Shen Kuo

Shen Kuo (1031-1095) was born in Qiantang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang). Outstanding scientist in northern song dynasty. He was born in a feudal bureaucratic family. In his youth, he served as the chief bookkeeper in Shuyang (now Jiangsu), vigorously repaired the Shuhe River and irrigated 700,000 mu of land. Song Renzong was a scholar in junior high school, and was appointed as Yangzhou secretariat to join the army. Because he was familiar with astronomy, he was also appointed as the head of the astronomy department, responsible for observing astronomical phenomena and revising calendars, and put forward a "twelve-qi calendar" similar to the current solar calendar. When I was in Song Shenzong, I participated in Wang Anshi's political reform movement and often went out to Beijing to inspect the implementation of the new law. I have been to Zhejiang, Hebei and other places, and I have been ordered to be an ambassador to Liaoning. Everywhere you go, pay attention to the natural scenery and customs, and make records at any time. He learned about water erosion from the topography of Yandang Mountain in Zhejiang. Judging from the remains of marine life in the rocks of Taihang Mountain, Shandong's land was originally an ocean. He is knowledgeable and has deep research on science and technology, literature, art, history and archaeology. In his later years, he settled in Runzhou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu), built Meng Xi Park, and wrote the book Meng Qian Bi Tan.

Meng Qian bi tan

Shen Kuo, the author of Meng Qian Bi Tan, is a writer who combines scientific research, social investigation, anecdotes about literature and history, and anecdotes about gossip. This book was completed at the end of 1 1. Among them, Meng Qian Bi Tan has 26 volumes, Bu Bi Tan has 3 volumes, and Continued Bi Tan has 30 volumes 1. The book is divided into stories, dialectics, music, images, personnel, government affairs, wisdom, art, calligraphy and painting, skills, utensils, magic, wonders, fallacies, ridicule, magazines and medical discussions, with a total of 17 articles and 609 articles. This is a comprehensive work. Among them, the most valuable are natural science and science and technology, with more than 200 articles, including astronomy, calendar, geography, cartography, geology, meteorology, mathematics, physics, chemistry, water conservancy, architecture, metallurgy, medicine, agriculture, animals, plants and weapons manufacturing, which are enough to reflect the scientific level of the Northern Song Dynasty.

Guo Shoujing

Guo Shoujing (1231-1316) was born in Xingtai, Shunde (now Hebei). Astronomers and water conservancy experts in Yuan Dynasty. His grandfather Guo Rong was "familiar with the Five Classics and good at calculating water conservancy". Guo Shoujing was invited to worship Liu Weishi, an expert in astronomy and geography at that time. When Guo Shoujing was 32 years old, Liu's old classmates recommended Guo Shoujing to him. Yuan Shizu summoned Guo Shoujing, and Guo Shoujing put forward six suggestions for developing water conservancy in North China. Every time he hits one, Yuan Shizu sighs, "If you are a servant, you are not a vegetarian." Immediately allowed to upgrade all rivers and canals. Soon, Guo Shoujing visited Ningxia with Zhang Wenqian, built many ancient canals, and advocated less supervision.

The early Yuan Dynasty inherited the Ming calendar of the Jin Dynasty. The errors in Daming Calendar have been remarkable. In the 13th year of Zhiyuan (1276), Yuan Shizu ordered the establishment of the Taishi Bureau led by Prince Zanshan, Wang Xun and Guo Shoujing, the governor of Jingshi, and summoned officials from the north and south to revise the new calendar. In addition, Zhang Wenqian and Zhang Yi, deputy envoys of the Government Affairs Committee, were appointed to take charge of this matter. Wang Xun is mainly responsible for the calendar itself. Guo Shoujing is mainly responsible for instruments and observation. Guo Shoujing created nearly 20 kinds of astronomical instruments, presided over large-scale measurements, and personally made many observations. After four years' efforts, the new calendar was completed and named "Calendar", which was promulgated in the eighteenth year of Zhiyuan (128 1). This year, Wang Xun died, and there were still many materials that were not finalized. It took Guo Shoujing two years to finalize it.

