society is also sinking. For more than 70 years in the late Qing Dynasty, China gradually fell into the situation of being invaded and enslaved. The people of China are suffering, but their decline is mainly reflected in politics (especially government behavior), and it has not stopped imperial bureaucrats, enlightened literati and ordinary people from giving up exploring the road of China's prosperity. Their efforts have also become an inexhaustible motive force for China's social development. With the signing of treaty of shimonoseki, people will naturally think that this time, the country will be on the verge of extinction. Before 1895, most emperors, bureaucrats and gentry lived in the traditional ideological world. The wars of aggression against China launched by western capitalist powers all ended in China's failure and the signing of unequal treaties depriving countries of their rights. However, with the temporary calm of the bonfire, people inside and outside the government quickly recovered calm after a panic and quarrel. That's still Wu, singing and dancing. Serious internal and external troubles not only failed to wake up and cheer up most rulers of this sleepy and numb empire. They are narcissistic in the dream of "self-improvement and rejuvenation" and "reconciliation between China and foreign countries". 1894 The fiasco in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894 and the signing of treaty of shimonoseki, which humiliated the country, were different from the past. One is the fiasco of the war, and the terms proposed by Japan are too harsh. Furthermore, the opponent of this war is a small Japanese country that China people have always looked down upon. After the war, all walks of life felt great shock and sorrow. The fiasco ended in the unbearable shame and excitement of Emperor Guangxu. He feels that the country is in danger and it is an imminent danger. " If the law is not changed, it will be difficult for the country to be conservative. Courtiers and scholars have written articles against peace talks. 155 people, including Sunflower, a staff member of Zhao Xialin College, jointly wrote that "Japan's conditions for compensation and cession of land are' unprecedented anecdotes in five continents and unprecedented changes in three thousand years'". If the contract is signed according to this, the consequences will inevitably be that' legal persons spy on Guangdong, Britain spy on Yunnan, Russians spy on Xinjiang in the west and spy on four provinces (Fengtian, Jilin and Heilongjiang) in the east. Zhang Zhidong and Yi Shunding pointed out in their memorials that "if the treaty is ratified, not only the people of Taiwan Province Province will revolt and make trouble, but also the soldiers and civilians of all provinces will' cry bitterly and be unwilling'. In this way, the people's money will be spent, national defense will collapse, the navy will be homeless, and the army will have no sharp weapon. The country will invade, the business will resent, the external troubles will overlap, and the internal changes will appear.'' Land risks and commercial interests, military power will pay the bill, and once the gods and men will be angry.' See (Japan), Jin (Zhou), Deng (Zhou), Lai (Peng) area no longer stand cone, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong provinces, can no longer live, Haikou, the seaside, no mining, reimbursement of machinery, shipping are poor; The war cannot be arranged, and the coastal defense is poor. China's future will have nothing to do with Westernization. ""After the war, the power of the great powers further extended to China, and capital export became the main carrier and weapon of aggression. Interference in China's internal affairs and trampling on China's sovereignty are even more serious. Foreign church forces, unscrupulous missionaries and parishioners acted recklessly, endangering local areas and causing widespread resistance throughout the empire. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, struggles against foreign religions and corrupt officials broke out in various places, such as starting a prairie fire. The anti-imperialist patriotic movement of the boxer rebellion, which is dominated by the lower classes of society, also broke out vigorously. Although it ended in failure, it objectively promoted the social reform in the late Qing Dynasty and promoted the transformation from the old peasant movement to the bourgeois democratic revolution. The peasant movement in the Middle Ages could not undertake the new historical mission. 3. The specific influence of treaty of shimonoseki on China and Japan was 1, which accelerated the development of Japanese capitalism. Japan used war reparations to develop modern capitalist industries, plundered a lot of China resources, seriously hindered the development of China's national industries, and used part of it to develop education, making Japan more developed. 2. For China, on the one hand, it has caused China's international status to further sink, and it is facing a serious danger of national subjugation; On the other hand, it sounded the alarm for the people of China and promoted the national awakening. In order to pay huge reparations, the Qing government stepped up its search for the people's wealth and cream, and borrowed a lot of foreign debts, which enabled the foreign powers to further control China's finance and economy, opened up new trading ports and new inland river routes, and the imperialist aggression forces went deep into the inland of China. The signing of treaty of shimonoseki was the inevitable result of the failure of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. The failure of the Westernization Movement led by the warlords of Hunan and Huai in modern China made the people of China, especially the landlord intellectuals and the national bourgeoisie, see the essence of the highest ruling class in the Qing Dynasty, which directly led to the occurrence of the Reform Movement of 1898 led by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, and laid a powder keg for the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911.
