The reporter observed by Astier de la Vigerie of Manelli. In retrospect, the resistor was abandoned by society, or was on the edge of society, saying, "Only when it is out of tune can it be a resistor." [35] Although many people, including Dasti Ai himself, also meet this description, most members' resistance comes from the traditional background [36], and "individuals have a particularly strong consciousness and are ready to break through with family and friends" [37], which has a higher service purpose.
Inevitably, it is more or less a question of active resistance. Franois Marcot, a professor of history at Sorbonne University, stressed that this is a sensitive and similar issue. [38] He boldly estimated that 200,000 activists and another 300,000 people who resisted business actively participated. [38] Historian robert parker Stone estimated that the number of people who actively resisted "accounted for about 2% of the French adult population (about 400,000)", and he also pointed out that "there is no doubt that there are more accomplices, but even those who are willing to read underground newspapers are only about 2 million, accounting for about 65,438+00% of the adult population." [39] Anyone who is willing to take risks has any involvement. After the war, the French government officially recognized 220 thousand men and women. Gaullism theory, born in World War II, is a patriotic resistance movement of French 1940 German invasion. People of all political factions wanted to continue fighting Adolf Hitler, who rejected the armistice agreement signed by Marechal philip petain and was bounced back to General Charles de Gaulle airport. Therefore,1August 2, 940, Charles de Gaulle was sentenced to death in the absence of Vichy regime.
1940 10 From July to June, Charles de Gaulle opposed the introduction of unconstitutional, repressive and racist laws. As a defender of the main values of the Republican Party, Petain established his sincerity. Charles de Gaulle demanded that his appeal reach British territory on June 1940. Every patriot should do the same and join the Free French Army to fight, companies and allies. The Free French Army also condensed the Vichy regime that French overseas colonies fought back. His approval was legalized, its rebellious value and this connection between colonists.
Other Gaullists, those who can't join Britain (that is, the vast majority), stay in Vichy-ruled territory, with built-in network propagandists, spies and saboteurs, harassing and making things difficult for residents. Finally, under the auspices of the National Council of Resistance (CNR), all these individual and scattered resistance organizations of Jean Mullin formally contacted the irregulars throughout occupied France. Charles de Gaulle's influence in France is growing. 1942, a resistance organization called him "the only leader who could fight for France". [ 34 ]
65,438+030,000 Free French Army In the Italian campaign of 65,438+0943, when the battle landed in Normandy, the number of free French troops was about 500,000 US dollars, exceeding 654.38 million French troops and the Ministry of the Interior (FFI). The 2nd Armored Division of Free France, General Philippe Leclerc de Hautecloque, landed in Normandy. In the last days of the summer of 1944, they led the March to Paris. FFI began to harass the Germans violently in Normandy and around ile-de-france, France and Paris, cut off roads and railways, ambushed battles and fought traditional battles with allied forces.
The 2nd Armored Division of Free France landed in Normandy in the 3rd Legion of General Barton. Operation Cobra, the "breakthrough" of the allied forces, started from the beachhead position in Normandy, where it served as a link between the armies of the United States and Canada, made great progress and played an important role in the German army. The 2nd armored division, but destroyed the 9th armored division and wounded several other German units. In Normandy, the division lost 133 people, 648 people were injured and 85 people were missing. The material losses of the Ministry include 76 armored vehicles, 7 guns, 27 semi-tracked vehicles and other vehicles 133.
Participated in the liberation of Paris at the most famous moment in the history of the army. The strategic focus of the allied forces is to retreat the German troops destroyed by the Rhine. However, when Colonel Ley launched an uprising in the city under the resistance of France, De Gaulle acknowledged the help of General Eisenhower. Eisenhower agreed and went to Paris with leclerc's strength. After hard fighting, 35 tanks, self-propelled guns and 65,438+065,438+0 cars of Dietrich von Csolti of the Second Division in Paris were surrendered at the award ceremony held at the Meurice Hotel in the city. The cheerful crowd attracted the attention of France. Charles de Gaulle made a famous victory parade through the city.
De Gaulle not only continued his patriotic resistance, but also made every effort to rebuild France's independence and sovereignty. As a leader, the American and British governments are often not so popular, but they don't abrasive and quarrel generally with Charles de Gaulle, but Charles de Gaulle's France, almost universally, is recognized as the real leader of their victory. These events forced Roosevelt to finally realize that the interim government was fully installed in Charles de Gaulle, France. The Molotov-ribbentrop Treaty was signed and the French ***(PCF) announced that the government of Edward Daladier was banned after the outbreak of World War II. Many of them were arrested and sentenced to imprisonment or forced to go underground. PCF took an anti-war stance [43], [44] and [45] under the order of Moscow Comintern, and stayed there in the first year, which reflected the relationship between Germany and the Soviet Union. [46] Because many members of the party opposed cooperation with Germany, conflicts broke out within the party, while other neutral lines were instructed by Stalin in Moscow. [47] On Armistice Day,1940165438+10, * * people were college students and demonstrated against German oppression along the Champs Elysé es. [48] Only when Germany invaded the Soviet Union did France actively organize resistance efforts at 194 1. [49] [50] They benefited from the experience of covert operations during the Spanish Civil War. [43 ]
1941August 2 1 day, Colonel Pierre-George Fabian assassinated Barbaise-Roche kouyate in the Paris subway station, and committed the first public violence of communist resistance on a German officer. [44] The attack on [51] and the actions of others in the following week triggered fierce retaliation, which was finally taken after the execution of 98 hostages in Feldmandan on1October 20th. [ 52 ]
194 1 At the end of the year, the people's military strength was still relatively weak, but the rapid growth of guerrillas (FTP) such as Loers and a radical armed movement ensured that France * * * recovered its reputation as an effective anti-fascist force. [53] FTP is open and non-communist, but it operates under the control of communism. [[55] In 1944, it was estimated that the strength of FTP was 654.38+10,000 people [56].