In his later years, Guo Shoujing turned to water conservancy work. In the spring of the twenty-seventh year of Yuan Dynasty (129 1), he led his troops to renovate the Grain River, and most of the Grain River reached Tongzhou. More than a year later, the canal was completed and named Tonghui River. In order to solve the problem of water shortage in Tonghui River, Guo Shoujing presided over the construction of Baifu Canal, which "draws Baifu spring water from Beishan (now Shenshan, Changping, Beijing), turns west to south, passes through Wengshanbo (now Kunming Lake, Beijing), enters the city from Xishuimen and flows into Jishuitan". Adequate water sources ensure that grain carriers can directly sail into the Dadu River Jishuitan, which is covered with water.

Chinese medicine has made remarkable achievements.

During the Song and Yuan Dynasties and the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the management and education modes of medicine in various countries were further strengthened and developed.

In Song Dynasty, medical management institutions and educational institutions were set up separately. The newly-built Hanlin Medical College is a management institution, and Taiyi Bureau is a medical education institution, which is different from the Tang Dynasty. In Yuan Dynasty, Yitaifang Hospital was the management institution and the Medical Promotion Department was the educational institution. Although the names are different, the way is the same.

As a national medical education institution, medical classification is one of the important symbols of the whole medical technology level and one of the important factors to promote medical development.

Medical education in the Tang Dynasty was divided into four branches: medicine, acupuncture, massage and cursing, which were obviously rough. The Song Dynasty was divided into nine families: Dafangmai family, Fengxue family, Acupuncture family, Xiaofangmai family, Ophthalmology, Obstetrics, Stomatology and Pharyngolaryngology family, Sore and Swelling family and Jinzhang family, which was more than doubled than that of the Tang Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, it was increased to thirteen families: big family pulse, geomantic omen, acupuncture, small family pulse, ophthalmology, obstetrics, stomatology, laryngology, orthopedics, onychomycosis, miscellaneous family, You Zhu and forbidden family, which was more than three times that of the Tang Dynasty.

From the Tang Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty, the development of medical branches was quite rapid. This rapid development just shows the immaturity at the beginning. However, since the Yuan Dynasty, the speed of subject division has slowed down again, indicating that the Song and Yuan Dynasties were an important period from immaturity to maturity.

The maturity and refinement of medical disciplines play an important role in promoting the specialization of medical personnel and the development of lean technology.

The more direct measure taken by the state to promote the development of medical technology is to compile medical works, mainly herbal medical books and medical prescriptions.

In terms of materia medica, the Song government compiled Kaibao Materia Medica, Jiayou Materia Medica and Illustrated Materia Medica. In addition, according to the private edition of Zheng Ben Cao at that time, it was rebuilt for three times, and then Zhao's standby materia medica of Daguan Classic and Historical Evidence, the standby materia medica of rebuilding political and historical evidence and Shaoxing's emergency book of serious historical evidence were published, which became the best herbal works before Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica in Ming Dynasty.

In the medical field, it has compiled and compiled the General Rescue Prescription of Imperial Doctors 1000, Taiping Shenghui Prescription 100, and the General Record of Health and Economy, which has become the most popular works.

The compilation of such a large-scale medical book is naturally beyond the organization of ordinary private individuals, and its role is extremely important. The compilation of medical books organized by the state has made great contributions.

In the second year of Jing You in the Northern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1035), the Collating Medical Books Bureau was set up by Song Renzong Zhao Xia Editing Institute to organize the collation and publication of important medical books. This is an important measure to ensure the publication of important medical books.

In addition, there are a series of measures to promote medical development.

For example, in the fifth year of Tiansheng in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 1027), Hanlin Medical College cast two bronze statues of Yu Xue as acupuncture teaching and examination doctors. The reputation of these two bronze men even spread to Xu Jin, so that in the second year of Emperor Gaozong Jianyan in the Song Dynasty, Xu Jin even took asking for bronze men as one of the conditions for peace talks.

Another example is that in the ninth year of Xining in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 1076), the drug sales office of Taiyi Bureau was located in Kaifeng. Then, all localities set up a harmonious agency Huimin Bureau (hereinafter referred to as Huimin Bureau or Harmonious Agency Bureau). This kind of pharmacy not only sells medicine but also sees a doctor, which is completely the embryonic form of outpatient service in modern ethnic hospitals. This is a great pioneering work, so it was still adopted in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties.