Edit this paragraph. Li Hongzhang was assassinated.
After the failure of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the story of Li Hongzhang, the "first-class plenipotentiary" of the Qing Dynasty, who was named by the Japanese for negotiation, was assassinated on the eve of signing the treaty of shimonoseki with Japanese representatives, which was a sensational event at that time. Unfortunately, the poor and weak Qing state did not make good use of this incident. At that time, if Li Hongzhang returned to China and encouraged the foreign powers to intervene, perhaps the content of treaty of shimonoseki would not be like that later. The Qing government, bullied by the great powers and Japan, never thought that it could take advantage of the contradictions among the great powers. I'm just worried that if the negotiations are not concluded as soon as possible, Japanese troops in China will continue to create the end of the war and endanger the security of the capital. As a result, treaty of shimonoseki was signed with Japan, which pushed the Chinese nation to the abyss of extinction.
Treaty of nanking is the first unequal treaty signed between China and foreign countries in modern times. In the 22nd year of Daoguang (1842), the Qing Dynasty was defeated in the first opium war with Britain. The representative of the Qing government signed the Jiangning Treaty with Britain on the British flagship Cornwallis, also known as the Sino-British treaty of nanking.
The Sino-British treaty of nanking (also known as the Jiangning Treaty) has a 13 clause, the main content of which is: 1, which declares the end of the war. The relationship between the two countries has entered a state of peace from a state of war. 2. The Qing government opened Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports (known as "five-port trade" in history), allowed Britain to send consulates, and allowed British businessmen and their families to live freely. 3. compensation. The Qing government paid compensation of 2 1 10,000 silver dollars to Britain, including 6 million silver dollars for burning opium, 0/0.2 million silver dollars for British military expenditure, and 3 million silver dollars for repaying merchant debts. The payment will be paid in four years. If it is not paid in full and on time, it will be deemed that the interest of 5 silver dollars will be added to 100 yuan per year. 4. Cut the land. Cut Hong Kong Island to Britain. 5. Abolish the original independent trade system of the Qing government and allow British businessmen and China businessmen to trade freely. 6. The taxes paid by British businessmen for importing and exporting goods shall be agreed by both sides; China's tariff autonomy began to lose. 7. Deciding "litigation matters" between the Chinese and British people by oral agreement, "British businessmen should take care of themselves in Britain"; China's judicial sovereignty began to be violated.
Impact: 1, changes in social nature. Before the signing of the treaty, China was an economically independent country, and the self-sufficient feudal economy was dominant; After the signing of the Treaty, China's sovereignty over its territory, territorial sea and judiciary was destroyed. Taking advantage of the privilege of aggression, foreign invaders frantically dumped goods and plundered raw materials in China, gradually involved the China market in the world capitalist market, and China's self-sufficient feudal economy gradually collapsed. China began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. 2. Changes in major social contradictions. The main social contradiction, from the contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class, began to change into the contradiction between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation. After the signing of the Treaty, the people of China shouldered the dual revolutionary task of opposing foreign capitalist aggression and domestic feudal rule. China has since entered the period of the old democratic revolution.