At the end of the occupation, PCF's influence reached its peak, and according to its orders, it controlled a large area of France through the resistance forces. With the withdrawal of Germans from the country, some funds wanted to launch a revolution, [57] but the leaders acted according to Stalin's instructions, opposed the revolution, adopted the policy of cooperation and joint forces, and advocated the establishment of a new and popular former government. [ 58 ]
* * * attracted many famous intellectuals and artistic images during the war, including artist Pablo Picasso and writer and philosopher Jean Paul Sartre. [59] When Germany invaded the Soviet Union, many white people living in exile in Russia guided Russian patriotism and supported the Soviet Union's war efforts. Some of them formed the Union of Russian Patriots, took a pro-Soviet stance and cooperated closely with France. 1940 at the end of summer, Daniel Meyer was asked about Bloom's reorganization of SFIO (because Paul Foley betrayed the ruins of Vichy regime). 194 1 In March, Daniel Meyer and other socialists established the Action Socialist Committee (CAS), and Nimes was like Susanna Bisson and Felix Gu 'an. The same thing is a network created by the Calais Strait of Leba in northern Jean-Baptiste (the administration joined Belgium) before 194 1 year,1September 940.
1942, the newspaper of Le Ren, 192 1 was published in secret for 40 years. In the same year, Andre Philippe became the free France of Lucas country A L'INTERIEUR, and Felix Guan joined the Socialist Party represented by Charles de Gaulle in London. In Algeria, a left-wing resistance network has been formed. Thus, Riom's trial began with 1942, and passion and socialists grew up in resistance. CAS- Sü ddeutsche Zeitung 1943 became a secret SFIO in March.
From SFIO to Jiefang North, most of the eight major networks make up for the resistance of the National Assembly, and there is also the Brutu network. Socialists are also very important in organizing incidental civil actions such as military operations and the liberation of the south.
Resistance of socialist leaders, jeanpierre Brossolette, Gaston Di Ferre biondi, Jumok, jeanpierre Bloch, Donkey, Prigent, Guy Moller, and Christian Pi Nuo. Fran? ois Camel and Max Dormoy were assassinated by Jean-Baptiste Leba, Thivrier isidore, Amidi Noyes, Claude Jordery and Augustine Malroux, and they died when they were deported. Before the war, several organizations organized monarchism, anti-Semitism and xenophobia in France, such as the French. [6 1] Another most influential faction has the right to cross to FEU. [62] Cross -DE-FEU gradually eased, and its position became more and more popular among the elderly veterans in the first few years of the war and the First World War.
Although there are some differences on some issues of posts, these organizations unite against the parliamentary system, which leads them to participate in demonstrations, the most striking of which is the so-called riots.1934 February 6. [65] Almost at the same time, the fascist paramilitary organization La Cagoule took various actions to shake the Third Republic to continue its efforts until La Cagoule could be infiltrated and destroyed in 1937. [ 66 ]
Action French, like its founder Charles Mallasz, is famous for its "sacred surprise" of the collapse of the Republic. [67] Thousands of people welcomed Vichy regime [68] and cooperated more or less. However, the strong appeal of French nationalism urged others to resist the occupation by German troops.
After the ambiguous cooperation, in 1942, Franois de la Rocque, the former Croix DE FEU, established the Ku Klux Klan to serve the British intelligence service and provide an intelligence network. [69]George Loustaunau Lacau and Marie-Madeleine Fourcade both supported Laccagoule, and they established alliance networks, while Colonel Groussard of Vichy Secret Service established Gilbert networks. For similar nationalist motives, some French people participated in the resistance. Some prominent examples are Daniel Cordier, who became Jean Mullin's secretary, Remy, and Colonel who founded conférie Notre Dame de Paris. These groups also include Pierre de Bénouville, who led the combat team with Henri Frenay, and Jacques Renouvin, who founded a resistance organization called Shengyueju.