With the country's vigorous promotion of medicine, the overall situation of the whole country is extremely beneficial to the development of medicine, thus creating good favorable conditions for the development of medical science in this period.

Second, it delayed the difficult start of forensic medicine and anatomy.

Forensic examination is the first and most important step in the trial of cases with casualties.

There are records of temporary investigation of casualties in the Book of Rites and Qin bamboo slips, which is the earliest forensic budding situation in China.

Although the origin of forensic medicine is early, it took shape late. It is said that there was Xu Zhicai's Lu Mingyuan in the Northern Qi Dynasty, which was the earliest monograph on forensic medicine in China. However, this book has been lost for a short time, and its specific content is unknown, which reflects that the subject of forensic medicine has not received due attention and has not taken shape.

However, after thousands of years of vicissitudes, forensic medicine took shape, and fortunately came to the Northern Song Dynasty from the Five Dynasties.

In the Five Dynasties, Ning He and He□ and his son jointly wrote The Collection of Suspected Prisons (AD 95 1).

In the Song Dynasty, such works sprang up like mushrooms after rain, such as the anonymous Nei, Gui Jian (A.D. 1200), Tang Yinbi's Time by Gui Wanrong (A.D. 12 13) and Zhao's. In the seventh year of Chunyou (A.D. 1247), a famous forensic work "Remembering Injustice" was born.

Huaiyuan Lu, also known as Huaiyuan Collection and Songyuan Punishment Collection, was written by Song Ci, with a total of five volumes.

Song ci (1 186? ? 249), whose name is Hui Fu, was born in Jianyang, Jianning, Fujian, and was a scholar in Jiading for ten years (A.D. 12 17). Song Ci's long-term government career, especially in Guangdong, Jiangxi, Hunan and other places, has rich practical experience in forensic medicine.

There are four articles, such as "regulations", in the volume of "Remembering Injustice", which generally discusses the jurisprudence and basic methods of forensic medicine; The second volume contains "Preliminary Examination" and other articles 12, which describe the situation of various bodies and autopsy methods; Five articles, such as bone examination in three years, other things, hand and foot injuries in four years 10, and prisoners' deaths in five years, are all about the situation and causes of various casualties and the methods of corpse excavation and rescue.

Song ci has many important expositions on the importance and responsibilities of forensic doctors, especially on the responsibilities of forensic doctors, emphasizing that we must not be afraid of being dirty and tired, and "try again and again, and dare not be slow."

Song Ci pointed out that the working procedure of forensic doctors should be: after arriving at the scene, first ask the relevant personnel, then write down the location of the body, look around, and finally conduct an autopsy.

The identification of various casualties in Song Ci is very precise and accurate, and the distinction between suicide, homicide and death is very precise and accurate.

For example, with regard to hanging corpses, Song Ci pointed out that it is necessary to carefully observe the location of hanging corpses, the situation of the neck of the hanged person, and the situation of ropes. Pay attention to the height of the crane, the knot of the rope, whether there is dust on it and whether the rope has moved. If it is tied by a rope after death, there is no "purple" and "blood" on the body, only "white marks".

Others, such as drowning, burning to death, self-punishment and killing, are all elaborated in detail.

At the end of the book, there are various ways to save the dead. Such as artificial respiration, detoxification of arsenic with alum protein, etc., some of which are still in use today.

The Record of Remembering Injustice is a comprehensive forensic work, which is not only a summary of the experience of Neijing and other works, but also a summary of the experience of Song Ci. It has reached a fairly systematic and superb level, marking the formal formation of ancient forensic medicine in China.

Since its publication, Yi Yuan Lu has been a guiding work of ancient forensic medicine in China until the introduction of modern western forensic medicine. In modern times, the grievance record has been translated into Dutch, French, German, Japanese, Korean, English, Russian and other languages, and has really become a pearl in the world forensic medicine treasure house!

Closely related to the cause of forensic medicine is autopsy.

In many countries and regions in the world, autopsy is a medical work that is not surprising and plays an important role in the development of medicine. However, in ancient China, it was an invisible "forbidden area" and an insurmountable "thunder pool".

