We have introduced new foreign weapons and strategic technologies and established a strong navy. Economically, Peter strongly encouraged the development of industry and commerce, allowed enterprises to buy serfs from the whole village to work in factories, and approved foreigners to set up factories in Russia. In order to encourage the introduction of western technology, he brought many western technicians into Russia and sent many young Russians to study in Eastern Europe. Politically, the purpose of the reform is to establish a complete centralized rule and strengthen work efficiency. Deprive the function of the Duma meeting of aristocratic lords and replace it with the Senate, which has 1 1 committees (actually equivalent to "ministries" in western countries) responsible for specific work; The patriarch was removed and replaced by a religious college, making the church a part of state power; Divide administrative regions and divide the whole country into 50 provinces. Peter also issued a "function table", which divided civil and military officials into 14 different grades. All officials, regardless of family background, should start from the bottom and be promoted on their own merits. On social issues, Peter also advocates westernization. He issued a decree that no one should grow a beard (although he later amended it), required court personnel to wear suits, and encouraged smoking and drinking coffee. Although many of his policies were strongly opposed at that time, they had a long-term impact: Russia, a country ruled by the aristocratic class, finally implemented western customs and culture in many aspects. It is conceivable that Peter thinks that the Russian Orthodox Church is a backward reactionary force. Peter successfully reorganized the Orthodox Church in Peter the Great's Summer Palace and gained control of it to a great extent. Peter founded a secular school in Russia to encourage the development of science. He also introduced julian calendar and modernized the Russian alphabet. During his reign, Russia founded the first newspaper. Russia's modernization and westernization have undergone large-scale reforms. Peter encouraged industrial and commercial development during his reign. Under his rule, the size of towns expanded and the number of bourgeoisie increased. In addition to all these domestic reforms, Peter also carried out foreign policy reforms, which had an important impact on the future. Under his leadership, Russia fought Turkey in the south and Sweden in the north. The first battle with Turkey was successful, and 1696 conquered the port of Azov, thus opening the road to the Black Sea for Russia to some extent. However, in the later period of his rule, Turkey gained the upper hand in the battle. 17 1 1 year was forced to return Azov port to Turkey. The whole situation of fighting with Sweden is almost the opposite of fighting with Turkey; The Russians lost the first battle, but won the final victory. 1700, Russia formed an alliance with Denmark and Saxony and went to war with Sweden, a military power at that time (Poland later declared war on Sweden). 1700, the Russian army was defeated in the battle of Narwa. After the battle, the king of Sweden turned his attention to other enemies. At the same time, Peter rebuilt the Russian army. Sweden and Russia fought again, and the Swedish army was defeated in poltava in 1707. The territories annexed by Russia through war generally include important territories near Estonia, Latvia and Finland. Although the conquered territory is not very large, it is very important because it provides Russia with an export on the Baltic Sea, thus providing a "window to Europe". Peter established a new city ── St. Petersburg (later Leningrad) on both sides of neva river, that is, on part of the land obtained by conquering Sweden. 172 1 year, he moved the capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg. Since then, St. Petersburg has become the main exchange place between Russia and Western Europe.