Sometimes other obstacles are encountered, and some operators adopt new political philosophy. Many of them are gradually moving away from their anti-Semitic prejudice and their "démocrassuuille" and "dirty democracy" (many of which are equivalent to mob rule), or simply moving away from their traditional foundation-based conservatism. Benouville and Marie Madeleine Fourcade became representatives of the French Parliament. After the war, francois mitterrand turned to the left and joined the resistance. Henry Freine developed socialism in Europe, [70] and Daniel Cordia. His family supported three generations of Mallasz, abandoned their opinions, and supported republicanism and the ideology of Jean Mullin.
The historian Jean-Pierre Azéma created a long-term Sister to describe those who initially supported the patriotic image of the revolution (mainly the foundation, not the Betancourt regime in the country), but later joined the resistance organization. Maurice Ripoche, the founder of [7 1] CEUX de la Liberació n ("liberation"), initially defended Vichy, but he soon put the liberation of France above all other goals, and in 194 1 year, he started his left-wing movement. On the contrary, many extreme resistance, such as Gabriel Jeantai and Jacques Levaduri, never gave up their tolerant attitude. Vichy regime has legal authority in the northern part of France occupied by the German Defence Forces and the southern "free zone" where Vichy, the administrative center of the regime, is located. [72] [73] Vichy voluntarily and intentionally cooperated with Nazi Germany [74] and adopted a policy of persecuting Jews, which proves that anti-Semitic legislation was passed as early as 1940+00. Law ",a Jew who is legally redefined, a non-French lower-class French Jew, was deprived of his citizenship. [75] [76] philip petain's chief of staff, "Germany is not the birthplace of anti-semitic legislation Vichy. This legislation is spontaneous and autonomous. " [77] The law confiscated property, arrested and deported to concentration camps [78] because they promised the fate of Vichy and Germany. Jewish representatives at all levels in the French resistance movement. Research shows that although Jews are only 1% of the French in France, they constitute about 15% to 20% of the resistance. [79] Many of them are Jewish exiles, such as works and writers of Hungarian artists. [ 80 ]
The Jewish Youth Movement, Eclaireurs and other Eclaireurs Israelis go to France (EEIF), which is equivalent to Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts. In other countries, at the beginning of the occupation, there were traditional values that showed support for Vichy regime, [8 1] but were banned in 1943. Its members soon formed an armed resistance force. [83] [82] A radical Zionist resistance organization, the Jewish Army, was founded in 1942, with members including Lv Xian Abraham polonsky lublin, David Knut and their wives. They continued the next symbol of Zionism until liberation finally reached armed resistance. ARMEE juive organized an escape route to the Spanish Pyrenees. They smuggled about 300 Jews into the country at 1943 and 1944 respectively. They distributed millions of dollars to relief organizations of the United States Joint Distribution Committee and French combat troops. [82] [84] 1944, EIF combined with the Jewish army to form the organized battle of Juive (OJC). OJC has 400 members from the summer of 1944. [82] They also participated in the liberation of Paris, Lyon, Toulouse, Grenoble and Nice. [85 ]
All the works of French Jewish humanitarian organization SECOURS assist ENFANTS (about children's rescue work), which is often called OSE, forged documents to protect the lives of 7 million to 9 million Jewish children, smuggled them to neutral countries, and provided them with shelter in orphanages, schools and monasteries. More information: French women's resistance
Although inequality still exists in the Third Republic, after the cultural changes in World War II, the difference between men and women allowed to be treated in France gradually narrowed. [87] Some women assumed political responsibilities as early as the 1930s. 1940, philip petain, leader of the conservative party of Vichy regime, was appointed, which weakened the failure of feminism. [88] It is urgent to establish a "women's AU Hall" or "women's home" according to the social changes in France. [89] On at least one occasion, Petain talked about the patriotic obligation of French mothers to them:
Mother of France, our motherland, you are the most arduous task and the most gratifying. You, even before the country, were really educated. Only you know how to inspire our young people to engage in all kinds of work, discipline, modesty, respect, give people personality and make the country strong. [ 90 ]
Despite opposing the cooperative system, the general sympathy of French resistance organizations and their feminism did not encourage women to participate in war and politics. Then, in the words of historian Henri NoGuyer, "the old concept of gender inequality is deeply rooted in our civilization, because it is resistance from other parts of France." [9 1] Therefore, there are far fewer women than men who resist, and on average, 1 1% members participate in formal networks and sports [92] [93] [94]. Resistance is usually limited to subordination. Lucy Aubeck, the iconic co-founder of the Resistance Movement and the Southern Liberation Movement, has never been given a specific role in the hierarchical movement. [94] Helen Viannay, one of the founders of La Dé fense, France, married a man and shared her political views, but she never allowed underground newspapers to express their views. It took her husband two years to reach a political conclusion, which was held many years after her arrival. [ 95 ]
The Marie-Madeleine Hotel Fourcade is the only female leader who confronts the head of the alliance. 96 Organizations of citizens, etc. The military school has a women's department headed by Marie-Helen Lefaucheux. [97] She participated in all the work of St. Waffle to help prisoners in French prisons and German concentration camps. However, in eight selected resistance movements and French liberation movements, the interim government appointed women as ministers or judges of the Republic.