However, in the Song Dynasty, two autopsies were recorded and maps were drawn. Could it be that this "forbidden zone" and "thunder pool" was broken from now on?

The first autopsy was in the Qing Dynasty (A.D. 104 1? 048), painted by the painter Song Jing as "Ou Xifan's five internal organs".

The second time was in the Chongning period (A.D. 1 102? 106), also drawn by the painter, was collated and proofread by Dr. Yang Jie, and became a volume of Preserving the True Map.

The originals of these two pictures have not been handed down, but the atlas of Cunzhen was hired and kept by Sun Huan in the Yuan Dynasty, which can make future generations feel a little lucky.

Judging from the records at that time, the dissection was successful and the recorded contents were basically correct. Although these pictures are rough, their value is still very high, because it is the earliest existing human anatomy map in China.

But since then, human anatomy has disappeared in China. Therefore, people have to explore who the human body was dissected in the Song Dynasty.

Fortunately, there is evidence in the literature, so that future generations will not be kept in the dark forever. It was dissected for the first time, and it was clearly written in the title of the picture. The name is O 'Xifan. Who is Ossie? It turned out that he was the leader of the peasant uprising in Guangxi. After being seduced and killed by the ruler, he was cut open again (see Zheng Jingbi's Play Reading). The name of the person who was dissected for the second time is unknown, but it may also be a peasant uprising (preface to Yang Jie's "Preserving the True Map"). All recorded from China Medical Record Examination).

It can be seen that Anatomy of the Song Dynasty is really its occasional special case. Neither the "forbidden zone" nor the "thunder pool" has been broken, and everything remains the same.

But because of this, the two autopsies in Song Dynasty have special and important value in the history of traditional medicine in China.

Third, Jin and Yuan.

During this period, clinical medicine developed vigorously, and famous doctors and schools emerged one after another. During this period, the famous "Four Masters in Jin and Yuan Dynasties" reached the highest level and gained the most fame.

Liu Yu,,, and Zhu Zhenheng are also called "four masters in Jin and Yuan Dynasties". Their common characteristics are: they not only adhere to the traditional system of Neijing and Treatise on Febrile Diseases, but also innovate and form their own style.

1. Liu

Liu (AD 1 10? 200? Shouzhen, a native of Hejian, Hebei Province, is called "Six Swords".

Liu Yisheng loves medicine, unwilling to be an official, and insists on practicing medicine among the people. Because of his noble medical ethics and superb medical skills, he is deeply welcomed by the people. He has written many medical works in his life, such as Su Wen Jing Yao, Interpretation of Prescriptions, Mystery of Su Wen's Pathogenic Type, Su Wen Yi's Qi Collection to Rescue Pathogenesis, Su Wen's Medical Evidence, Records of Treatise on Febrile Diseases, Essentials of Medical Prescriptions, and San Xiao's Theory. Among them, two books, Pathogenesis of Su Wen Ji, Qi and Help, and On San Xiao, were suspected to be works in disguise by later generations.

Su Wen Jing Yao mainly discusses five movements and six qi. The primary type of Su Wen's riddle is the extension and development of "Nineteen Pathogenesis Articles" in Su Wen's theory of truth and falsehood, thus establishing his hot argument. Xuan Ming's Treatise on Prescriptions is also to explain his theory of luck. Treatise on Febrile Diseases distinguishes between cold and heat in pathogenesis, and continues to advocate the superiority of other heat.

Generally speaking, Liu developed the theory of luck, emphasizing the dialectical view of "constancy" and "variability" of luck. In the pathogenesis, he has a good understanding of the factors of fire and heat, and the treatment is mainly based on the use of cold drugs, so he is known as the "cold school".

2. Zhang Congzheng

Zhang Congzheng (1 156? 228) Zi He Zi, who claimed to be "Dai Ren", was born in Suizhou (now Lankao, Henan). Xing dingzhong (AD 12 17? In 222), he became a doctor too much, but he soon resigned and became a doctor among the people.

Zhang Congzheng's works are not many, and the only one that exists is The Scholars.

The Record of Confucian Family Affairs (volume 15) consists of 10 scattered works, which were compiled by later generations. The first three volumes are the original works of Confucianism and Zhang Congzheng. The rest are his "talking about seeking medical treatment" records of students Ma Zhiji and Chang, which were edited by Ma Zhiji and others.

