1. College diploma: Senior Technician Certificate (BTS), University Technical Education Diploma (DUT), University Technical Education Diploma (DEUST), University General Learning Diploma (DEUG), Bachelor (including General Bachelor, Vocational Bachelor and National Tour Guide Diploma);
2. Undergraduate diploma: matrix (divided into general professional matrix, university vocational college matrix, science and technology matrix, management matrix and enterprise management computer application matrix).
3. Diploma in the third stage: in-depth research diploma (DEA), advanced professional research diploma (DESS) and doctoral degree. 1. Short-term higher education, including senior technician certificate, university technical education diploma and university technical education diploma, mainly refers to the training of university technical college (IUT) and senior technician class (BTS). The study period is two years, which is equivalent to two years after graduating from high school. It belongs to short-term higher education. University technical colleges are located in universities, and senior technician classes are usually located in high schools. This kind of education focuses on the secondary and tertiary industries, generally implements alternate teaching of school education and enterprise practice, pays attention to integrating theory with practice, and adapts to the new development in the field of science and technology. As an effective pre-job training, short-term higher education can provide students with enough scientific and cultural knowledge to meet the needs of career change, so its graduates are more welcomed by enterprises and the employment situation is better. Students who graduated from the technical college of the university obtained the Diploma of Technical Education (DUT), and students who graduated from the senior technician class obtained the Senior Technician Certificate (BTS).
2. French universities are also research-oriented comprehensive universities with a long history and complete disciplines. They are the main places for higher education and scientific research, and the basic training targets are teachers, researchers, public officials, lawyers and doctors. Anyone with a certificate of high school graduation examination or equivalent education can apply for university registration.
University education is divided into three stages. The first and second stages are equivalent to the undergraduate education stage in China, and the third stage is the postgraduate education and training stage.
The first stage is freshmen and sophomores. Students at this stage should complete the basic courses of their major and be awarded "DEUG" after passing the examination.
The second stage is the third and fourth grade of university. After the end of the third academic year, you can get a bachelor's degree (called Licence in France), which is equivalent to three years after high school. After the fourth school year, you can get the Matrise diploma, which is equivalent to the last four years of high school. In the second stage of university, students continue to study the basic knowledge in depth and master the professional knowledge at the same time. The diploma at this stage is not only a necessary condition for entering the next stage of study, but also a minimum qualification for the employment of senior professionals. According to different majors, the school has set up diplomas such as general professional matrix, career matrix, science and technology matrix, management matrix and enterprise management computer application matrix.
The third stage, namely the postgraduate education stage, is divided into the in-depth study stage (DEA) and the doctoral thesis stage. Deep learning usually lasts for one year (two years for some majors, mainly liberal arts), during which compulsory courses must be completed, seminars must be attended, and a paper must be completed. The arrangement of courses and papers varies from school to school and major. Some courses and papers are tested at the same time, and some courses are tested in the first half of the year and papers are made in the second half. After passing the thesis defense, he obtained the "Deep Learning Diploma (DEA)". Those who have obtained this diploma can apply for 2-4 years of doctoral degree registration. After the thesis is completed and the defense is passed, you will get a doctorate. The third stage of French education is the most critical stage to train future teaching and research personnel, and it is also the "pillar force" that directly participates in scientific research.
In order to continuously improve the teaching level and the employment rate of students, France has carried out many reforms in higher education, and higher education is increasingly developing towards professionalism. In addition to strengthening the content of vocational education in the first and second stages of the curriculum, a professional diploma was established in the third stage of education. Parallel to the in-depth study diploma (DEA), there is also a diploma "Advanced Professional Study Diploma (DESS)" aimed at employment. Students who have completed the second stage of study can apply for DEA registration if they want to continue their doctoral studies. For those who want to enter the job market as soon as possible, they can choose to register DESS. The study period of this diploma is generally one year. During this year, students receive professional training, pay attention to application and practice, go to enterprises for internship and write internship reports. Usually, after obtaining a DESS diploma, students can find a suitable job quickly. In recent years, France has carried out reforms, and students who have obtained DESS can also apply for doctoral degree registration.
In order to meet the social demand for higher education, some more professional diplomas have been set up, such as Master Diploma in Socioeconomic Management (MAES), Master Diploma in Science and Management (MSG) and Master Diploma in Computer Management Methods (MIAGE). These diplomas are very strict, not only requiring more class hours, but also requiring students to participate in enterprise internships. There is also a master of British and American studies (Magistère). In short, the education of these degrees is closely related to enterprises, and students can better adapt to work after graduation.
3. French "big schools", including administrative schools, engineering schools, higher business schools, etc. , is a higher education institution that trains senior engineers and technicians and other professionals, which is equivalent to five years after high school. Most "big schools" are affiliated to the Ministry of Education, other schools are affiliated to other central ministries and local governments, and higher business schools are affiliated to the leadership of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry. The professional fields of these schools are basically applied disciplines, that is, engineering, agricultural science, normal education, law, business, and management. The academic system of these schools is divided into two categories. Most of them are 2+3 systems. These schools include four famous French central schools, nine schools affiliated to ParisTech (formerly known as "Paris School of Engineers"), almost all higher business schools, and the prestigious ecolenrmalesupérieure and Ecole Polytechnic. After obtaining the certificate of high school graduation examination, students who pass the rigorous examination enter the preparatory class, which is generally located in key high schools; After two years' study, students will have to pass strict examinations of different types, and those who pass the examinations can enter relevant "big schools". "Big schools" are usually small, with between 200 and 300 students and 1000 students. Because these schools implement "elite education", the number of students enrolled is limited, and the total number of students in school is only 300,000-350,000 each year. The diploma that students get after graduation is usually labeled as xx school diploma. For example, students who graduated from HEC in Paris obtained "Diploma of Higher Business School", and students who graduated from engineering obtained "Diploma of xx School Engineer".
Another "big school" is a five-year system, such as three technical universities, the National College of Applied Science and the Political College. Among them, the University of Technology and the National College of Applied Science are actually similar to the preparatory classes in the first two years of the university, mainly providing students with high-intensity training in mathematics, physics and computer basics, and obtaining an engineer diploma five years after graduation.
Students in "big schools" can apply for DEA registration in another university at the same time in the fifth year, so that they can get both DEA and engineer diploma when they graduate.