Except for the first three volumes, The Scholars has 4 volumes. Volumes 6-8 of "A Hundred Treatments of Words" are ten forms and three treatments, 9 volumes are miscellaneous notes and nine doors, 10 volume is a summary, 1 1 volume is miscellaneous treatments, and 12 volume is three treatments and six doors. In addition, Bian Que Huatuo's judgment of life and death, pathogenesis, treatment of miscellaneous diseases, Mr. Hejian's San San, and finally five poems about the death of Mr. Taiyi are attached to the abstract.

His medical thought developed along Liu's train of thought. He praised the theory of "six pathogenic factors" that Liu always believed in, and attributed the main pathogenic factors of various diseases to the invasion of six pathogenic factors. In principle, the main treatment is "attacking evil", followed by nourishing, and the specific treatment methods are sweating, vomiting and purgation. He even thought that attacking was a supplement, so he got the "attacking the lower faction."

Zhang Congzheng's medical style is very distinctive, and the application of the three methods is also unique. However, his "fast break" strategy is quite controversial, so his evaluation is often mixed.

3. Colliers

Colliers (1 180? The word 25 1) is clear and round. In his later years, he was born in Zhengding, Hebei Province (now Zhengding, Hebei Province).

Gao Li was born in a wealthy village. Because his mother died of a quack, he decided to study medicine, worshipped Zhang as a teacher, and became famous above the teacher in one fell swoop.

Gao Li's medical works include Differentiation and Treatment of Internal and External Injuries, Shi Lan's Secret Collection, Spleen and Stomach Theory, Medical Invention, Law of Medication and so on.

Gao Li's medical practice is very distinctive, and his medical thoughts mainly focus on the diagnosis and treatment of spleen and stomach. He established his own theory on the basis of the traditional five elements theory that the spleen and stomach are the soil. The spleen and stomach are the mother of all things and the source of biochemistry: (1) vitality is the foundation of life, and spleen and stomach are the source of vitality; (2) The qi of the spleen and stomach must rise and fall in an orderly way, and disorder will cause disease; (3) Fire is the thief of vitality, and it is mainly used to "dispel heat by warming".

Gao Li's thought is contrary to the theory of "exogenous diseases", so he advocates that diseases should be treated from within. His tendency to pay attention to the inside not only won praise, but also attracted some criticism.

4. Zhu Zhenheng

Zhu zhenheng (AD 128 1? 358), Yan Xiu was born in Yiwu (Yiwu, Zhejiang), and his name was Danxi Weng.

Zhu Zhenheng studied literature at first, but later, because of his mother's illness and his teacher's illness, he switched to medicine. At the age of 44, he began to pass on his disciples from Liu. After finishing his studies, he further studied Neijing, Zhang Zhongjing, Zhang Congzheng, Gao Li and other theories, and participated in the Taiji theory of Yijing, and made the theories that "fire is in harmony" and "yang is more than yin", and his reputation began to spread in all directions.

Zhu Zhenheng's works include Ge Zhi Yu Lun, Fang Ju Ju Lun, Wen Bing Bian Yi, Ben Cao Bu, New Essentials of Surgery, etc. Among them, the most famous ones are Ge Zhi Yu Lun and Fang Ju Lun.

Zhu Zhenheng's most famous thoughts are the theory of "mutual fire" and the theory of "Yang flourishes while Yin declines".

The main points of the theory of "phase fire" are: (1) There are fire (heart fire) and phase fire (in liver and kidney, bladder, triple energizer, pericardium and gallbladder meridian) in people's homes. (2) Fire is active, so it can last forever. (3) the fire is the thief of vitality.

The main point of the theory of "yang is more than yin is insufficient" is that (1) both heaven and earth and human body are "yang is more than yin is insufficient". (2) Fire is easy to move, so Yin is easy to drain, so Yang is more than enough, and Yin is more insufficient.

Zhu thought is a new development of Liu fiery theory. Therefore, the medical skill emphasizes nourishing yin to reduce fire, and creates nourishing yin cream pills such as Yueju Pill, Dabuyin Pill and Qiongyu Cream, thus obtaining the name of "Ziyin School" (or "Yangyin School").